CRC handbook of marine mammal medicine

1031 Pages·2001·24.184 MB·English

by  Leslie A Dierauf, Frances M D Gulland

CRC Handbook of
Marine Mammal
Medicine
Second Edition
Edited by
Leslie A. Dierauf Frances M. D. Gulland
and
CRC Press
Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.
© 2001 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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Senior Editor: John Sulzycki
Production Manager: Carol Whitehead
Marketing Manager: Carolyn Spence
Illustrations in Chapters 9 and 19 are © Sentiel A. Rommel.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
CRC Handbook of marine mammal medicine / edited by Leslie A. Dierauf and Frances
M.D. Gulland.--2nd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8493-0839-9 (alk. paper)
1. Marine mammals--Diseases--Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Marine
mammals--Health--Handbooks, manuals, etc. 3. Veterinary medicine--Handbooks,
manuals etc. 4. Wildlife rehabilitation--Handbooks, manuals etc. I. Title: Handbook of
marine mammal medicine. II. Dierauf, Leslie A., 1948- III. Gulland, Frances M. D.
SP997.5.M35 C73 2001
636.9′5--dc21 2001025211
CIP
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© 2001 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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Dedication
This book is dedicated to Dr. Nancy Foster—
A whole generation of veterinarians for whom you, as a scientist,
were our mentor, our inspiration, and our motivation
in our pursuit of marine science, policy,
and marine mammal medicine, thank you.
We miss you.
Thank you, Joe—
for caring for Nancy
for caring for the animals,
and for being a leader for us
in the field of marine mammal medicine.
© 2001 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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Preface
Read not to contradict and confute, nor to believe and take for granted, nor to find talk and discourse,
but to weigh and consider.
—Francis Bacon, 1625
It has been more than 10 years since the first edition of the Handbook of Marine Mammal
Medicine was published; during that time, the book has sold consistently (almost 2000 copies
worldwide). Since its publication in 1990, there has been an exponential growth of experience
and published literature addressing marine mammal medicine. Marine mammals have cap-
tured the imagination of not only the public, but also the scientific community. Despite this
increase in information, much remains to be learned about the medicine of marine mammals.
We hope that by sharing what is known to date, veterinarians will be encouraged to explore
the unknown, and share this new information in the future.
The meaning of the phrase “marine mammal medicine” has greatly expanded, and the
contents of this second edition attempt to reflect this. As we enter the new millennium,
veterinarians are not only involved in diagnosis and treatment of disease, but also in the bigger
picture, including marine mammals as sentinels of ocean health, animal well-being, marine
mammal strandings and unusual mortality events, legislation governing marine mammal
health and population trends, and tagging and tracking of rehabilitated and released animals.
To care for marine mammals effectively, veterinarians also need to understand their anatomy,
physiology, and behavior. As the field develops, we must encourage new members of the
profession and be able to advise students on careers in the field of marine mammal medicine.
We hope our vision of what marine mammal medicine is in the 21st century becomes yours.
With 66 contributors, and almost 100 reviewers, all working together to help craft 45
scientifically based chapters, we believe the contents of this textbook are light-years ahead of
the topics presented in the first edition of the Handbook of Marine Mammal Medicine. For
these extraordinary efforts, we wish to offer our utmost thanks to everyone involved. We
appreciate the time taken away from their work to share their knowledge and experience with
others. With all the reference books, journals, e-mails, and Web sites each author investigated,
this second edition is an explosion of new information. We apologize for any current medical
literature on marine mammals we may have inadvertently overlooked in this effort.
Almost every year since 1995, CRC Press, the publisher of the first edition of the handbook,
has contacted one of the editors (Dierauf) asking if she “would be interested in publishing
a second edition?” And almost every year since 1995, due to time constraints, more than
full-time commitments elsewhere, and the fact that her current efforts are directed toward
habitat protection for threatened and endangered species (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
Albuquerque, NM) and environmental education (co-founder and chair of the Alliance of
Veterinarians for the Environment, Nashville, TN), she has emphatically and succinctly said
“no.” Except, for early fall, 1999, when she hesitated . . . said she had to make a few phone
calls, and would call back.
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The phone calls were to the now coeditor (Gulland) and, although she too had been asked
previously and declined, she too hesitated. It really was time, almost the 10-year anniversary
of the first edition; there was so much new information, so many new scientists entering the
field, and an amazing array of students calling for help in advancing future careers in marine
mammal medicine. We agreed that it was indeed time, if we could persuade fellow colleagues
to join us in this effort. To our great surprise and wonder, considering how pressed for time
everyone is these days, more than 90% of the scientists we called enthusiastically agreed to
participate.
