Table Of Content

Editorial Rob Franek, Senior VP, Publisher Casey Cornelius, VP Content Development Mary Beth Garrick, Director of Production Selena Coppock, Managing Editor Calvin Cato, Editor Colleen Day, Editor Aaron Riccio, Editor Meave Shelton, Editor Orion McBean, Editorial Assistant Random House Publishing Team Tom Russell, Publisher Alison Stoltzfus, Publishing Manager Melinda Ackell, Associate Managing Editor Ellen Reed, Production Manager Kristin Lindner, Production Supervisor Andrea Lau, Designer The Princeton Review, Inc. 24 Prime Parkway, Suite 201 Natick, MA 01760 E-mail: Acknowledgments Paul Foglino would like to thank John Katzman for his oversight on this project and Rebecca Lessem for her work editing the first edition of this title. Thanks to Rachel Warren, whose guidance and tireless effort helped to convert chemistry to English. Thanks to Eric Payne for his rigorous attention to detail. Thanks to Tom Meltzer for his advice and Libby O’Connor for her patience. Additional thanks are in order to Robbie Korin, James Karb, and Chris Volpe. The Princeton Review would like to give special thanks to Nicolas Leonardi for his hand in revising and updating this title to better prepare students for the new AP Chemistry exam. Contents Cover Title Page Copyright Acknowledgments Part I: Using This Book to Improve Your AP Score Preview Activity: Your Knowledge, Your Expectations Your Guide to Using This Book How to Begin Part II: About the AP Chemistry Exam The Structure of the AP Chemistry Exam Overview of Content Topics How AP Exams Are Used Other Resources Designing Your Study Plan Part III: Test-Taking Strategies for the AP Chemistry Exam 1 How to Approach Multiple-Choice Questions 2 How to Approach Free-Response Questions Part IV: Content Review for the AP Chemistry Exam 3 Big Idea #1: Atoms, Elements, and the Building Blocks of Matter The Periodic Table Moles Coulomb’s Law Photoelectron Spectroscopy Periodic Trends Chapter 3 Questions Chapter 3 Answers and Explanations 4 Big Idea #2: Bonding and Phases Bonds Overview Ionic Bonds Metallic Bonds Covalent Bonds Intermolecular Forces Vapor Pressure Lewis Dot Structures Kinetic Molecular Theory Maxwell-Boltzmann Diagrams The Ideal Gas Equation Dalton’s Law Deviations from Ideal Behavior Density Solutions Chapter 4 Questions Chapter 4 Answers and Explanations 5 Big Idea #3: Chemical Reactions, Energy Changes, and Redox Reactions Types of Reactions Chemical Equations Enthalpy Energy Diagrams Catalysts and Energy Diagrams Oxidation States Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Galvanic Cells Electrolytic Cells Chapter 5 Questions Chapter 5 Answers and Explanations 6 Big Idea #4: Chemical Reactions and Their Rates Rate Law Using Initial Concentrations Rate Law Using Concentration and Time Collision Theory Beer’s Law Reaction Mechanisms Catalysts Chapter 6 Questions Chapter 6 Answers and Explanations 7 Big Idea #5: Laws of Thermodynamics and Changes in Matter Energy Transfer First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics State Functions 0 Heat of Formation, ∆H f Bond Energy Hess’s Law Thermodynamics of Phase Change Calorimetry Entropy Gibbs Free Energy Free Energy Change, ∆G ∆G, ∆H, and ∆S Voltage and Favorability Chapter 7 Questions Chapter 7 Answers and Explanations 8 Big Idea #6: Equilibrium, Acids and Bases, Titrations, and Solubility The Equilibrium Constant, K eq Le Châtelier’s Principle Changes in the Equilibrium Constant The Reaction Quotient, Q Solubility Acids and Bases Definitions pH Weak Acids Strong Acids K w Buffers Polyprotic Acids and Amphoteric Substances Titration Chapter 8 Questions Chapter 8 Answers and Explanations 9 Laboratory Overview Part V: Practice Tests 10 Practice Test 1 11 Practice Test 1 Answers and Explanations 12 Practice Test 2 13 Practice Test 2 Answers and Explanations About the Authors Part I Using This Book to Improve Your AP Score PREVIEW ACTIVITY: YOUR KNOWLEDGE, YOUR EXPECTATIONS Your route to a high score on the AP Chemistry Exam depends a lot on how you plan to use this book. Please respond to the following questions. 1. Rate your level of confidence about your knowledge of the content tested by the Chemistry AP Exam: A. Very confident—I know it all B. I’m pretty confident, but there are topics for which I could use help C. Not confident—I need quite a bit of support D. I’m not sure 2. Circle your goal score for the AP Chemistry Exam. 3. What do you expect to learn from this book? Circle all that apply to you. A. A general overview of the test and what to expect B. Strategies for how to approach the test C. The content tested by this exam D. I’m not sure yet YOUR GUIDE TO USING THIS BOOK This book is organized to provide as much—or as little—support as you need, so you can use this book in whatever way will be most helpful to improving your score on the AP Chemistry Exam. The remainder of Part I will provide guidance on how to use this book and help you determine your strengths and weaknesses Part II of this book will provide information about the structure, scoring, and content of the Chemistry Exam help you to make a study plan point you towards additional resources Part III of this book will explore how to attack multiple-choice questions how to write high-scoring free-response answers how to manage your time to maximize the number of points available to you Part IV of this book covers the content you need for your exam. Part V of this book contains practice tests. You may choose to use some parts of this book over others, or you may work through the entire book. This will depend on your needs and how much time you have. Let’s now look how to make this determination. HOW TO BEGIN