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Creasy & Resnik’s Maternal-Fetal Medicine . Creasy & Resnik’s Maternal-Fetal Medicine PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE E i g h t h E d i t i o n EDITORS Robert Resnik, MD Michael F. Greene, MD Professor and Chair Emeritus Director of Obstetrics Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Reproductive Sciences Massachusetts General Hospital; University of California, San Diego, School Professor of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and of Medicine Reproductive Biology La Jolla, California Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts Charles J. Lockwood, MD, Joshua A. Copel, MD MHCM Vice Chair, Clinical Operations Dean, Morsani College of Medicine Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Senior Vice President, USF Health Reproductive Sciences Professor of Obstetrics & Gynecology, and Professor of Pediatrics Public Health Yale School of Medicine University of South Florida New Haven, Connecticut Tampa, Florida Robert M. Silver, MD Thomas R. Moore, MD Professor and Chairman Professor of Maternal-Fetal Medicine Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Chief Medical Officer, UC San Diego Health University of Utah School of Medicine Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Salt Lake City, Utah Reproductive Sciences University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine La Jolla, California . 1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd. Ste 1600 Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899 CREASY & RESNIK’S MATERNAL-FETAL MEDICINE, EIGHTH EDITION ISBN: 978-0-323-47910-3 Copyright © 2019 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. Previous editions copyrighted 2014, 2009, 2004, 1999, 1994, 1989, and 1984. Library of Congress Control Number: 2018943586 Senior Content Strategist: Sarah Barth Senior Content Development Specialist: Jennifer Ehlers Publishing Services Manager: Catherine Jackson Book Production Specialist: Kristine Feeherty Design Direction: Maggie Reid Printed in China Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 . For Judy, Lauren, Nancy, Peggy, Laurie, Alix, and Denise With love and gratitude—for everything . CONTRIBUTORS Sonya S. Abdel-Razeq, MD Daniel G. Blanchard, MD Assistant Professor Professor of Medicine Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine; Sciences Director, University of California, San Diego Cardiology Yale School of Medicine Fellowship Program New Haven, Connecticut La Jolla, California Vikki M. Abrahams, PhD Lisa M. Bodnar, PhD, MPH, RD Associate Professor Associate Professor of Epidemiology, Ob/Gyn, and Psychiatry Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Graduate School of Public Health and School of Medicine Sciences University of Pittsburgh Yale School of Medicine Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania New Haven, Connecticut D. Ware Branch, MD Michael J. Aminoff, MD, DSc Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology Distinguished Professor Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine Department of Neurology University of Utah Health Sciences Center School of Medicine, University of California Medical Director of Women and Newborns Clinical San Francisco, California Program for Intermountain Healthcare Salt Lake City, Utah Mert Ozan Bahtiyar, MD Associate Professor Bryann Bromley, MD Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences; Professor of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Director, Yale Fetal Care Center Biology, Part-Time Yale School of Medicine Harvard Medical School New Haven, Connecticut Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Massachusetts General Hospital Marie H. Beall, MD Boston, Massachusetts Professor Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Catalin S. Buhimschi, MD, MBA David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Frederick Zuspan Endowed Chair Los Angeles, California Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology The Ohio State University College of Medicine Kurt Benirschke, MD Columbus, Ohio Professor Emeritus Department of Pathology Katherine Harper Campbell, MD, MPH University of California, San Diego Assistant Professor La Jolla, California Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences Vincenzo Berghella, MD Yale School of Medicine Director, Maternal-Fetal Medicine New Haven, Connecticut Professor, Obstetrics and Gynecology Sidney Kimmel Medical College of Thomas Jefferson Patrick Catalano, MD University Maternal Infant Research Institute Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Vice Chair, Obstetrics and Gynecology Research Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology Kristin Bixel, MD Tufts University School of Medicine Assistant Professor Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Boston, Massachusetts Division of Gynecologic Oncology The Ohio State University Janet M. Catov, PhD, MS Columbus, Ohio Associate Professor Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Pittsburgh and Magee-Womens Research Institute Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania vi . Contributors vii Christina Chambers, PhD, MPH Monique E. De Paepe, MD, MSc Professor and Co-Director Staff Pathologist Center for Better Beginnings Women & Infants Hospital Division of Dysmorphology and Teratology Professor of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Department of Pediatrics Alpert Medical School of Brown University University of California, San Diego Providence, Rhode Island La Jolla, California Mitchell P. Dombrowski, MD Edward K.S. Chien, MD, MBA Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Professor of Reproductive Biology St. John Hospital; Case Western Reserve University; Professor Director, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Wayne State University School