The Water Indonesia Dialogues Research and Multistakeholder Dialogues in Indonesia's Water & Sanitation Final Technical Report Address of Research Institution: Secretariat - Jln. Percetakan Negara No. 29 Jakarta Pusat, Indonesia 10560 Telp. +62 21 426 8865 Fax. +62 21 426 8865 Email : [email protected] Indonesia RESEARCH AND MULTISTAKEHOLDER DIALOGUES IN INDONESIA'S WATER & SANITATION Final Technical Report By: The Water Dialogues – Indonesia Date: June 22, 2009 Published By: The Water Dialogues – Indonesia Location: Jakarta, Indonesia IDRC Project Number: 105059‐001 IDRC Project Title: Water Dialogues‐Indonesia Country: Indonesia Full Name of Research Institution: National Working Group The Water Dialogues – Indonesia Address of Research Institution: Secretariat ‐ Jln. Percetakan Negara No. 29 Jakarta Pusat, Indonesia 10560 Telp. +62 21 426 8865 Fax. +62 21 426 8865 Email : [email protected] Names of the National Working Group Members: Riant Nugroho, Alizar Anwar (Jakarta Water Supply Regulatory Body); Hamong Santono, Fabby Tumiwa (People's Coalition for the Right to Water, KRuHA); Sutjipto, Job Supangkat, Reski Dian Diniari (Indonesian Communication Forum on Drinking Water Quality Management, FORKAMI); Lis Novari Trisiane (Jakarta Water Supply Company‐ PAM JAYA); Bernard Lafrogne, Kumala Siregar (PAM Lyonnaise Jaya); Bambang Purwanto (BPPSPAM – Ministry of Public Works); Oswar Mungkasa (National Development and Planning Agency); Purwoko Hadi, Sukmayeni (Association of Indonesian Water Enterprises, PERPAMSI); Budi Widianarko, Wijanto Hadipuro (Soegijapranata University, Semarang); Nila Ardianie (Amrta Insitute); Rhamses Simanjuntak, Ria Swarna Putra (PT. AETRA); Lina Damayanti (World Bank). | i Indonesia This report is presented as received from project recipient. It has not been subjected to peer review or other review processes. This work is used with the permission of : The Water Dialogues‐Indonesia Copyright : 2009, The Water Dialogues‐Indonesia Abstract : This report provides information on substantive achievements and lessons learned from the 12‐ month experience of conducting a scoping process of safe water and sanitation management in Indonesia. Details of activities are presented in such a way that they support the argument of the researcher, namely that scoping processes of complex subjects such as safe water and sanitation management requires the combining of conventional research methods and multi‐stakeholder reviews. The main finding of the research was that the stakeholders refined the methodology of the research and simultaneously guaranteed general acceptance of its outputs. The outputs included reviews on a national scale of service expansion, operational efficiency, and quality of service, as well as service tariffs, special programs to serve the poor, and environmental conservation. The outcomes were then an ongoing and conducive dialogue of safe water and sanitation management stakeholders, the acceptance by the stakeholders of milestones in the design of future developments, and the change of attitude in favour of transparent safe water and sanitation management, to achieve good governance in providing water and sanitation services. Keywords : National Safe Water and Sanitation Management, Scoping Process, Multi‐stakeholder Dialogue, Staged Research Process, Private Sector Participation | ii Indonesia CONTENTS 1 Research Problem 1.1 Project Background and Rationale 1 1.2 Research Problem 1 2 Objectives 2.1 Initial Objectives 2 2.2 Final Objectives 2 3 Methodology 3.1 Selection of Scope, Researcher and Study Units 2 3.2 Refining the Methodology 6 4 Project Activities 4.1 Timeline 6 4.2 Field Survey in Kota Batam and Kota Bogor 7 4.3 National Working Group Meetings 8 4.4 Round Table Discussions 9 4.5 Publication Research, White Book, and Contextual Analysis 10 5 Project Outputs 5.1 Contextual Analysis 11 5.2 White Books 11 5.3 Presentations 11 5.5 Round table Discussions 11 5.6 Policy & Practice 11 6 Project Outcomes 6.1 Lessons Learned 11 6.2 Change of Attitude 12 6.3 Nation‐wide Scoping Process Approach 12 7 Overall Assessment 7.1 Successful Mapping 12 7.2 Research Not Conclusive About PSP 12 7.3 Future Research Needed 12 8 Appendix 13 | iii Indonesia 1. RESEARCH PROBLEM 1.1 Project Background and Rationale Debates have been marking the reform of Indonesia's safe water and sanitation management. Private Sector Participation (PSP) was introduced in the 1990s in the absence of a national regulatory framework, to the existing Local Drinking Water Company (PDAM) system with various obstacles. Differences in terms of regulations and practices occurred across regions and local areas, hindering the development of a national discourse, let alone a national standard, of safe water and sanitation management services. The introduction of a new law in late 2004 did not resolve the problem. Dialogues crumbled in the face of disputes about values, lack of