Crafting Citizenship: Negotiating Tensions in Modern Society PDF
Preview Crafting Citizenship: Negotiating Tensions in Modern Society
Crafting Citizenship AlsobyMennoHurenkamp INSEARCHOFPROGRESSIVEAMERICA(co-editedwithM.Kazinand F.Becker) AlsobyEvelienTonkens PARTICIPATION,RESPONSIBILITYANDCHOICE:Summoning theActiveCitizeninWesternWelfareStates(co-editedwithJ.Newman) AlsobyJanWillemDuyvendak THEPOLITICSOFHOME:BelongingandNostalgiainWesternEurope andtheUnitedStates Crafting Citizenship Negotiating Tensions in Modern Society By Menno Hurenkamp UniversityofAmsterdam,theNetherlands Evelien Tonkens UniversityofAmsterdam,theNetherlands and Jan Willem Duyvendak UniversityofAmsterdam,theNetherlands ©MennoHurenkamp,EvelienTonkensandJanWillemDuyvendak2012 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2012 978-0-230-24154-1 Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionofthis publicationmaybemadewithoutwrittenpermission. Noportionofthispublicationmaybereproduced,copiedortransmitted savewithwrittenpermissionorinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,orunderthetermsofanylicence permittinglimitedcopyingissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency, SaffronHouse,6–10KirbyStreet,LondonEC1N8TS. Anypersonwhodoesanyunauthorizedactinrelationtothispublication maybeliabletocriminalprosecutionandcivilclaimsfordamages. Theauthorshaveassertedtheirrightstobeidentifiedastheauthorsofthis workinaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Firstpublished2012by PALGRAVEMACMILLAN PalgraveMacmillanintheUKisanimprintofMacmillanPublishersLimited, registeredinEngland,companynumber785998,ofHoundmills,Basingstoke, HampshireRG216XS. PalgraveMacmillanintheUSisadivisionofStMartin’sPressLLC, 175FifthAvenue,NewYork,NY10010. PalgraveMacmillanistheglobalacademicimprintoftheabovecompanies andhascompaniesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld. Palgrave®andMacmillan®areregisteredtrademarksintheUnitedStates, theUnitedKingdom,Europeandothercountries. ISBN 978-1-349-31727-1 ISBN 978-1-137-03361-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137033611 Thisbookisprintedonpapersuitableforrecyclingandmadefromfully managedandsustainedforestsources.Logging,pulpingandmanufacturing processesareexpectedtoconformtotheenvironmentalregulationsofthe countryoforigin. AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 Contents ListofTablesandFigures vi PrefaceandAcknowledgments vii 1 SocietyasaProductiveSpace 1 2 TheConstructionofCitizenshipinPublicDebate 19 3 TheDelegitimationofPoliticalAuthority 42 4 IndividualizationandthePublicInterest 64 5 GlobalizationandtheCulturalizationofCitizenship 89 6 TheThreeFreedomsoftheDutch:TheCulturalizationof CitizenshipintheNetherlandsPutintoanInternational Perspective 122 7 CraftingCitizenship 135 Appendix 149 References 158 Index 168 v Tables and Figures Tables 1.1 Thequestforcitizenship 13 2.1 InterpretationofcitizenshipinDutchnewspapers, 1995 26 2.2 InterpretationofcitizenshipinUKnewspapers,1995 26 2.3 InterpretationofcitizenshipinDutchnewspapers, 2005 28 2.4 InterpretationofcitizenshipinUKnewspapers,2005 28 4.1 ActiveandLeidenresidents’viewsongood citizenship(%) 68 4.2 ActivecitizenshipamongLeidenresidents(N=98)by educationallevel(%) 69 Figures 2.1 Mentioningoftheword‘citizenship’inDutch newspapersandintheDutchParliament 23 2.2 MentioningofthewordcitizenshipinUKnewspapers andtheUKparliament 24 4.1 Acitizens’initiativespiramideofneeds 77 5.1 Fourvariantsoftheculturalizationofcitizenship 91 vi Preface and Acknowledgments For centuries, citizenship has alternately been understood as a way to secure individual freedom and as a way to guarantee collective harmony. A citizen has the right not to be constrained by unso- licited powers but also has the duty to contribute to keeping that liberty alive. But in countries such as the Netherlands and the UK, this debate has mainly been undertaken by academics. Citizenship wasnotpartoftheeverydayvocabulary.Politiciansandcitizenshad otherconcerns.Inthisbook,wedocumenttheriseofcitizenshipas a policy strategy, against a backdrop of rising individualism, global- ization, and declining trust in politics. Clearly, citizenship now has a function of reorganizing some collective harmony again. But this comeswithseveraldangers,thebiggestbeinggovernmenttellingcit- izens what to do instead of the other way around. This book is an empiricalattempttoavoidthisnormativedanger,withoutneglecting obviousandcurrentproblemsinmoderncitizenbehavior. Society is not a comfortable home, nor is citizenship a home decorating strategy. Living together is not a cozy affair. Resistance and ambiguity are instructive experiences, in the words of Richard Sennett:ratherthanfightthem,wecanlearnfromthem.Wepresent