of Medicine MetroHealth System Detroit, Michigan Cleveland, Ohio Vanja C. Douglas, MD Beth Christian, MD Associate Professor of Clinical Neurology Associate Professor Sara & Evan Williams Foundation Endowed Neurohospitalist Department of Internal Medicine Chair Division of Hematology Department of Neurology The Ohio State University University of California, San Francisco Columbus, Ohio San Francisco, California Raymond T. Chung, MD Patrick Duff, MD Director of Hepatology and Liver Center Associate Dean for Student Affairs Vice Chief, Gastroenterology Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Massachusetts General Hospital University of Florida Boston, Massachusetts Gainesville, Florida David E. Cohn, MD Lorraine Dugoff, MD Professor Chief, Division of Reproductive Genetics Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology Director University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Division of Gynecologic Oncology Philadelphia, Pennsylvania The Ohio State University College of Medicine Columbus, Ohio Jeffrey R. Fineman, MD Department of Pediatrics Joshua A. Copel, MD University of California San Francisco School of Medicine Vice Chair, Clinical Operations San Francisco, California Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences Jan M. Friedman, MD, PhD Professor of Pediatrics Professor Yale School of Medicine Department of Medical Genetics New Haven, Connecticut University of British Columbia Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Mary E. D’Alton, MB BCh, BAO Willard C. Rappleye Professor and Chair Alessandro Ghidini, MD Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Director, Antenatal Testing Center Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons; Inova Alexandria Hospital Director Alexandria, Virginia; Obstetrics and Gynecology Services Professor Columbia University Medical Center Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology New York, New York Georgetown University Medical Center Washington, DC Lori B. Daniels, MD, MAS Professor of Medicine Jennifer Gilner, MD, PhD Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Assistant Professor University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine; Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine Director, Cardiac Care Unit Duke University Medical Center University of California, San Diego Sulpizio Cardiovascular Durham, North Carolina Center La Jolla, California . viii Contributors Katherine Laughon Grantz, MD, MS Sylvie Hauguel-de Mouzon, DSc, PhD Investigator Professor of Reproductive Biology Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Case Western Reserve University Health Research Department of Reproductive Biology Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and MacDonald Women’s Hospital Human Development Cleveland, Ohio National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland Joy L. Hawkins, MD Professor James M. Greenberg, MD Department of Anesthesiology Professor of Pediatrics University of Colorado School of Medicine; Director, Division of Neonatology Director of Obstetric Anesthesia University of Cincinnati College of Medicine; Department of Anesthesiology Co-Director, Perinatal Institute University of Colorado Hospital Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center Aurora, Colorado Cincinnati, Ohio Katherine P. Himes, MD, MS Anthony R. Gregg, MD, MBA Assistant Professor Professor and Chief, Maternal-Fetal Medicine Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Sciences University of Florida Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine Gainesville, Florida University of Pittsburgh, Magee-Womens Hospital Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania William Grobman, MD, MBA Arthur Hale Curtis Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology Andrew D. Hull, BMedSci, BMBS Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Maternal-Fetal Professor of Clinical Reproductive Medicine Medicine) and Preventive Medicine Director, Maternal-Fetal Medicine Fellowship Feinberg School of Medicine Department of Reproductive Medicine Northwestern University University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine Chicago, Illinois La Jolla, California; Director, Fetal Care and Genetics Center Beth Haberman, MD University of California, San Diego Medical Center Clinical Associate Professor of Pediatrics San Diego, California Division of Neonatology Department of Pediatrics Jay D. Iams, MD University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Emeritus Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Cincinnati, Ohio OB Lead, Ohio Perinatal Quality Collaborative Columbus, Ohio Michael E. Hahn, MD, PhD Assistant Professor Alan H. Jobe, MD, PhD Department of Radiology Professor of Pediatrics University of California, San Diego Divisions of Neonatology and Pulmonary Biology San Diego, California Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati, Ohio Christina S. Han, MD Health Sciences Clinical Associate Professor Hendrée E. Jones, PhD David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA Executive Director, UNC Horizons Center for Fetal Medicine and Women’s Ultrasound Professor, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Los Angeles, California University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine Richard Harding, PhD, DSc Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Professor Adjunct Professor Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology Departments of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and Monash University Obstetrics & Gynecology Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, Maryland Lorie M. Harper, MD, MSCI Associate Professor Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, Alabama . Contributors ix Anjali J. Kaimal, MD, MAS D. Yvette LaCoursiere, MD, MPH Assistant Professor of Obstetrics, Gynecology, & Reproductive