We called CRC in October 1999, and said, “yes.” We are proud of our authors and our
publisher for bringing this second edition to publication promptly to ensure that the informa-
tion presented is as up to date and future oriented as is possible in this age of information.
The first edition of this book limited its scope to U.S. and Canadian issues and species. This
edition tries harder to address international concerns and the worldwide practice of marine
mammal medicine. We chose to write the text in (no, not English — sorry Frances!) American
(phrases, spelling) for consistency with the first edition. Both metric and American measure-
ments are provided, and there is a conversion table in the appendix.
In the references at the end of each chapter, we include abstracts from conference proceedings
(many of which can be found on the International Association for Aquatic Animal Medicine,
or IAAAM, CD-ROM; see Chapters 7 and 8 for ordering information), as well as peer-reviewed
books and journals. This is to provide the reader with as much current information as possible;
the reader is encouraged to seek peer-reviewed journal articles by the same authors as their
pieces are published. We have Web information from reputable sources within the context of
each chapter (in bold), information from veterinary and marine scientists through personal
communications (pers. comm.), unpublished data (unpubl. data), cross-referencing that refers
to pertinent information in other chapters (see Chapter …), and an extensive index.
The chapters in this second edition have been peer-reviewed. Yet, despite this peer-reviewed
information, the editors still wish to emphasize that, in the practice of marine mammal
medicine, nothing—not Web information, not journal information, not e-mail informa-
tion—substitutes for talking to your peers and colleagues prior to performing a new procedure,
or administering a pharmaceutical to a marine mammal. Nothing beats a healthy exchange of
questions, answers, and experiences to assist in decision making.
Again, we wish to thank everyone we have worked with over the past year (authors, coauthors,
editors, peer-reviewers, colleagues) for giving us their unending support, for responding to our
unceasing phone calls and e-mails, and for helping us maintain our enthusiasm. We thank
Raymond Tarpley, David St. Aubin, Shannon Atkinson, and Bill Amos for wonderful last-
minute rescues. We offer special thanks to the staff and volunteers at The Marine Mammal
Center, in Sausalito, CA (we quietly refer to these Editorial and Literary Volunteers as our
“elves”) for their consistent, constant, and voluntary efforts on behalf of this production. In
particular, we thank Rebecca Duerr, Danielle Duggan, Denise Greig, Michelle Lander, Gayle
Love, Alana Phillips, Kathryn Zagzebski, Kelly Alman, Amber Clutton-Brock, and Tanya Zabka.
Thanks are due to Andy Draper for ensuring polar bears were not left out in the cold, and to
both Andy Draper and Jim Hurley for keeping our spirits up. We could not have done this
without the help of every one of you.
Leslie A. Dierauf
Frances M. D. Gulland
© 2001 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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Editors
Leslie A. Dierauf, V.M.D, is a wildlife veterinarian and conservation biologist with 17 years of
clinical veterinary practice experience, specializing in marine mammal and small animal emer-
gency medicine. She currently works with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), primarily
on habitat conservation planning efforts for all types of threatened and endangered species in
Texas, Arizona, New Mexico, and Oklahoma. Her primary focus is forming partnerships
between the federal government and the private sector/citizenry. Prior to joining the Service,
she worked as a scientific advisor on committee staff for the U.S. House of Representatives in
Washington, D.C.
In 1998, Dr. Dierauf was honored by the profession of veterinary medicine with the American
Veterinary Medical Association’s National Animal Welfare Award. She also served as an Amer-
ican Association for the Advancement of Science Congressional Science Fellow. Dr. Dierauf
currently sits on the Marine Ecosystem Health Program Advisory Board, a research and science
policy effort located on Orcas Island, WA, and associated with the University of California,
Davis, Wildlife Health Center. She also served 8 years on the American Veterinary Medical
Association’s Environmental Affairs Committee, and 8 years on the National Marine Fisheries
Service’s Working Group on Marine Mammal Unusual Mortality Events. She is the co-founder
and chair of the Board of the Alliance of Veterinarians for the Enviornment.
Dr. Dierauf is a member of the International Association for Aquatic Animal Medicine, the
Alliance of Veterinarians for the Environment, the Society for Conservation Biology, and the
American Veterinary Medical Association. She lives in Santa Fe, NM, with Jim Hurley, her
partner of 22 years, and their three dogs.