information, and fear of hardship in open debates. Safe water and sanitation management is one of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) that Indonesia has agreed to pursue. However, over the past five years, recognition has grown that fierce arguments at national and international levels over private sector participation in water supply and sanitation are seriously hindering progress towards the MDGs. Recognizing that the private sector works across national boundaries, five countries (Brazil, the Philippines, South Africa, Uganda, and Indonesia) have joined the international group of The Water Dialogues, with the aim of contributing to meeting the MDGs for water and sanitation, through series of national multi‐stakeholder dialogues and research processes, which will examine whether and how the private sector can contribute to the delivery of affordable and sustainable water supply and sanitation services, especially to poor communities. The Indonesian Water Dialogues process was initiated in 2005, with the establishment of the multi‐stakeholder National Working Group (NWG), during a period of intense controversy over recent water reforms. Accordingly, one of the two primary focuses of The Water Dialogues – Indonesia (WDI) was the factors for success or failure in government management of drinking water supply, both with and without PSP. The other was the focus of prerequisites for successfully implementing PSP that delivers affordable and sustainable access to water and sanitation services for poor communities. These foci also guided the national review process. The part of this process that was funded by IDRC comprised a scoping study, the design of research methodology and terms of reference, the employment of a research team, and the completion of a pilot study. 1.2 Research Problem Much of the success WDI depended on the acceptance of the pilot study as a model of integrating research and stakeholder critique in the national review process. To reach that quality, the outputs of the research had to be free from the ideological and political biases that marked previous efforts to clarify matters of safe water and sanitation management at the national level in Indonesia. Therefore, the main problem of this research was an epistemological challenge that could only be solved through the multi‐stakeholder dialogues themselves. In terms of management, the challenge meant that the research had to be managed in phases, growing step‐by‐step with the participation of stakeholders from defining the objectives, designing the research methodology and terms of reference, employing the research team, to completing a pilot study and presenting the gathered data, with the ultimate outcome of creating a base for further research in mind. The evolution of the research objectives was therefore anticipated from the start. | 1 Indonesia 2. OBJECTIVES 2.1 Initial Objectives Prior to the IDRC‐sponsored research, the objective of the Water Dialogues – Indonesia research process was fourfold: • to provide high‐quality, multistakeholder‐endorsed research for use by governments and their partners in development, which may inform future water and sanitation services (WSS) policies for both public and private sector participation; • to decrease conflict amongst sector stakeholders by providing safe spaces in which they can explore contentious issues, understand each other's perspectives, share expertise and develop mutual respect; • to facilitate a more balanced understanding of the roles of the public and private bodies amongst the wide range of sector actors by communicating and publishing the findings of the multistakeholder research and national working group deliberations to governments, donors, civil society, and industry, so that these findings may inform future policies and practices; and • to provide information and guidance for others that wish to pursue similar initiatives by documenting both the methods and the processes that were required to create and sustain effective multistakeholder dialogues, as well as by recording the experiences and the lessons learned. These objectives directed the research with the purpose of assessing whether and how the private sector, from large companies to small informal providers, can contribute to the securing of the human right to sustainable and affordable WSS. 2.2 Final Objectives After series of discussions with the stakeholders the research was focused to review performance of providers in terms of: • Service Expansion: the ability to finance growth of service coverage; • Operational Efficiency: the factors of inefficient WSS; • Quality of Service: customer relationship management; • Service Tariff: the relation of the industry's structure to pricing; • Special Program for Serving the Poor: the ability to develop and sustain service to the poor; and • Environmental Conservation: the balance of exploiting resources and giving back to nature. 