Professor Biology and Population Medicine Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology Harvard Medical School Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Massachusetts General Hospital Sciences Boston, Massachusetts University of California, San Diego La Jolla, California Beena D. Kamath-Rayne, MD, MPH Assistant Professor Robert M. Lawrence, MD Division of Neonatology Clinical Professor of Pediatrics Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center Department of Pediatrics Cincinnati, Ohio University of Florida Gainesville, Florida S. Ananth Karumanchi, MD Professor of Medicine Ruth A. Lawrence, MD Department of Medicine and Center for Vascular Biology Distinguished Alumna Professor of Pediatrics and Ob/Gyn Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Division of Neonatology Center Department of Pediatrics Boston, Massachusetts Director, Breastfeeding and Human Lactation Study Center University of Rochester Thomas F. Kelly, MD Rochester, New York Clinical Professor, Chief, and Director of Maternity Services Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine Richard H. Lee, MD Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Associate Professor of Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology Sciences Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of California, San Diego Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern La Jolla, California California Los Angeles, California Anne Kennedy, MB BCh Professor of Radiology and Imaging Sciences Ann Leung, MD Vice Chair, Clinical Operations Professor University of Utah Department of Radiology Salt Lake City, Utah Stanford University Medical Center Stanford, California Sarah J. Kilpatrick, MD, PhD Professor and The Helping Hand of Los Angeles Endowed James H. Liu, MD Chair Arthur H. Bill Professor and Chair Chair, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Reproductive Biology and Obstetrics and Gynecology Associate Dean for Faculty Development and Diversity UH Cleveland Medical Center Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Case Western Reserve University Los Angeles, California Cleveland, Ohio Sumire Kitahara, MD Charles J. Lockwood, MD, MHCM Assistant Professor of Pathology Dean, Morsani College of Medicine Director, Pathology Residency Program Senior Vice President, USF Health Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Professor of Obstetrics & Gynecology, and Public Health Cedars-Sinai Medical Center University of South Florida Los Angeles, California Tampa, Florida Jeffrey A. Kuller, MD Stephen J. Lye, PhD Professor Senior Investigator Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine Sinai Health System; Duke University Professor Durham, North Carolina Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada . x Contributors George A. Macones, MD, MSCE Sam Mesiano, PhD Professor and Chair Professor Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of Physiology and Biophysics Washington University School of Medicine Case Western Reserve University St. Louis, Missouri Cleveland, Ohio Mala Mahendroo, PhD Torri Metz, MD, MS Professor Assistant Professor Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Green Center Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology for Reproductive Biological Sciences University of Colorado School of Medicine University of Texas Southwestern Medical School Aurora, Colorado; Dallas, Texas Perinatologist Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Fergal D. Malone, MD Denver Health Medical Center Professor and Chairman Denver, Colorado Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland; Kenneth J. Moise, Jr., MD Master/Chief Executive Officer Professor Rotunda Hospital Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences Dublin, Ireland Pediatric Surgery McGovern School of Medicine-UT Health Emin Maltepe, MD, PhD Houston, Texas Associate Professor Pediatrics, Biomedical Sciences, Developmental and Stem Manju Monga, MD Cell Biology Professor and Vice Chair (Clinical Affairs) University of California, San Francisco Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology San Francisco, California Baylor College of Medicine Houston, Texas Joan M. Mastrobattista, MD Professor Laura A. Montaney, RDMS, BA Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Maternal-Fetal Care and Genetics Baylor College of Medicine; University of California San Diego Health Ultrasound Clinic Chief San Diego, California Texas Children’s Hospital Pavilion for Women Houston, Texas Ana Monteagudo, MD Clinical Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology Brian M. Mercer, MD Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Chairman NYU School of Medicine Obstetrics and Gynecology New York, New York MetroHealth Medical Center; Professor Thomas R. Moore, MD Reproductive Biology Professor of Maternal-Fetal Medicine Case Western Reserve University Chief Medical Officer, UC San Diego Health Cleveland, Ohio Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences C. Noel Bairey Merz, MD University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine Director and Women’s Guild Endowed Chair in Women’s La Jolla, California Health Barbra Streisand Women’s Heart Center Gil Mor, MD, PhD Smidt Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute Professor Director, Linda Joy Pollin Women’s Heart Health Program Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Los Angeles, California Sciences Yale School of Medicine Giacomo Meschia, MD New Haven, Connecticut Emeritus Professor of Physiology Department of Pediatrics Louis J. Muglia, MD, PhD University of Colorado Co-Director, Perinatal Institute Aurora, Colorado Director, Division of Human Genetics Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center Professor of Pediatrics and Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Cincinnati, Ohio .