Frances M. D. Gulland, Vet. M.B., M.R.C.V.S., Ph.D., is a veterinarian interested in the role of
disease in wildlife conservation. She obtained her veterinary degree from the University of
Cambridge (England) in 1984 and her Ph.D., also from the University of Cambridge (Zoology
Department) in 1991. Dr. Gulland worked at the Zoological Society of London as House
Surgeon and later as Fellow in Wildlife Diseases, before moving to California in 1994.
Dr. Gulland was introduced to marine mammals by her father, John A. Gulland, but became
involved in their medicine when she started to work at The Marine Mammal Center (TMMC),
Sausalito, CA, in 1994. As Director of Veterinary Services at TMMC, Dr. Gulland is involved
in marine mammal strandings, rehabilitation, and disease investigation. She learns about
marine mammal medicine on a daily basis from the animals and people around her.
Dr. Gulland currently serves as a scientific advisor to the Oiled Wildlife Care Network in
California and the Marine Mammal Commission, and is a member of the Working Group on
Marine Mammal Unusual Mortality Events, the International Association for Aquatic Animal
Medicine, the Wildlife Disease Association, and the Society for Marine Mammalogy.
© 2001 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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Contributors
Brian M. Aldridge B.V.Sc., Ph.D., A.C.V.I.M. Gregory D. Bossart, V.M.D., Ph.D.
Department of Pathology, Microbiology, Division of Marine Mammal Research
and Immunology and Conservation
School of Veterinary Medicine Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution
University of California Fort Pierce, Florida
Davis, California
Michael Brent Briggs, D.V.M.
William Amos, Ph.D. Brookfield Zoo
Department of Zoology Brookfield, Illinois
University of Cambridge
Cambridge, England Fiona Brook, Ph.D., R.D.M.S., D.C.R.
Department of Optometry and Radiography
Brad F. Andrews The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
SeaWorld of Florida Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
Orlando, Florida
John D. Buck, Ph.D.
Jim Antrim Mote Marine Laboratory
SeaWorld of California Sarasota, Florida
San Diego, California
Daniel F. Cowan, M.D.
Kristen D. Arkush, Ph.D. Department of Pathology
Bodega Marine Laboratory University of Texas Medical Branch
University of California Galveston, Texas
Bodega Bay, California
Murray D. Dailey, Ph.D.
Shannon K. C. Atkinson, Ph.D. The Marine Mammal Center
Alaska SeaLife Center Marin Headlands
and University of Alaska Sausalito, California
Seward, Alaska
Leslie M. Dalton, D.V.M.
Cathy A. Beck, M.S. SeaWorld of Texas
U.S. Geological Survey San Antonio, Texas
Florida Caribbean Science Center
Sirenia Project Leslie A. Dierauf, V.M.D.
Gainesville, Florida Alliance of Veterinarians
for the Environment
Robert K. Bonde, Ph.D. Santa Fe, New Mexico
U.S. Geological Survey
Florida Caribbean Science Center Samuel R. Dover, D.V.M.
Sirenia Project Santa Barbara Zoological Garden
Gainesville, Florida Santa Barbara, California
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Deborah A. Duffield, Ph.D. Robert Bruce Heath, D.V.M., M.Sc.,
Department of Biology Dipl. A.C.V.A.
Portland State University Fort Collins, Colorado
Portland, Oregon
Aleta A. Hohn
J. Lawrence Dunn, V.M.D. National Marine Fisheries Service
Department of Research Beaufort Laboratory
and Veterinary Medicine Beaufort, North Carolina
Mystic Aquarium
Mystic, Connecticut Carol House, Ph.D.
Cutchogue, New York
Ruth Y. Ewing, D.V.M.
National Marine Fisheries Service James A. House, D.V.M., Ph.D.
South East Florida Science Center Cutchogue, New York
Miami, Florida
Eric D. Jensen, D.V.M.
Salvatore Frasca, Jr., V.M.D., Ph.D. U.S. Navy Marine Mammal Program
Department of Pathobiology San Diego, California
University of Connecticut
Suzanne Kennedy-Stoskopf, D.V.M., Ph.D.,
Storrs, Connecticut
Dipl. A.C.Z.M.
Laurie J. Gage, D.V.M. North Carolina State University
Six Flags MarineWorld Raleigh, North Carolina
Vallejo, California
Donald P. King, Ph.D.
