CRACKING THE PHILOSOPHERS’ STONE Origins, Evolution and Chemistry of Gold-Making __________ J. Erik LaPort & Roger Gabrielsson PhD Quintessence CONTENTS Acknowledgments ........................................................................ i Foreword ................................................................................... iii Author’s Preface .......................................................................... v Editor’s Preface ......................................................................... xi Introducing the Stone ............................................................... xiii Chapter 1 – Sophic Substances ............................................... 1 Chapter 2 – Moses and the Golden‐Calf .............................. 69 Chapter 3 – Maria Hebrea’s Tincture ................................. 115 Chapter 4 – The White Stone of Hermes ............................ 167 Chapter 5 – Stephanos’ Chrysopœia .................................. 217 Chapter 6 – From Chrysopœia to Al‐Kīmyāʼ ...................... 259 Chapter 7 – Paracelsus and the Alkahest ........................... 299 Chapter 8 – Labors of Hercules .......................................... 357 Chapter 9 – The Chemical Wedding ................................... 395 Chapter 10 – Powder of Projection ...................................... 415 Chapter 11 – Aurum Potabile ............................................... 477 Chapter 12 – Universal Medicine ......................................... 551 Appendix A – Timeline of Developmental Alchemy ................ 573 Appendix B – The Scorpion Formula for Gold‐making ........... 583 Appendix C – Alchemical Imagery Index ................................ 593 Afterword ............................................................................... 599 FIRST PREFACE During early 2009, Roger and I were researching novel a gold compound, when it occurred to me while browsing through 16th and 17th century literature on the development of gold salts, that the legendary Philosophers’ Stone of alchemy was perhaps a type of gold‐salt. Delving a little deeper into the alchemical literature, it became clearly apparent that many famous writers on alchemy specifically stated that the Philosophers’ Stone was nothing more than gold in its finest state, whereas other sources were adamant that the Philosophers’ Stone was indeed a salt. One thing was certain; all these alchemical authorities treated the Philosophers’ Stone as a genuine compound synthesized in a laboratory. After a cursory study, I concluded that the chemical identity of the Philosophers’ Stone remained an unsolved mystery that would potentially yield its secrets. I was immediately captivated and initial curiosity quickly gave way to sheer obsessive and compulsive research into the matter. It was an honorable riddle pursued by great minds throughout history and I immediately regarded the quest as a worthy endeavor. I knew that I could not do this alone and harangued my good friend and mad scientist‐genius Dr Roger Gabrielsson PhD into collaborating with me as the chemistry consultant and co‐author. I am deeply indebted to him for his help and unfailing encouragement. I knew that he would not decline because it was Roger who once explained to me that any question of chemistry was valid as far as he was concerned and that there was no such thing as an absurd or unimportant chemistry question, as long as it was not framed in terms of unicorns and rainbows. The result of that collaboration and years of passionate research is this treatise – Cracking the Philosophers’ Stone. This book is divided into three sections. The first is a general introduction to the Philosophers’ Stone, its origins and historical development in Alexandria, Egypt during the pre‐Islamic period. The Stone’s composition, applications and cultural value are presented in historical context and explored in detail. Section 2 describes the preparation of the basic alchemical ingredients, overall chemistry and confection of the Philosophers’ Stone, along with accounts of reproducibility experiments performed in our laboratory. Section 3 examines the traditional applications for the Philosophers’ Stone and expands on the notion of the alchemical process as a workbench wisdom tradition. Any exploration of history and this is especially implicit concerning alchemy, is that a conclusion is primarily a work of interpretation. The purpose of this book is to present just such an interpretation, which ultimately leads to a working hypothesis, or more accurately, a series of hypotheses to explain the phenomenon of the Philosophers’ Stone, its origins, evolution, chemistry, valuations and applications. We repeatedly stress plausibility statements throughout the book that are not to be construed as statements of fact, but rather address plausible, possible or most likely scenarios for the subject at hand. This serves to stimulate future research efforts and to advance current understanding while leaving the subject fully exposed to alternate hypotheses and scenarios. We have attempted to remain unbiased with regard to any particular school or system of alchemy, focusing our concerns throughout on numerous scenarios that we felt made most sense given several factors and substantiating evidence. This was not always easy and often the only evidence available was scanty or circumstantial in which case we plainly state as much in the narrative. We began the journey of decoding the Philosophers’ Stone from the dual premise that 1) the stone was an actual chemical compound, and 2) that it had manifested as various diverse products at different times in history. Research into the matter has confirmed both, yet a dangling question remained. What was the original archetypal