Craft, Industry and Everyday Life: Finds from Anglo-Scandinavian York PDF
Preview Craft, Industry and Everyday Life: Finds from Anglo-Scandinavian York
The Archaology of York The Small Finds 17/14 CRAFT, INDUSTRY AND EVERYDAY LIFE Finds from Anglo-Scandinavian York A.J. Mainman and N. S. H. Rogers The Archaeology of York Volume 17: The Small Finds General Editor P.V. Addyman © York Archaeological Trust for Excavation and Research 2000 Published by Council for British Archaeology Bowes Morrell House 111 Walmgate York YO1 9WA The Archaeology of York Vol.17: The Small Finds Fasc.14: Craft, Industry and Everyday Life: Finds from Anglo-Scandinavian York 936.2’843 First published in print format 2000 ISBN 978-1 874454 52 6 e-book ISBN 1 902771 11 7 (softback) Cover design: Charlotte Bentley; photographs: Simon I. Hill FRPS (Scire- bröc) Craft, Industry and Everyday Life: Finds from Anglo-Scandinavian York By A.J. Mainman and N.S.H. Rogers Published for York Archaeological Trust by the 2000 Council for British Archaeology Contents Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................2451 Archaeological Introductions to the Sites ..........................................................................................................2455 The Conservation and Identification of the Finds by J.A. Spriggs with contributions on the amber and jet by I. Panter ....................................................................................................................................................................2466 Craft and Industry ......................................................................................................................................................2475 Evidence Relating to Metalworking ...................................................................................................................2475 Non-ferrous metalworking ............................................................................................................................2475 The manufacture of lead alloy dress accessories in the Coppergate area ...............................................2478 Ferrous metalworking with a contribution on the geology of the hones by G.D. Gaunt ...............................2479 Evidence for Manufacture Using Materials other than Metal ........................................................................2498 Personal ornament and dress accessories ....................................................................................................2498 Evidence for jet and shale working .........................................................................................................2498 Amber working with a contribution on amber working tools and techniques by I. Panter ......................2501 Glass Manufacturing Evidence by J. Bayley and R. Doonan ..............................................................................2519 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................2519 High-lead glass working in York ...................................................................................................................2520 The Coppergate and Piccadilly high-lead glass ..........................................................................................2520 Alkali glass melting .........................................................................................................................................2525 Dating the glass working ................................................................................................................................2528 Conclusions ......................................................................................................................................................2528 Evidence for Textile Production ..........................................................................................................................2528 Spinning equipment with a contribution on the stone spindle whorls by P. Walton Rogers .........................2528 Weaving equipment ........................................................................................................................................2533 Stitching equipment ........................................................................................................................................2533 Finishing equipment .......................................................................................................................................2534 Evidence Relating to Fishing ...............................................................................................................................2534 Discussion ...............................................................................................................................................................2535 Everyday Life ...............................................................................................................................................................2537 Household Equipment .........................................................................................................................................2537 Glass vessels by M. Stiff ...................................................................................................................................2537 Stone vessels .....................................................................................................................................................2541 Stone lamps .......................................................................................................................................................2544 Spoons ...............................................................................................................................................................2547 Querns ...............................................................................................................................................................2547 Structural Fittings and Furnishings ....................................................................................................................2552 Fittings ...............................................................................................................................................................2552 Studs with a contribution by M.E. Hutchinson ................................................................................................2554 Mounts ..............................................................................................................................................................2555 Binding ..............................................................................................................................................................2556 Rings ..................................................................................................................................................................2556 Double-spiked loop .........................................................................................................................................2556 Nails ...................................................................................................................................................................2556 Clench bolts ......................................................................................................................................................2557 Perforated strips ...............................................................................................................................................2557 Miscellaneous non-ferrous objects ................................................................................................................2557 Horse Harness ........................................................................................................................................................2558 Trade and Exchange ..............................................................................................................................................2559 Balances .............................................................................................................................................................2559 Weights...............................................................................................................................................................2561 Gaming.Pieces.........................................................................................................................................................2564 Stone.counters...................................................................................................................................................2564 Pottery.and.tile.counters..................................................................................................................................2566 Stone.playing.pieces.........................................................................................................................................2566 Jet.and.shale.playing.pieces............................................................................................................................2567 Personal.Ornament.and.Dress.Accessories........................................................................................................2568 Buckles................................................................................................................................................................2568 Strap-guide........................................................................................................................................................2568 Strap-ends..........................................................................................................................................................2568 Brooches.............................................................................................................................................................2570 Hooked.tags.......................................................................................................................................................2576 Dress.pins...........................................................................................................................................................2576 Wire.rings.with.twisted.ends..........................................................................................................................2583 Finger-rings.......................................................................................................................................................2585 Pendants.............................................................................................................................................................2589 Beads...................................................................................................................................................................2591 Jet.and.shale.bracelets......................................................................................................................................2599 Other.personal.items........................................................................................................................................2599 Miscellaneous.Stone.Objects.................................................................................................................................2601 Sculpture............................................................................................................................................................2601 Fossils.by G.D. Gaunt........................................................................................................................................2602 Highly.polished.fragments..............................................................................................................................2602 Stone.fragments................................................................................................................................................2604 Discussion.....................................................................................................................................................................2605 Catalogue......................................................................................................................................................................2611 List of Figures 1187 Sites in York mentioned in the text ...............................................................................................................2452 1188 Plan showing position of (1) 16–22 Coppergate; (2) area of Watching Brief; (3) 22 Piccadilly; (4) St Mary, Castlegate ...................................................................................................................................2454 1189 Plans of the site at 16–22 Coppergate showing the area of deposits excavated for Periods 2–5 ...................................................................................................................................................2458–9 1190 Plan showing location of excavations, and building recording, in the Bedern area .............................2464 1191 Lead alloy disc brooch (10601) in the process of conservation .................................................................2468 1192 Typical XRF spectrum for shale .....................................................................................................................2471 1193 Typical XRF spectrum for Whitby jet ...........................................................................................................2471 1194 Typical XRF spectrum for lignite ..................................................................................................................2472 1195 XRF spectrum for jet ring fragment from 16–22 Coppergate, 9851 ..........................................................2472 1196 Typical infra-red spectroscopy spectrum for Baltic amber .......................................................................2473 1197 Failed castings from 16–22 Coppergate .......................................................................................................2476 1198 Lead matrix from 16–22 Coppergate ............................................................................................................2476 1199 Ingot moulds of steatite ..................................................................................................................................2477 1200 Ingot moulds of talc schist .............................................................................................................................2478 1201 Rotary grindstones from 16–22 Coppergate ...............................................................................................2480 1202 Rotary grindstones from 16–22 Coppergate with cone-shaped holes .....................................................2481 1203 Range of sizes of rotary grindstones from 16–22 Coppergate ..................................................................2482 1204 Distribution of rotary grindstones at 16–22 Coppergate ...........................................................................2483 1205 Sandstone hones from 16–22 Coppergate....................................................................................................2486 1206 Sandstone hones from 16–22 Coppergate....................................................................................................2487 1207 Schist hones from 16–22 Coppergate ...........................................................................................................2488 1208 Schist hones from 16–22 Coppergate ...........................................................................................................2489 1209 Phyllite hones from 16–22 Coppergate ........................................................................................................2490 1210 Possible touchstones from 16–22 Coppergate .............................................................................................2491 1211 Unfinished stone hones from 16–22 Coppergate ........................................................................................2492 1212 Distribution of hones at 16–22 Coppergate in Period 3 .............................................................................2493 1213 Distribution of hones at 16–22 Coppergate in Period 4B ..........................................................................2494 1214 Distribution of hones at 16–22 Coppergate in Period 5A ..........................................................................2495 1215 Distribution of hones at 16–22 Coppergate in Period 5B ..........................................................................2496 1216 Distribution of evidence for jet working for all periods at 16–22 Coppergate .......................................2499 1217 Evidence for jet working from 16–22 Coppergate: a roughout for a finger-ring ...................................2500 1218 Amber objects from Clifford Street ...............................................................................................................2502 1219 Evidence for the manufacture of amber beads from Clifford Street ........................................................2505 1220 Evidence for the manufacture of amber rings from Clifford Street .........................................................2506 1221 Evidence for the manufacture of amber pendants from Clifford Street .................................................2507 1222 Distribution of evidence for amber working in Period 3 at 16–22 Coppergate .....................................2508 1223 Distribution of evidence for amber working in Period 4A at 16–22 Copprgate ....................................2510 1224 Distribution of evidence for amber working in Period 4B at 16–22 Coppergate ....................................2511 1225 Distribution of evidence for amber working in Period 5A at 16–22 Coppergate ..................................2513 1226 Distribution of evidence for amber working in Period 5B at 16–22 Coppergate ...................................2515 1227 Chalk cores and burnishers from 16–22 Coppergate .................................................................................2518 1228 High-lead glass beads from 16–22 Coppergate ..........................................................................................2521 1229 Glass working debris from 22 Piccadilly .....................................................................................................2523 1230 Potsherd discs from 22 Piccadilly used for melting blue glass ................................................................2524 1231 Malformed blue glass beads from 22 Piccadilly .........................................................................................2525 1232 Blue glass beads from 22 Piccadilly ..............................................................................................................2526 1233 Spindle whorls from 16–22 Coppergate ......................................................................................................2529 1234 Loom weights of baked clay from 16–22 Coppergate................................................................................2532 1235 Copper alloy needles from 16–22 Coppergate ............................................................................................2534 1236 Glass slick-stones from 16–22 Coppergate ..................................................................................................2534 1237 Fish-net sinkers from 16–22 Coppergate .....................................................................................................2535 1238 Fragments of squat jars with opaque yellow marvered trails from 16–22 Coppergate ........................2537 1239 Vessel glass from 16–22 Coppergate and 22 Piccadilly ..............................................................................2538 1240 Carved stone bowls from 16–22 Coppergate ..............................................................................................2542 1241 Distribution of stone vessels from 16–22 Coppergate ...............................................................................2543 1242 Steatite bowl from 16–22 Coppergate ..........................................................................................................2544 1243 Stone lamps from 16–22 Coppergate ............................................................................................................2545 1244 Decorated stone lamp from 16–22 Coppergate ...........................................................................................2546 1245 Copper alloy spoons from 16–22 Coppergate .............................................................................................2547 1246 Distribution of querns in Period 3 at 16–22 Coppergate ...........................................................................2548 1247 Distribution of querns in Period 4B at 16–22 Coppergate .........................................................................2549 1248 Distribution of querns in Period 5B at 16–22 Coppergate .........................................................................2550 1249 Sandstone querns from 16–22 Coppergate ..................................................................................................2551 1250 Fittings from 16–22 Coppergate ....................................................................................................................2553 1251 Studs from 16–22 Coppergate and 22 Piccadilly ........................................................................................2554 1252 Detailed view of beading on 10541 ...............................................................................................................2554 1253 Gold stud from 16–22 Coppergate ................................................................................................................2555 1254 Copper alloy fittings from 16–22 Coppergate, Bedern and 22 Piccadilly ...............................................2556 1255 Lead alloy nail and clench bolts from 16–22 Coppergate .........................................................................2557 1256 Copper alloy horse harness equipment from 16–22 Coppergate .............................................................2558 1257 Parts of copper alloy balances from 16–22 Coppergate .............................................................................2559 1258 Copper alloy beam balances and scale pan from 16–22 Coppergate ......................................................2560 1259 Weights from 16–22 Coppergate ...................................................................................................................2562 1260 Pair of iron weights coated in brass from 16–22 Coppergate ...................................................................2563 1261 Hnefatafl board and gaming pieces of bone, chalk and jet from 16–22 Coppergate ..............................2565 1262 Stone counters and pot lid from 16–22 Coppergate ...................................................................................2566 1263 Playing pieces of chalk, jet and shale from 16–22 Coppergate .................................................................2567 1264 Buckles and strap-guide from 16–22 Coppergate ......................................................................................2568 1265 Strap-ends from 16–22 Coppergate ..............................................................................................................2569 1266 Brooches from 16–22 Coppergate: terminal of a penannular brooch; ansate brooches ........................2570 1267 Disc brooches from 16–22 Coppergate .........................................................................................................2572 1268 Lead alloy disc brooches from 16–22 Coppergate ......................................................................................2573 1269 Lead alloy disc brooch from the Coppergate watching brief site ............................................................2574 1270 Copper alloy cross brooch and gold kite brooch fragment from 16–22 Coppergate ............................2575 1271 Kite brooch fragment from 16–22 Coppergate ............................................................................................2575 1272 Copper alloy brooch pins from 16–22 Coppergate ....................................................................................2576 1273 Copper alloy hooked tags from 16–22 Coppergate and 22 Piccadilly .....................................................2576 1274 Copper alloy pins from 16–22 Coppergate and 22 Piccadilly ...................................................................2579 1275 Copper alloy ringed pins and detached rings from similar pins from 16–22 Coppergate ...................2581 1276 Copper alloy pin from the College of Vicars Choral at Bedern ................................................................2582 1277 Copper alloy and gold wire rings with twisted ends from 16–22 Coppergate ......................................2584 1278 Arm-rings of lead alloy and tin from 16–22 Coppergate ...........................................................................2584 1279 Finger-rings of copper alloy, silver and lead alloy from 16–22 Coppergate ...........................................2586 1280 Roughouts and complete finger-rings of amber and glass from 16–22 Coppergate .............................2587 1281 Jet and shale finger-rings from 16–22 Coppergate .....................................................................................2587 1282 Pendants of jet, copper alloy and lead alloy from 16–22 Coppergate .....................................................2588 1283 Amber pendants from 16–22 Coppergate and an unknown location in York ........................................2589 1284 Jet pendants from 16–22 Coppergate ...........................................................................................................2590 1285 Monochrome glass beads from 16–22 Coppergate.....................................................................................2591 1286 Beads covered in gold foil from 16–22 Coppergate ...................................................................................2593 1287 Barrel-shaped and biconical beads from 22 Piccadilly ..............................................................................2594 1288 Polychrome glass bead from 16–22 Coppergate .........................................................................................2594 1289 Polychrome glass beads from 16–22 Coppergate .......................................................................................2595 1290 Polychrome glass beads from 16–22 Coppergate .......................................................................................2596 1291 Beads from 16–22 Coppergate made of stone, copper alloy and an uncertain material ......................2596 1292 Finished and unfinished amber beads from 16–22 Coppergate ...............................................................2597 1293 Shale bracelets from 16–22 Coppergate .......................................................................................................2599 1294 Copper alloy bell from 16–22 Coppergate ...................................................................................................2599 1295 Copper alloy toilet implements from 16–22 Coppergate ..........................................................................2600 1296 Face B of limestone grave-cover 10826 from 16–22 Coppergate ..............................................................2602 1297 Face E of limestone grave-cover 10826 from 16–22 Coppergate ..............................................................2602 1298 Stone sculpture from 16–22 Coppergate: two grave-markers ..................................................................2603 1299 Map of Britain and Ireland showing the main sites referred to in the text.............................................2606 1300 Map of Northern Europe showing the main sites referred to in the text ................................................2608 List of Tables 223 Summary of archaeological development at 16–22 Coppergate ................................................................2456 224 Summary of archaeological development at 22 Piccadilly .........................................................................2462 225 Summary of phasing at sites within the College of the Vicars Choral at the Bedern .............................2465 226 Jet and jet-like material from 16–22 Coppergate ..........................................................................................2473 227 Identification of raw amber from Anglo-Scandinavian York .....................................................................2474 228 Rotary grindstones according to period at 16–22 Coppergate ...................................................................2484 229 Distribution of hones at 16–22 Coppergate according to tenement and stone type in Period 4B ..........................................................................................................................................................2485 230 Distribution of hones at 16–22 Coppergate according to tenement and stone type in Period 5B ..........................................................................................................................................................2491 231 Evidence for amber working in Period 3 at 16–22 Coppergate ..................................................................2509 232 Evidence for amber working in Period 4A at 16–22 Coppergate ...............................................................2509 233 Evidence for amber working in Period 4B at 16–22 Coppergate ...............................................................2512 234 Evidence for amber working in Period 4B at 16–22 Coppergate according to object type ....................2512 235 Location of evidence for amber working in Period 4B at 16–22 Coppergate ...........................................2512 236 Evidence for amber working in Period 5A at 16–22 Coppergate ...............................................................2514 237 Evidence for amber working in Period 5A at 16–22 Coppergate by tenement ........................................2514 238 Evidence for amber objects in Period 5A at 16–22 Coppergate ..................................................................2514 239 Evidence for amber working and objects in Period 5B at 16–22 Coppergate ..........................................2516 240 Location of chalk objects at 16–22 Coppergate .............................................................................................2519 241 High-lead glass and glass working finds from York ....................................................................................2520 242 High-lead glass waste from 16–22 Coppergate ............................................................................................2521 243 Measured density of a sample of beads from 16–22 Coppergate...............................................................2522 244 XRF analysis of selected glass beads from 16–22 Coppergate ....................................................................2522 245 Other glass working finds from 16–22 Coppergate .....................................................................................2524 246 Glass melting crucibles .....................................................................................................................................2525 247 Sherds with translucent blue glass from 16–22 Coppergate .......................................................................2526 248 XRF analyses of blue glass beads and waste from 22 Piccadilly ................................................................2527 249 Complete lead alloy spindle whorls from 16–22 Coppergate by type and period ..................................2530 250 The geological origin of Anglo-Scandinavian whorls from 16–22 Coppergate .......................................2530 251 Sources of raw materials for spindle whorls from sites of the 6th to 14th century in Great Britain ................................................................................................................................................2531
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