3. METHODOLOGY 3.1 Selection of Scope, Consultant, and Units of Study True to its nature as a multi‐stakeholder review, the design of the research was not a straightforward process. Rather, as indicated by the evolution of the objectives, it involved a series of discussions with national, regional, and local, but also international stakeholders (consultants of the Water Dialogues group). During the discussions, it was decided by the stakeholders of NWG to use the existing WSS standards of the MOHA Decree No. 47/1999 on Guidelines for PDAM. The standards comprise six aspects: | 2 Indonesia • Technical (level of water losses, water quality supplied, continuity of flow, water pressure at customer pipe or tap); • Customer Service (total population served, idle capacity, water gauge replacement, time needed for installing new connection, time needed to respond to customer complaint; customer satisfaction); • Financial (operational cost ratio, personnel cost ratio, energy cost ratio, debt payment capacity ratio, short‐term loan repayment ratio, net fixed assets rate of return, operational costs per m3 of water sold, average water price per m3, cost recovery, duration of billing/account receivable); • Business Management (quality of Good Corporate Governance implementation); • Human Resources (staff per 1,000 connections ratio, productivity level); • Access to Water for Poor (ratio of total customers in the low income category against all active customers, ratio of total poor people served against total population of serviced area, affordability of water for the poor. Based on the design, a research consultant was selected. The consultant team was led by Dr Khrisna S. Pribadi, Associate Professor of Bandung Institute of Technology (Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environment), a very experienced team leader of development research projects. To approximate the scope of national review, two WSS providers (one public, one private) were selected as units of study. With the aim of comparing performances in terms of the aforementioned standards, the PDAM Tirta Pakuan of Bogor, West Java and the private company of PT Adhya Tirta Batam (ATB), Batam were chosen on the basis of: • both were operating in an urban area with a number of customers and citizens of more than 700,000; • ample access to ground water was common in both area, as most of the sources were close to the surface; and • both had intact WSS, yet Bogor without PSP and Batam with PSP. Therefore, their comparison could be expected to highlight the impact of PSP in WSS. The consultant defined the data required as follows: Performance No Operational Definition Indicator I Technical and Operational Aspects Ratio of difference between water distributed and water sold per year to 1 Level of water loss water distributed per year Quality of water 2 In accordance to the MOHA regulation (focusing on certain parameters) supplied Continuity of water 3 Duration of water flow per day across the year flow Water pressure at 4 Average of water pressure at the customers' pipes customer's pipe II Customer Service Aspect 1 Customer satisfaction Ratings based on customer satisfaction surveys Number of served 2 population (scope) of Ratio of served citizens to total population of the served area served area | 3 Indonesia Performance No Operational Definition Indicator 3 Idle capacity Level of use of production capacity Replacement of water Ratio (in percent) of units that are replaced in a year to number of gauges 4 gauges at all branches New connection lead 5 Average lead time to install a new connection time Customer complaint Average time needed to respond to customer complaints (counted from 6 response time complaint placement to solution delivery) III Financial Aspect Operational Costs Ability of operational income to cover operational costs (not including 1 Ratio cost of money and amortization) This performance indicator measures the debt payment capacity due, Debt Payment 2 defined as profit potential generated by the company to meet its Capacity Ratio obligations to pay the debt instalments (principal and interest) due. This performance indicator measures the capacity level of company to Short Term Loan 3 repay short term loan, by calculating through comparison of current Repayment Ratio asset with company obligations. 