Crime and Muslim Britain: Race, Culture and the Politics of Criminology among British Pakistanis (Library of Crime and Criminology)

284 Pages·2009·1.2 MB·English

by  Marta Bolognani


Crime and muslim Britain

Marta Bolognan completed her PhD n Socology at the Unversty of
Leeds. She wrote ths book whle Assstant Professor of Anthropology at
Lahore Unversty of Management Scences n Pakstan. She s now Head
of Socology, Crmnology and Popular Culture at the Unversty Of Wales
Insttute, Cardff, UK.

CRIME AnD MUSLIM
BRITAIn
Race, Culture and the Poltcs of
Crmnology among Brtsh Pakstans
M B
arta olognani
TAURIS ACADEMIC STUDIES
an mprnt of
I.B. Tauris Publishers
LOnDOn • nEW YORK
v
Publshed n 2009 by Taurs Academc Studes
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Dstrbuted n the Unted States and Canada Exclusvely by Palgrave Macmllan
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Copyrght © 2009 Marta Bolognan
The right of Marta Bolognani to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by
the author n accordance wth the Copyrght, Desgns and Patent Act 1988.
All rghts reserved. Except for bref quotatons n a revew, ths book, or any part thereof,
may not be reproduced, stored n or ntroduced nto a retreval system, or transmtted, n any
form or by any means, electronc, mechancal, photocopyng, recordng or otherwse, wthout
the pror wrtten permsson of the publsher.
Lbrary of Crme and Crmnology 1
ISBn: 978 1 84511 833 4
A full CIP record for ths book s avalable from the Brtsh Lbrary
A full CIP record for ths book s avalable from the Lbrary of Congress
Lbrary of Congress catalog card: avalable
Prnted and bound n Inda by Thomson Press
camera-ready copy edted and suppled by the author
v
To my Mum and Dad
v
Contents v
COnTEnTS
List of Tables x
Acknowledgements x
Introduction 1
1. The Taboo of Criminological Research amongst Minority
Ethnic Groups 7
1.1 The Orgns of Interest n Race and Crme 8
1.2 Crme and Culture 9
1.3 Race and Crme n Brtan: Dscrmnaton, Polcng and the
Crmnal Justce System 11
1.4 Takng Culture out of the Pcture: Alexander’s Study 13
1.5 Colonal and Post-Colonal Crmnology: Tatum’s
Theoretcal Framework 16
1.6 ‘Blacks Don’t Have Culture’: Pryce’s Partcpant
Observatonn Brstol 18
1.7 De-Essentalsng and De-Pathologsng: Benson vs Werbner 21
1.8 The Structural Bas: Deprvatonsm Accordng to Ballard 23
1.9 Concluson: Towards a ‘Mnorty Crmnology’ 24
2. Theoretical and Methodological Solutions to the ‘Race
and Crime’ Taboo 27
2.1 Crmnalty as a Mgraton Stage: Mawby and Batta 28
2.2 Brngng Relgon nto the Pcture: Macey’s Bold Attempt 30
2.3 Islam and ts ‘Betrayal’: Qurash’s Transnatonal Study 32
2.4 The Anthropologcal Gaze: Len’s Ethnography of
Devance 33
v CriMe and MusliM Britain
2.5 Masculntes and Identty: Webster and Imtaz 35
2.6 Attachment and Commtment to the Communty: Wardak’s
Approach 37
2.7 Ethnographc Informaton as a Workng Whole: the ‘Emc’
Approach 38
2.8 Access and Mult-sted Feldwork as the Key to the
‘Workng Whole’ 40
2.9 The Samplng and Labellng of Sub-groups 42
2.10 Breakng the Taboo through Methodology: Crmnology,
Mnorty Perspectves and Anthropology 45
3. Bradford as a Case Study 47
3.1 A ‘BrAsan’ Cty 48
3.2 Ethnc Dsadvantage 50
3.3 The Mgraton Hstory 52
3.4 Ethnc Resources and networks: the Peculartes of the
Biraderi System 57
3.5 ‘From Textle Mlls to Tax Ranks’ (Kalra 2000) 62
3.6 Assertveness, Self-defence and Poltcal Struggles n the
1980s 64
3.7 The Rushde Affar and Vglantsm 65
3.8 The Clmax of Tenson: 2001 67
3.9 Local and Global: Bradford Post-9/11 70
3.10 A Communty caught between Biraderi and the Umma? 71
4. Criminological Discourses: Labelling 74
4.1 Crme n the Communty: an Endemc Problem? 75
4.2 The Labellng Process: Crme wthn and wthout the
Communty 77
4.3 Many Problems, One name: Drugs n the Communty 80
4.4 Drug-dealng, Drug-takng and the Chan of Crmnal
Actvtes 81
4.5 ‘Posonng the Communty’ 85
4.6 Purty and Contamnaton: Haram, Halal and Makkru 88
4.7 Crme as a Threat to Communty Stablty 91
5. Criminological Discourses: Aetiologies of Crime 95
5.1 The Asan Economc nche 96
5.2 Deprvaton, Dscrmnaton and Unemployment 98
5.3 ‘The Lure of Bg Thngs’: Stran Theory 102
Contents x
5.4 Demography and Educaton 104
5.5 The Interplay of Ethnc Resources and networks: the ‘Out
of Place Culture’ 106
5.6 The Eroson of Ethnc networks: the Generaton Gap,
Vertcal and Horzontal Tes, and Khidmat 108
5.7 The Rsks of Excessve Bondng and Biraderism 112
5.8 Competng Sources: Culture, Islam and the West 115
5.9 Concluson: Theores of Communty Crmnologes 120
6. Criminological Discourses: Gender and Deviance 124
6.1 Pathologsng Young Men: Subcultural Studes n the Brtsh
Pakstan Context 125
6.2 ‘Double Conscousness’ or ‘Torn between Two Cultures’? 130
6.3 Women and Devance: Unvelng the Problem 132
6.4 Vctmhood, Agency and Double Devance 134
6.5 Women as an Indcator of the Level of Devance n the
Communty 137
6.6 Rude Boys’ Lfestyles: Appearances, Locatons and
‘Sharifisation’ 138
6.7 From Self Defence to Heroes: the Growth of a ‘Mafia
Mentalty’ 144
6.8 Concluson: Young People and Moral Panc 147
7. Criminological Discourses: Informal Social Control 150
7.1 Socal Control through the Famly: Preventon for Grls,
Retreval for Boys 151
7.2 Socal Control through the Famly: Three Case Studes of
Parental Strateges 154
7.3 The Mother’s Roles 160
7.4 ‘Home-made Rehabltaton’: ‘Vllage Rehab’ and the
‘Marrage Cure’ 162
7.5 Means of Socal Control: Gossp and Scandal 165
7.6 Importng a Communal System of Socal Control 168
7.7 Between Culture and Relgon: Taweez 172
7.8 Relgon as a Protectve Factor 174
7.9 Purification, Reintegration and ‘Reconversions’ 175
7.10 Popular Preachng: Shekh Ahmed Al – a Case Study 180
7.11 Concluson: Informal Control as a Partal Soluton 182
8. Criminological Discourses: Formal Social Control 184