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CRIME AND POWER Pamela Davies Tanya Wyatt Crime and Power Pamela Davies • Tanya Wyatt Crime and Power Pamela Davies Tanya Wyatt Department of Social Sciences Department of Social Sciences Northumbria University Northumbria University Newcastle upon Tyne, UK Newcastle upon Tyne, UK ISBN 978-3-030-57313-3 ISBN 978-3-030-57314-0 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57314-0 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG. The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Acknowledgements We would like to thank Frank Pearce for his inspirational text Crimes of the Pow- erful. It has been the foundation of our undergraduate module of the same name and greatly influenced our research. Thanks as well to Steve Tombs for his inspira- tional work in this area and to Peter Francis for his collaboration on Invisible Cri- mes and Social Harms, another influential text. v Contents 1 Crime and Power: Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 What Is Power and Who Are the Powerful? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 3 The Invisibility of Crimes of the Powerful . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Part I Individuals and Power Dynamics 4 Class, Status and Elites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 5 Race and Ethnicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 6 Religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 7 Gender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 8 Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Part II Groups, Power and Criminality 9 Corporations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 10 Organised Crime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 11 The State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 vii viii Contents 12 Militias and Insurgents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 13 Crime and Power: Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 About the Authors Pamela Davies is a Professor of Criminology at Northumbria University, Ne- wcastle, UK. She is a criminologist whose research focuses on gender, harm, crime and victimisation. Pam has published widely on the subject of victimisation and social harm and on how gender connects to matters of community safety. Pam is the series editor of the Palgrave Macmillan ‘Victims and Victimology’ book series (with Professor Matthew Hall). She is vice president of the British Society of Cri- minology (BSC) and the chair and founder of the BSC Victims Network. Tanya Wyatt is a Professor of Criminology at Northumbria University, Ne- wcastle, UK. She is a green criminologist specialising in wildlife crime, wildlife trafficking and non-human animal abuse and the intersections of organised crime, corporate crime and corruption. Her publications include Wildlife Criminology with Dr. Angus Nurse and numerous journal articles, book chapters and commissi- oned reports on wildlife and green crimes. ix List of Figures Fig. 5.1 Taken from The Washington Post 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Fig. 5.2 Taken from The Washington Post 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Fig. 8.1 Age-crime curve for all convicted offences in the Scottish Offenders Index 1989–2011. (Matthews and Minton 2018: 298) . . . . 151 Fig. 9.1 Ayers and Braithwaite’s (1992) enforcement pyramid . . . . . . . . . . 185 xi List of Tables Table 3.1 The seven spatial typologies of invisible crimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Table 4.1 Crimes recorded by police constabularies in England and Wales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Table 5.1 Percentage of police fatal shootings of men in the United States by race 2015 to mid-2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Table 8.1 Age of criminal responsibility around the world . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Table 12.1 The relationship between terrorists and insurgents . . . . . . . . . . . 232 Table 13.1 Principles of Earth Jurisprudence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 xiii

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