Crime and Punishment around the World, Volume 2: The Americas PDF
Preview Crime and Punishment around the World, Volume 2: The Americas
Volume 2 THE AMERICAS Crime and Punishment around the World © 2011 ABC-Clio. All Rights Reserved. Crime and Punishment around the World THE AMERICAS Volume 2 JANET P. STAMATEL AND HUNG-EN SUNG, VOLUME EDITORS GRAEME R. NEWMAN, GENERAL EDITOR © 2011 ABC-Clio. All Rights Reserved. Copyright 2010 by Janet P. Stamatel and Hung-En Sung, Volume Editors Graeme R. Newman, General Editor All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Crime and punishment around the world. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-313-35133-4 (set : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-0-313-35134-1 (set ebook) — ISBN 978-0-313-35135-8 (vol. 1 : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-0-313-35136-5 (vol. 1 ebook) — ISBN 978-0-313-35137-2 (vol. 2 : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-0-313-35138-9 (vol. 2 ebook) — ISBN 978-0-313-35139-6 (vol. 3 : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-0-313-35140-2 (vol. 3 ebook) — ISBN 978-0-313-35141-9 (vol. 4 : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-0-313-35142-6 (vol. 4 ebook) 1. Crime. 2. Punishment. 3. Criminal justice, Administration of. HV6025.C7115 2010 364—dc22 2010021159 ISBN (set): 978-0-313-35133-4 EISBN (set): 978-0-313-35134-1 14 13 12 11 10 1 2 3 4 5 This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an eBook. Visit www.abc-clio.com for details. ABC-CLIO, LLC 130 Cremona Drive, P.O. Box 1911 Santa Barbara, California 93116-1911 This book is printed on acid-free paper Manufactured in the United States of America © 2011 ABC-Clio. All Rights Reserved. This volume set is dedicated to the memory of Ali Sabeeh of Omara, Iraq, who, while preparing the entry on Iraq, was kidnapped, tortured, and killed in October 2007 To Amma and Nannagaru © 2011 ABC-Clio. All Rights Reserved. Editorial Advisory Board A dam Bouloukos, Director of Outreach and Partnerships, UNOPS, Copenha- gen, Denmark Ronald V. Clarke, University Professor, Rutgers University Adam Graycar, Professor, Australian National University Martin Killias, Professor, University of Zurich Jeremy Travis, President, John Jay College of Criminal Justice © 2011 ABC-Clio. All Rights Reserved. Contents Acknowledgments, xi Bolivia , 53 General Introduction by Graeme R. Newman , xiii Brazil , 62 Maps, xxiv British Virgin Islands , 69 Map 1. Murder around the World , xxiv Canada , 73 Map 2. Imprisonment around the World , xxv Cayman Islands , 81 Map 3. Death Penalty around the World , xxvi Chile , 88 Map 4. Corporal Punishment around the World, Colombia , 98 xxvii Costa Rica , 109 Volume 2 Introduction by Janet P. Stamatel Cuba , 117 and Hung-En Sung , xxix Dominica , 126 Maps, xxxiv Dominican Republic , 131 Country Key to the Americas Maps, xxxiv Ecuador , 142 Map 5. Murder in the Americas, xxxv El Salvador , 150 Map 6. Imprisonment in the Americas, xxxvi Falkland Islands , 157 Map 7. Corporal Punishment in the Americas, Greenland , 159 xxxvii Grenada , 162 Map 8. Death Penalty in the Americas, xxxviii La Guadeloupe , 169 Guatemala , 176 VOLUME 2 Guyana , 187 The Americas , 1 Haiti , 194 Anguilla , 1 Honduras , 198 Antigua and Barbuda , 5 Jamaica , 205 Argentina , 9 Martinique , 216 Aruba , 18 Mexico , 221 The Bahamas , 22 Montserrat , 230 Barbados , 31 Navajo Nation , 238 Belize , 40 Netherlands Antilles , 247 Bermuda , 47 Nicaragua , 255 ix © 2011 ABC-Clio. All Rights Reserved. x | Contents Panama , 263 Turks and Caicos Islands , 322 Paraguay , 270 United States of America , 328 Peru , 276 United States Virgin Islands , 339 Puerto Rico , 283 Uruguay , 347 Saint Kitts and Nevis , 290 Venezuela , 353 Saint Lucia , 297 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , 300 General Bibliography, 367 Suriname , 307 About the Editors and Contributors, 375 Trinidad and Tobago , 313 Index, I-1 © 2011 ABC-Clio. All Rights Reserved. Acknowledgments T he contribution made by the volume editors to this project has been inestima- ble. A project of this