Table Of Content

The CPrinceton Review® Cracking the BIOLOGY Exam 2010 Edition Proven techniques from the test-prep experts • 2 full-length practice tests with detailed explanations • Accessible, engaging review of all topics, from photosynthesis to genetics to evolution • Thorough review of all 12 AP Biology labs and possible testing scenarios • Review questions and key term lists in every chapter to help you practice SF ax. Masons(' Pla(cid:9) Progan are resistered trademarks of the Coleye Bras which does not sprsar (cid:9) rse thra product (T he Princeton Review® A p Cracking the ® BIOLOGY Exam 2010 Edition Kim Magloire PrincetonReview.com Random House, Inc. New York The (Princeton Review' The Independent Education Consultants Association Editorial recognizes The Princeton Review as a valuable resource Rob Franek, VP Test Prep Books, Publisher for high school and college students applying to college Seamus Mullarkey, Associate Publisher and graduate school. Rebecca Lessem, Senior Editor Laura Braswell, Senior Editor The Princeton Review, Inc. Selena Coppock, Editor 2315 Broadway Heather Brady, Editor New York, NY 10024 E-mail: editorialsupportereview.com Production Services Scott Harris, Executive Director, Production Services Copyright © 2009 by The Princeton Review, Inc. Kim Howie, Senior Graphic Designer All rights reserved. Published in the United States Production Editorial by Random House, Inc., New York, and in Canada by Meave Shelton, Production Editor Random House of Canada Limited, Toronto. Jennifer Graham, Production Editor ISBN: 978-0-375-42914-9 Random House Publishing Team ISSN: 1092-0080 Tom Russell, Publisher Nicole Benhabib, Publishing Manager Editor: Juliet Werner Ellen L Reed, Production Manager Production Editor: Meave Shelton Alison Stoltzfus, Associate Managing Editor Production Coordinator: Kim Howie Elham Shabahat, Publishing Assistant Printed in the United States of America on partially recycled paper. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 2010 Edition ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Special thanks go to the staff of The Princeton Review. Also, I would like to dedicate this book to my parents who instilled in me a love for science. Thanks also to Darrell Steely and Juliet Werner for their work on this edition of the book. ABOUT THE AUTHOR Kim Magloire received a degree in Biology and Science in Human Affairs from Princeton University. She received her Master's degree in Epidemiology from Columbia University and is completing her doctorate in Epidemiology. In her many years of teaching, Kim has prepared hundreds of students for the AP Biology Exam as well as for the SAT, MCAT, GMAT, LSAT, GRE, and other science SAT Subject Tests. Kim is the founder of SciTech, an educational company dedicated to helping students achieve academic excellence in science, math, and technology. Founded in 1996, SciTech offers a number of programs that help students make the "science and math connection." She has received numerous awards for her innovative educational programs in New York City, including the 1999 National "Com- munity Leader of the Year" award from The Quaker Oats Company. She resides in New York City with her husband and daughter. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION Xi 1(cid:9) ORIENTATION 1 What Is the AP Biology Exam? 1 Who Writes the AP Biology Exam? 2 The Princeton Review Approach 2 How Much Biology Do You Need to Know? 2 The Structure of the Test 5 Using The Princeton Review Approach to Crack the System 8 Let's Get Cracking! 17 2(cid:9) THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE 19 Elements 19 The Essential Elements of Life 19 Subatomic Particles 20 Compounds 20 Water: The Versatile Molecule 21 The Acid Test 23 Organic Molecules 24 The Heterotroph Hypothesis 33 Key Words 34 Chapter 2 Quiz 35 3(cid:9) CELLS 37 Living Things 37 What Are the Different Types of Cells? 37 Key Words 47 Chapter 3 Quiz 48 4(cid:9) CELLULAR ENERGETICS 51 Bioenergetics 51 Enzymes 52 Types of Reactions 52 Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) 56 Aerobic Respiration 58 Chemiosmosis 63 Anaerobic Respiration 64 Key Words 65 Chapter 4 Quiz 66 5(cid:9) PHOTOSYNTHESIS 69 The Anatomy of a Leaf 70 A Closer Look at Photosynthesis 71 Key Words 77 Chapter 5 Quiz 78 6(cid:9) MOLECULAR GENETICS 81 DNA: The Blueprint of Life 81 The Molecular Structure of DNA 82 DNA Replication 85 RNA 86 Protein Synthesis 87 Mutations 92 Recombinant DNA 93 Biotechnology 94 Key Words 95 Chapter 6 Quiz 96 7(cid:9) CELL REPRODUCTION 99 Cell Division 99 The Cell Cycle 99 Mitosis: The Dance of the Chromosomes 101 Haploids Versus Diploids 104 An Overview of Meiosis 104 A Closer Look at Meiosis 105 Key Words 109 Chapter 7 Quiz 110 8(cid:9) HEREDITY 1 1 3 Gregor Mendel: The Father of Genetics 113 Mendelian Genetics 114 Beyond Mendelian Genetics 119 Sex-Linked Traits 121 Key Words 122 Chapter 8 Quiz 123 9(cid:9) DIVERSITY OF ORGANISMS 125 Taxonomy 125 How Classification Works 126 I. Kingdom Archaebacteria 127 II. Kingdom Eubacteria 127 III. Kingdom Protista 129 IV. Kingdom Fungi 130 V. Kingdom Plantae 131 vi NE CONTENTS VI. Kingdom Animalia 132 Viruses 134 Key Words 136 Chapter 9 Quiz 137 10 PLANTS 139 Plant Classification 140 Life Cycle of Plants 143 Plant Growth 145 Special Structures in Plants 145 Tropical Tropisms 148 Key Words 149 Chapter 10 Quiz 150 1 1(cid:9) ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION 153 I. The Digestive System 154 Key Words 158 Digestive System Quiz 159 II. The Respiratory System 160 Key Words 162 Respiratory System Quiz 163 III. The Circulatory System 164 Key Words 169 Circulatory System Quiz 170 IV. The Lymphatic and Immune System 171 Key Words 173 Lymphatic and Immune System Quiz 174 V. The Excretory System 175 Key Words 178 Excretory System Quiz 179 VI. The Nervous System 180 Key Words 188 Nervous System Quiz 189 VII. The Musculoskeletal System 190 Key Words 193 Musculoskeletal System Quiz 194 VIII. The Endocrine System 196 Key Words 201 Endocrine System Quiz 202 IX. The Reproductive System and Embryonic Development 203 Key Words 207 Key Words 211 Reproductive System and Embryonic Development Quiz 212 n CONTENTS vii 12 EVOLUTION 215 Natural Selection 215 Genetic Variability 217 Causes of Evolution 218 Species 219 Population Genetics 220 Key Words 221 Chapter 12 Quiz 222 13 ANIMAL BEHAVIOR AND ECOLOGY 225 Behavior 225 Instincts 226 Ecology 229 Population Ecology 234 Human Impact on the Environment 237 Key Words 239 Chapter 13 Quiz 240 14 THE FREE-RESPONSE QUESTIONS 243 The Essays 243 Grading Checklist 248 Sample Essays 250 How to Use Our Practice Essays 251 Sample Essay Questions 252 15 LABORATORY 253 Lab 1: Diffusion and Osmosis 254 Lab 2: Enzyme Catalysis 254 Lab 3: Mitosis and Meiosis 255 Lab 4: Plant Pigments and Photosynthesis 256 Lab 5: Cell Respiration 257 Lab 6: Molecular Biology 257 Lab 7: Genetics of Organisms 258 Lab 8: Population Genetics and Evolution 259 Lab 9: Transpiration 259 Lab 10: Physiology and the Circulatory System 260 Lab 11: Animal Behavior 260 Lab 12: Dissolved Oxygen and Aquatic Primary Productivity 261 16 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS TO THE CHAPTER QUIZZES 263 117 THE PRINCETON REVIEW AP BIOLOGY PRACTICE TEST 1 279 viii 4 CONTENTS 18 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS TO PRACTICE TEST 1 301 19 THE PRINCETON REVIEW AP BIOLOGY PRACTICE TEST 2 317 20 ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS TO PRACTICE TEST 2 339 Index 351 CONTENTS a ix