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Creating Political Presence Creating Political Presence The New Politics of Democratic Representation edited by dario castiglione and johannes pollak the university of chicago press chicago and london The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637 The University of Chicago Press, Ltd., London © 2019 by The University of Chicago All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission, except in the case of brief quotations in critical articles and reviews. For more information, contact the University of Chicago Press, 1427 E. 60th St., Chicago, IL 60637. Published 2019 Printed in the United States of America 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 1 2 3 4 5 isbn- 13: 978- 0- 226- 58836- 0 (cloth) isbn- 13: 978- 0- 226- 58853- 7 (paper) isbn- 13: 978- 0- 226- 58867- 4 (e- book) doi: https:// doi .org /10 .7208 /chicago /9780226588674 .001 .0001 Chapter 6, “Varieties of Inclusive Representation,” first published in French as “La représentation inclusive,” in Raisons politiques 2, no. 50 (2013): 115– 35. © Presses de Sciences Po Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Castiglione, Dario, editor. | Pollak, Johannes, 1969– editor. Title: Creating political presence : the new politics of democratic representation / edited by Dario Castiglione and Johannes Pollak. Description: Chicago ; London : The University of Chicago Press, 2019. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: lccn 2018029040 | isbn 9780226588360 (cloth : alk. paper) | isbn 9780226588537 (pbk. : alk. paper) | isbn 9780226588674 (e-book) Subjects: lcsh: Representative government and representation. | Democracy. | Political parties. Classification: lcc jf1051 .c743 2019 | ddc 321.8—dc23 lc record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018029040 ♾ This paper meets the requirements of ansi/niso z39.48- 1992 (Permanence of Paper). Contents Acknowledgments vii Introduction 1 Dario Castiglione and Johannes Pollak chapter 1. The Logics of Democratic Presence in Representation 16 Dario Castiglione and Johannes Pollak part i. Representation as Democratic Empowerment chapter 2. How Representation Enables Democratic Citizenship 39 Mark E. Warren chapter 3. Judgment Alone: Cloven Citizenship in the Era of the Internet 61 Nadia Urbinati chapter 4. Political Parties and Conflict Handling 86 John Erik Fossum chapter 5. Populist Twist: The Relationship between the Leader and the People in Populism 110 Paula Diehl part ii. Representation as Democratic Inclusion chapter 6. Varieties of Inclusive Representation 141 Samuel Hayat chapter 7. Radical Democracy: The Silent Partner in Political Representation’s Constructivist Turn 162 Lisa Disch chapter 8. Who Counts as a Democratic Representative? On Claims of Self- Appointed Representation 186 Laura Montanaro chapter 9. Future Generations and the Limits of Representation 204 Kerry H. Whiteside part iii. Changing Contexts chapter 10. Synecdochical and Metaphorical Political Representation: Then and Now 231 Frank Ankersmit chapter 11. Externalities and Representation beyond the State: Lessons from the European Union 254 Christopher Lord chapter 12. Liminal Representation 276 Michael Saward chapter 13. Recursive Representation 298 Jane Mansbridge List of Contributors 339 Index 343 Acknowledgments The research and many discussions leading to this volume have been generously supported by the Institute for Advanced Studies, Vienna, Austria; and ARENA, Centre for European Studies, University of Oslo, Norway; with a contribution from the University of Exeter in the United Kingdom. One highlight in these many years of cooperation was the work- shop kindly hosted by the Ash Center for Democratic Governance and Innovation at Harvard University in November 2015. We thank the par- ticipants in those discussions, who endured our enthusiasm for the topic of political representation at countless conferences and whose insights and comments were highly appreciated. We also thank the contributors to this volume, in particular Jenny Mansbridge, not only for their individual contributions but also for their support throughout the making of the book and for their advice in shaping it and putting it together. Our editors, Charles T. Myers and Holly Smith from the University of Chicago Press, have shown greater patience than one can habitually ex- pect with our struggle in bringing this project to completion. Their subtly applied pressure contributed to its successful conclusion as much as the comments from the two anonymous reviewers did. Those comments were invaluable toward the revision of the manuscript and improved the focus of both the individual contributions and the volume as a whole. In times when crude forms of direct democracy are sold as the panacea to the ills of our current systems of representative democracy, their support for this volume is greatly welcome. Finally, we would like to thank the other people who have helped make this a better and more accessible book: At the University of Chicago Press, Melinda Kennedy managed the marketing and Christine Schwab and Tamara Ghattas supervised the copyediting and proofreading process. On viii acknowledgments behalf of the press, Carol McGillivray also managed the copyediting with skill and sensitivity. Their professional help has been invaluable. We hope that the errors and ambiguities the careful reader might still find in the text and the presentation of the arguments are few and far between— but they are there, no doubt, and they are exclusively our responsibility as editors. Perhaps such errors will be the trigger to support renewed discussions on a topic that remains of worthwhile interest: the future of representative politics and democratic representation. Introduction Dario Castiglione and Johannes Pollak The crisis of representative democracy is a commonplace in contempo- rary political debates. Considered as the dominant political form of the modern constitutional state in advanced industrial societies, representative democracy is increasingly seen as incapable of satisfying the demands of participation, recognition, and governance that come from society at large. Moreover, its institutional machinery is often regarded as inadequate to deal with the greatly intensified speed and complexi- ties of decision- making in the politics of the global age. In different ways, populism and antipolitics, the dominance and personalization of executive power, societal self- regulation, and technocratic power all seem to chal- lenge the traditional institutions, practices, and principles of representative democracy. As suggested by the late Peter Mair (2013; see also Crouch 2004 and Mastropaolo 2012), we are witnessing the hollowing out of representative democracy, insofar as the citizens are feeling disempowered and apathetic, while the political class has become increasingly insulated— all of which has led to ever greater and more desperate attempts by the political class to portray itself as similar to so- called ordinary people. This crisis of representation is not new. Some of its phenomenology may look worryingly similar to the crisis of the parliamentary regimes in the first two decades of the twentieth century. Discussions about the crises of parties and representative institutions have proliferated since the 1970s. In political theory, representative democracy, though generally regarded as the only viable form of democracy in large- scale societies, has been the direct and indirect object of criticism from many quarters, with the elabo- ration of alternative democratic models emphasizing in turn participation,