citizenship as a craft rather than as something that can be dictated, as a commitment that needs to be kept up to date instead of as a prescribed performance. It is generally acknowledged that around ten thousand hours of practice are required to become an expert in anything,whetherwritingbooks,playingamusicalinstrument,cur- ing people or performing a sport. Yet nowadays a mere few hours a week over the course of a few years in school, a naturalization programorevenagovernmentinitiativeareconsideredsufficientto createcitizens,asifcitizenshipwereawardrobefromIkea(justfollow the instructions...). Disappointments are waiting to happen in this dramaticflatteningofcivicinteraction. The vast majority of citizens care about one another and about society, but they wonder frequently how to express this, given pres- sure of time, inept bureaucracies, or cultural miscommunication. Instead of leading citizens toward a fixed social or political goal, vii viii PrefaceandAcknowledgments putting the development of civic dexterity at the heart of our institutionalthinkingwouldgreatlyimprovesocialcohesion. Experiments with co-production of policy or with new political parties or with the internet are just as important as routine inter- action on the streets or at a desk of the social services, in which the not too ambitious citizens can fine tune and gradually master theirpublicperformance.Show,don’ttell,isacrucialelementofthis program. The masters of the craft, the experienced participants, the professionals, and the politicians have to perform good citizenship, notprescribeit.Valuenotloveforsocietyorloveforstrangers,which neverreallyexistinthefirstplace,butjusttheenjoymentofskillful interaction.Allinall,doingthingsrightratherthandoingtheright thingiswhatcraftingcitizenshipisabout. The following people at the University of Amsterdam have been very helpful during the writing of this book, or one of the publi- cations that preceded it: Evelien Amende, Anne Brouwers, Martine Buijs,JudithElshout,MarcHoijtink,GerbenKroese,DianaNeijboer, Vanessa Nigten, Casper Siffels, Tim Visser, Matthijs Rooduijn, Josip Kesic´, James Janse, Julien Lauret, and Gabrièle Dennie-Filion. We debated parts of the argument in The Hague with Jan Peter Balkenende, Jan Peter van der Toren, Paul Tesser, Thomas Hessels, Paul Dekker, Ruben Baldewsing, Surrendra Santhoki, and John Waalring. In a much earlier period of research we carried out very useful interviews in London with Hazel Baird, Jennifer Dewan, Rob Berkeley, Mary Coussey, Bharti Patel, Don Flynn, Marie-Claude Gervais, Véronique Jochum, Helen Marsh, and Hugh Starkey. Funds were provided by NICIS-institute, the VSB-fund, Aedes Alliance of housing corporations, housing corporations Mitros, Rentree, and Stadgenoot,welfareorganizationsCordaanandGamma,andtheCul- tural Dynamics Program of NWO, the Netherlands Organisation for ScientificResearch. 1 Society as a Productive Space In the early 1990s, ‘citizenship’ had made a successful entry into the academic debate. It had become a ‘buzz word among thinkers on all points of the political spectrum’, according to Will Kymlicka and Wayne Norman, who carried out an overview of the academic literatureatthattime(Kymlicka&Norman1994:352).Onthelevel of theory, the notion of ‘citizenship’ integrated community mem- bership on the one hand and justice on the other. On the level of society, interest in citizenship was ignited by developments such as theriseofmulticulturalismandnationalism,thebacklashagainstthe welfare state, and increasing voter apathy. And, indeed, quality and attitudes of citizens matter, the authors noted: without a sense of identity,theabilitytogetonwithandworkwithothersfromdiffer- entbackgrounds,adesiretoparticipateinthepoliticalprocessanda willingnesstoshowrestraintandresponsibilityinthepublicdomain, democracies become difficult to govern. The authors were not too hopeful about an overall theory of citizenship arising, as they saw allattemptstocreate‘goodcitizens’succumbundergoodintentions. Buttheydidstresstheneedforsharedcitizenship,tosupersederival identitiesbasedonethnicity,asasourceofunityinamultinational country(376). Thisbookdocumentstheriseofthebuzzword‘citizenship’inreal life. We look at developments in welfare states in general, with the uniquecaseoftheNetherlandsconstantlyinthebackground.Wedo thiswhilelookingatcitizenshippractices,eventhoughwetakeinto account the public debate and use the different political interpreta- tions of citizenship as a background for our analysis. But we focus 1 M. Hurenkamp et al., Crafting Citizenship © Menno Hurenkamp, Evelien Tonkens and Jan Willem Duyvendak 2012
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