magnitude could not have been achieved without their un- ceasing eff orts to fi nd contributors for large and small countries alike, to manage their contributors’ contributions, and to edit them into the style and format re- quired by a publication of this type. They helped overcome a number of crises we met along the way. For this and for their always being on the receiving end of my constant e-mails, I express my sincere appreciation. I thank especially Janet Sta- matel for producing the world and regional maps from my sometimes less than adequate databases. Many authors have contributed to these volumes. Without them, of course, this project would not have been possible. The volume editors and I express our great admiration to our contributors and appreciation for their tolerance of our editorial demands, which oftentimes must have seemed unreasonable. We apolo- gize if your chapter ended up a little shorter than you had wanted. We bear full responsibility for any misconceptions that may have occurred as a result of our at-times heavy editorial hand. F inally, we thank the Editorial Advisory Board members for being there when we needed them. —Graeme R. Newman Albany, NY December 31, 2009 xi © 2011 ABC-Clio. All Rights Reserved. General Introduction W e humans are fascinated by the diversity of cultures, climates, landscapes, and peoples. It is part of our deep human heritage that we have never been able to stay at home. Since the beginning of human time, our haplogroups have migrated far and wide, stumbling on new fauna and evolving with them, adapting to cold, hot, wet, and dry seasons and climates. Along the way, we have constructed so- cieties and civilizations that have come and gone, none reaching perfection; each having tried its own solutions to the problem of order; each constructing rules, laws, customs, and ways of dealing with those who, for whatever reason, have broken with the sacred commandments of order. Somewhere along the way, no matter what the civilization or society, the idea of justice emerged, perhaps inde- pendently of the need for order and, indeed, every now and again in opposition to order. But whatever order’s relationship to justice, one thing is certain: order is necessary for societies to survive. And embedded in this necessity is the inevita- bility that individuals will break laws, rules, and customs and will, as a matter of logic (and justice), be punished for it. So law (so-called if it is written) and custom (embodying law and rules that may not be written but that are “practiced” and conveyed orally) is universal in all known societies. They are part of the “civilizing” process, which seeks to hold in check the tendency of humans to devour each other. It is true that great thinkers, philosophers, and even scientists have insisted—in the face of the over- whelming evidence of history that stands against them—that humans, if only given a chance, can or could work together for their common good without being coerced to do so. But we know of no society anywhere in which this uto- pian (if it is utopian) conception of human nature has produced a society with- out laws or customs and their concomitant punishments. And surely humans have had plenty of chances to construct such utopian societies. Yet each time they try, order takes over, because we know that individuals only grudgingly curb their own desires. They do not like the imposition of order, but they know that they cannot survive without it and its accoutrements. Or at least, we may say that life is much more comfortable if one gives into almost any kind of order. This observation probably applies even to the worst of tyrannical orders, for it is easier to remain in submission than it is to rise up and overthrow a very power- ful authority. The 18th-century enlightenment thinkers upon whose ideas much of the world’s criminal justice systems are based (whether civil or common) were clearly of the opinion that punishment was a necessary evil, a price paid for the xiii © 2011 ABC-Clio. All Rights Reserved.
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