CRC Desk Reference for Nutrition, Third Edition

515 Pages·2011·2.605 MB·English

by  Carolyn D. Berdanier

CRC
Desk Reference
for Nutrition
Third Edition
CRC
Desk Reference
for Nutrition
Third Edition
Carolyn D. Berdanier
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
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Version Date: 20110511
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Contents
List of Figures ..................................................................................................................................vii
List of Tables .....................................................................................................................................xi
List of Longer Topics .....................................................................................................................xiii
Preface to the Third Edition ............................................................................................................xv
About the Author ...........................................................................................................................xvii
Acknowledgments for the Third Edition ........................................................................................xix
How to Use This Book ....................................................................................................................xxi
A .........................................................................................................................................................1
B .......................................................................................................................................................53
C .......................................................................................................................................................71
D .....................................................................................................................................................109
E .....................................................................................................................................................123
F .....................................................................................................................................................141
G .....................................................................................................................................................163
H .....................................................................................................................................................179
I ......................................................................................................................................................193
J ......................................................................................................................................................205
K .....................................................................................................................................................207
L .....................................................................................................................................................211
M ....................................................................................................................................................233
N .....................................................................................................................................................269
O .....................................................................................................................................................285
P .....................................................................................................................................................295
Q .....................................................................................................................................................355
R .....................................................................................................................................................357
S .....................................................................................................................................................373
T .....................................................................................................................................................403
U .....................................................................................................................................................431
V .....................................................................................................................................................433
v
vi Contents
W ....................................................................................................................................................463
X .....................................................................................................................................................465
Z .....................................................................................................................................................467
Appendix 1: General Guidelines for Food Selection to Optimize Health ...............................469
Appendix 2: Metabolic Maps ......................................................................................................471
List of Figures
Figure 1 Glucose transport into the enterocyte .........................................................................3
Figure 2 Hormones that affect water balance and blood pressure ............................................8
Figure 3 The alanine cycle ......................................................................................................21
Figure 4 The metabolism of ethanol (alcohol) in the liver ......................................................22
Figure 5 The formation of a peptide bond ..............................................................................27
Figure 6 Examples of amino acid reactions. (a) Formation of peptide bond.
(b) Formation of disulfide bridge. (c) Formation of a mercaptide. ...........................27
Figure 7 Structures of ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid ..............................................46
Figure 8 Structure of biotin and an enzyme-bound biotin ......................................................61
Figure 9 Structure of carnitine ................................................................................................80
Figure 10 Typical eukaryotic cell showing representative intracellular structures ..................83
Figure 11 Structure of choline ..................................................................................................88
Figure 12 Structure of coenzyme A ..........................................................................................92
Figure 13 Hydrogen bonds form between complementary bases—adenine
complements thymine; guanine complements cytosine ...........................................94
Figure 14 The Cori cycle ...........................................................................................................99
Figure 15 Formation of creatine phosphate ............................................................................102
Figure 16 Eicosanoid synthesis from arachidonic acid ...........................................................125
Figure 17 Cyclization of arachidonic acid to make PGG ......................................................126
2
Figure 18 Oxygen removal to form PGH ...............................................................................126
2
Figure 19 Formation of the thromboxanes ..............................................................................127
Figure 20 Structure of folic acid .............................................................................................149
Figure 21 Activation of folic acid ...........................................................................................150
Figure 22 Involvement of folacin in methyl group transfer via
S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) ................................................................................151
Figure 23 Methyl group transfer in DNA synthesis ................................................................152
Figure 24 α-Glycerophosphate shuttle ....................................................................................171
Figure 25 Myoinositol structure ..............................................................................................196
Figure 26 De novo synthesis of free inositol from either glucose or phytate .........................196
Figure 27 Inositol metabolism and the PIP cycle ....................................................................197
Figure 28 Malate aspartate cycle ............................................................................................235
vii
viii List of Figures
Figure 29 Conservation of SH groups via methionine cysteine interconversion ....................256
Figure 30 Structures of nicotinic acid and nicotinamide........................................................272
Figure 31 Synthesis of niacin from tryptophan ......................................................................273
Figure 32 Degradation of NAD ..............................................................................................274
Figure 33 Free radical formation and suppression in vivo ......................................................291
Figure 34 Structure of pantothenic acid..................................................................................296
Figure 35 Structure of CoA .....................................................................................................296
Figure 36 Synthesis of CoA from pantothenic acid ................................................................297
Figure 37 Central role of acetyl CoA in intermediary metabolism ........................................299
Figure 38 DNA Structure ........................................................................................................335
Figure 39 Transcription ...........................................................................................................338
Figure 40 Transcription and RNA processing ........................................................................338
Figure 41 Translation ..............................................................................................................341
Figure 42 Structures of naturally occurring vitamin B .........................................................348
6
Figure 43 Absorption of pyridoxal ..........................................................................................348
Figure 44 Phosphorylation of pyridoxal .................................................................................349
Figure 45 Schiff base mechanism for pyridoxal phosphate ....................................................349
Figure 46 Binding of pyridoxal phosphate to its apoenzyme .................................................350
Figure 47 B and the synthesis of neurotransmitters ..............................................................351
6
Figure 48 Role of pyridoxal phosphate in heme biosynthesis.................................................351
Figure 49 Schematic of a hormone bound to its cognate receptor located in the
plasma membrane ...................................................................................................359
Figure 50 Generic structure of a receptor ...............................................................................361
Figure 51 Structure of riboflavin.............................................................................................366
Figure 52 Structures of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and flavin
mononucleotide (FMN) ..........................................................................................367
Figure 53 Synthesis of FMN and FAD ...................................................................................368
Figure 54 Mechanism of action of the riboflavin portion of the coenzyme ...........................370
Figure 55 Structure of thiamin ...............................................................................................407
Figure 56 Structures of thiochrome and the coenzyme thiamin pyrophosphate ....................407
Figure 57 Formation of thiamin pyrophosphate through the
phosphorylation of thiamin .....................................................................................408
Figure 58 Thiamin pyrophosphate function ...........................................................................409
Figure 59 Oxidation of pyruvate in the mitochondrial matrix ...............................................410
Figure 60 Summary of metabolic pathways for pyruvate .......................................................411
List of Figures ix
Figure 61 Structure of all-trans retinal ...................................................................................436
Figure 62 Cleavage of β-carotene ...........................................................................................438
Figure 63 Structure of vitamin B ..........................................................................................444
12
Figure 64 Chemical structure of vitamin D ............................................................................447
Figure 65 Synthesis of active 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol using cholesterol as the
initial substrate .......................................................................................................449
Figure 66 Pathways for vitamin D synthesis and degradation ................................................450
Figure 67 Schematic representation showing vitamin D bound to vitamin D–binding
protein (DBP) ..........................................................................................................453
Figure 68 Basic structures of vitamin E .................................................................................454
Figure 69 Structures of naturally occurring compounds having vitamin E activity ..............455
Figure 70 Excretory pathway for the tocopherols ...................................................................457
Figure 71 Structures of the vitamin K (phylloquinone), K (menaquinone), and
1 2
K  (menadione) .......................................................................................................458
3