Edward V. Gaynor, D.V.M. Department of Pathology, Microbiology
SeaWorld of Florida and Immunology
Orlando, Florida School of Veterinary Medicine
University of California
Scott Gearhart, D.V.M. Davis, California
SeaWorld of Florida
Orlando, Florida Michelle E. Lander, M.Sc.
The Marine Mammal Center
Leah L. Greer, D.V.M. Marin Headlands
Department of Comparative Medicine Sausalito, California
College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Tennessee Lynn W. Lefebvre, Ph.D.
Knoxville, Tennessee U.S. Geological Survey
Florida Caribbean Science Center
Frances M. D. Gulland, Vet. M.B., Sirenia Project
M.R.C.V.S., Ph.D. Gainesville, Florida
The Marine Mammal Center
Marin Headlands Linda J. Lowenstine, D.V.M., Ph.D.,
Sausalito, California Dipl. A.C.V.P.
Department of Pathology, Microbiology,
Martin Haulena, M.Sc., D.V.M. and Immunology
The Marine Mammal Center School of Veterinary Medicine
Marin Headlands University of California
Sausalito, California Davis, California
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James F. McBain, D.V.M. Sentiel A. Rommel, Ph.D.
SeaWorld of California Eckerd College
San Diego, California Florida Marine Research Institute
Marine Mammal Pathobiology Laboratory
Ted Y. Mashima, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.Z.M. St. Petersburg, Florida
Center for Government and Corporate
Veterinary Medicine Teri K. Rowles, D.V.M., Ph.D.
University of Maryland Office of Protected Resources
Baltimore, Maryland National Marine Fisheries Service
Silver Spring, Maryland
Debra Lee Miller, D.V.M., Ph.D.
Division of Comparative Pathology David J. St. Aubin, Ph.D.
University of Miami School of Medicine Mystic Aquarium
Miami, Florida Mystic, Connecticut
Michael J. Murray, D.V.M. Sara L. Shapiro
Monterey Bay Aquarium Florida Fish and Wildlife
Monterey, California Conservation Commission
Florida Marine Research Institute
Daniel K. Odell, Ph.D.
St. Petersburg, Florida
SeaWorld of Florida
Orlando, Florida
Terry R. Spraker, D.V.M., Ph.D.,
Dipl. A.C.V.P.
Todd M. O’Hara, D.V.M., Ph.D.
Diagnostic Laboratory
North Slope Borough Department
College of Veterinary Medicine
of Wildlife Management
Colorado State University
Barrow, Alaska
Fort Collins, Colorado
Thomas J. O’Shea, M.S., Ph.D.
Michael K. Stoskopf, D.V.M., Ph.D.,
U.S. Geological Survey
Dipl. A.C.Z.M.
Midcontinent Ecological Science Center
Environmental Medicine Consortium
Fort Collins, Colorado
College of Veterinary Medicine
North Carolina State University
Michelle Lynn Reddy
Raleigh, North Carolina
SAIC Maritime Services
San Diego, California
Jeffrey L. Stott, Ph.D.
Thomas H. Reidarson, D.V.M., Department of Pathology, Microbiology,
Dipl. A.C.Z.M. and Immunology
SeaWorld of California School of Veterinary Medicine
San Diego, California University of California
Davis, California
Michael G. Rinaldi, D.V.M.
Department of Pathology Jay C. Sweeney, V.M.D.
University of Texas Health Science Center Dolphin Quest
San Antonio, Texas San Diego, California
Todd R. Robeck, D.V.M., Ph.D Forrest I. Townsend, Jr., D.V.M.
SeaWorld of Texas Bayside Hospital for Animals
San Antonio, Texas Fort Walton Beach, Florida
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Pamela Tuomi, D.V.M. Janet Whaley, D.V.M.
Alaska SeaLife Center Office of Protected Resources
Seward, Alaska National Marine Fisheries Service
Silver Spring, Maryland
William Van Bonn, D.V.M.
U.S. Navy Marine Mammal Program Scott Willens, D.V.M.
San Diego, California North Carolina State University
Raleigh, North Carolina
Frances M. Van Dolah, Ph.D.
National Ocean Services Graham A. J. Worthy, Ph.D.
Charleston, South Carolina Department of Biology
University of Central Florida
Michael T. Walsh, D.V.M. Orlando, Florida
SeaWorld of Florida
Orlando, Florida Nina M. Young, M.S.
Center for Marine Conservation
Andrew J. Westgate, Ph.D. Washington, D.C.
Duke Marine Laboratory
Beaufort, North Carolina
© 2001 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC