CREATING A CLASS C R E AT I N G A CLASS College Admissions and the Education of Elites Mitchell L. Stevens Harvard University Press Cambridge,Massachusetts London,England Copyright©2007bythePresidentandFellowsofHarvardCollege Allrightsreserved PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica FirstHarvardUniversityPresspaperbackedition,2009 LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Stevens,MitchellL. Creatingaclass:collegeadmissionsandtheeducationofelites / MitchellL.Stevens p. cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN-13:978-0-674-02673-5(cloth:alk.paper) ISBN-13:978-0-674-03494-5(pbk.) 1.Universitiesandcolleges—UnitedStates—Admission. 2.Education,Higher—UnitedStates. 3.Elite(Socialsciences)—UnitedStates. I.Title. LB2351.2.S755 2007 371.1(cid:2)610973—dc22 2007010897 DesignedbyGwenNefskyFrankfeldt For the College CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 1 A SCHOOL IN A GARDEN 5 2 NUMBERS 31 3 TRAVEL 52 4 SPORTS 95 5 RACE 140 6 DECISIONS 184 7 YIELD 228 8 THE ARISTOCRACY OF MERIT 242 NOTES 267 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 301 INDEX 307 Ifparents,havingachievedadesirablestatus, canipsofactodonothingtomakecomparableachievement easierfortheiroffspring,wemayhave“equalopportunity.” Butwewillnolongerhaveafamilysystem—atleastnot inthepresentunderstandingoftheterm. PeterM.BlauandOtisDudleyDuncan, TheAmericanOccupationalStructure, 1967