Philosophers’ Stone and could it be rediscovered and reestablished today? The attempt to answer these questions brought me into contact with some wonderfully intriguing and insightful people on a journey through history, traditions and practices that broadened my understanding of the alchemical process in unpredictable yet very welcome ways, least of which was developing a profound admiration for alchemal traditions. One might assume that the chemistry would prove the greatest challenge. It was actually the language of alchemy however, that presented an almost insurmountable yet ironically marvelous obstacle to writing this book. A tremendous amount of data and a robust conceptual framework lie just below the surface of every cover‐name and cover‐term encrypting alchemical substances and processes. I realized that if I were to decode alchemical abstractions, it would be of tremendous value to approach someone fluent in the arcane language of alchemy for assistance. After several attempts at collaboration with authorities in the field, followed by snubs, polite responses to the negative or no reply at all, I realized that I was on my own in this regard. I began to self‐study the etymology and history of each cover‐term, which exposed a fantastic world of imagery, historical context, mythology, and trade‐jargon, which upon being understood, revealed that each cover‐term was far from haphazard, encrypting substances and processes in many layers of subtle and interconnected meaning. Indeed some terms were truly multi‐ cultural with their practical use spanning millennia. Learning the language of alchemy was as difficult as learning any other – bits and pieces at first, crude phrases later, before becoming fluent in alchemy’s dialects and sophisticated abstractions. vii The research process was arduous. Upon decoding a cover‐name or terminology, we then embarked upon a detailed study of each corresponding substance or process. We attempted to find the earliest record of each, its discoverer and its various applications, which were often at odds with established scientific literature. If it were a substance, we attempted to glean whether it may have been used in a chemical technology prior to the accepted scientific date of discovery, then searched for a body of evidence to support an earlier date. Each time we felt close to understanding a substance or process fully, we then consulted numerous traditional alchemical texts and compared those accounts to what we observed in the laboratory. A primary consideration was that perfect reproducibility may prove challenging on the basis that adepts were artisans and extremely skilled at their art. It could take one’s career to develop the skills possessed by an adept‐alchemist. As any chemist knows, it can take innumerable tries before a reaction happens in an expected or optimal manner. Only after ensuring that historical and alchemical texts accorded with our lab results and observations, did we feel confident to present the hypotheses herein. The entire book project took over four years to complete, thousands of hours of research, entire libraries of books and journal articles, ancient and modern, scoured and scrutinized for helpful information. Library efforts were combined with laboratory frustration and elation before the book reached its final form. I began to understand that an Alexandrian alchemist was more an artisan and philosopher than proto‐chemist, yet alchemists would go on to assume many roles throughout alchemical history such as pharmacologist and experimental chemist of later alchemical traditions. It also became clear that much of the existing research into Alexandrian alchemy was based on Pseudo‐Democritus and his Persian‐Babylonian approach to chemical technologies, reinforced by works such as the Leyden and Stockholm papyri that typified this tradition. The Philosophers’ Stone however originated with Maria Hebrea and her Judeo‐Egyptian school or alternately a Hermetic Greco‐Egyptian school – these being completely dissimilar in every manner to the Pseudo‐Democritan type. The challenge was to elucidate this long‐held misunderstanding in regards to Alexandrian alchemy beyond a reasonable doubt. Today’s alchemy enthusiasts, historians and chemists understandably have specific areas of interest or specialization in their respective fields of research. Nevertheless, Cracking the Philosophers’ Stone promises something new and interesting to everyone. While it is possible to read this treatise from cover to cover, it is not necessary to do so, which is to say that this book is written so that each chapter stands on its own merit as a mini‐course on the specific aspect of the Philosophers’ Stone addressed. For those new to alchemy, begin with chapter 1, followed by 10‐12 prior to delving deeper. For those primarily interested in the Philosophers’ Stone from a socio‐historical perspective, read chapters 2‐ 7, followed by 10‐12 and Appendix A. For the rare aspirants, operative alchemists or qualified chemists primarily interested in operative reproducibility of Alexandrian alchemy’s substances and processes, read chapters 1, 3, 4, 6‐9 and Appendix B to satisfy curiosity before moving on to the remainder of the Stone’s historical context. For those more interested in the speculative aspects of the Philosophers’ Stone, its philosophical and psychospiritual connotations, its value as an early cosmological model or as a wisdom tradition, chapters 4, 5 and 12 focus on these intriguing valuations of the Stone. It is my sincerest aspiration that each reader discovers something of lasting value by reading this book and enjoys the journey as much as we did. J. Erik LaPort Q’era‐Tech Research, Thailand ix
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