4 Full cost recovery Ratio of operational income to operational costs This indicator measures the capacity level of operational profit that can Net Fixed Assets Rate 5 cover fixed asset value, which is calculated by dividing business operation of Return profit with fixed asset value. Operational Costs per 6 Costs needed to produce water per cubic meter cubic meter 7 Employee costs ratio Ratio of employee costs to operational costs per year 8 Energy costs ratio Ratio of energy costs to operational costs per year Average price of 9 Average price of water sold per cubic meter per year water 10 Collection period The period of time needed to collected outstanding water bills IV Business Management Aspect Good Corporate 1 GCG system in place Governance V Human Resources Aspect Employees/1,000 Ratio of total number of workforce, including outsourced employees that 1 connections ratio helped in the operational activities, compared to total active connections 2 Productivity M3 water sold/total employees V Poor people Access Aspect Accessibility of Ratio of number of served poor people and number of total population 1 service 1 of the served area Accessibility of 2 Ratio of number of served poor people and number of total customers service 2 The tariffs implemented by the WSS providers were affordable for poor people (affordability was defined as in the Minister of Internal Affairs 3 Affordability of tariff Regulation No. 23/2006, namely not exceeding four % of income) and the affordability of installing new connections. Based on common practices of research, sources of information were distinguished between primary and secondary; quantitative and qualitative; as well as internal and external. With this | 4 Indonesia holistic approach to data gathering, it was expected to obtain enough information to produce the required data. The information gathering was then classified with the following scheme: Source Measure Comparison Q Q S u u P e a a r c li n N i o Int Ext Data t ti o m n er ern a t a d nal al t a r a i ti y r v v y e e 1 Level of water loss X X X 2 Quality of water delivered X X X X X 3 Continuity of water flow X X X X X 4 Water pressure at customer's pipe X X X X X 5 Customer satisfaction level X X X X X Number of served population (scope) of serviced X X 6 X X area 7 Idle capacity X X X 8 Replacement of water gauge X X X 9 New installation lead time X X X X X X 10 Customer complaint response time X X X X X X 11 Operational Cost Ratio X X X 12 Debt Payment Capacity Ratio X X X 13 Short Term Loan Repayment Ratio X X X 14 Full cost recovery X X X 15 Net Return on Assets X X X 16 Operational costs per cubic metre sold X X X 17 Employee cost ratio X X X 18 Energy cost ratio X X X 19 Average price of water per cubic metre X X X 20 Collection period X X X 21 Good Corporate Governance X X X 22 Ratio of employees/1,000 customer connections X X X 23 Productivity X X X 24 Affordability of services for poor people 1 X X X X X 25 Affordability of services for poor people 2 X X X X X 26 Tariff affordability for poor people X X X X X The document review and the design of the questionnaire was conducted before the field survey. The questionnaire was then distributed to consumers of the WSS providers, non‐consumers, and to low‐income communities in the served area, on the basis of random sampling. Interviews however were targeted at staff‐members of PDAM Tirta Pakuan and ATB that were in charge of the aspects of management related to the particular performance indicators. | 5 Indonesia Sampling of 150 respondents was conducted based on quota sampling, which is a common practice of research in Indonesia. Consumers were defined based on the Minister of Internal Affair Regulation No. 23/2006, which stated that consumers comprise: (1) Group I, namely those that pay a low tariff to fulfill their standard minimum drinking water needs; (2) Group II, namely those that pay the basic tariff to fulfill their standard minimum drinking water needs; (3) Group III, namely those that pay the full tariff to fulfil their own drinking water needs; and (4) the Special Group, which pay a negotiated tariff of drinking water. FGDs were conducted to gain wider stakeholder input and information about the perception of the WSS in Bogor and in Batam. In Bogor, targeted participants of the FGD were members of the NWG, the research consultant, PDAM Tirta Pakuan, Local Government, Media, Regional Parliament, Consumers, and NGOs. In Batam, targeted participants were members of the NWG, the research consultant, ATB, the Batam Authority, Local Government, Media, Water Kiosks, and Consumers. For the segment of low‐income communities, the group interviews method was used. Here, interviews and target group discussions were conducted by researchers that positioned themselves as equals to the interviewees and discussants. This position endorsed interactivity, so that the results of the appraisal will become more nuanced, richer in detail, and more accurate. 3.2 Refining the Methodology After the consultant presented the results of the field survey, the NWG stakeholders decided that it was necessary to enrich the understanding of the performances. The research consultant was asked to conduct in‐depth interviews with the WSS providers, to cross‐check and gain additional information related to the performances. Selection of indicators of performance to be elaborated with the in‐depth interview was conducted by the NWG. 4. RESEARCH PROJECT ACTIVITIES 4.1 Timeline The period of the research is from April 2008 until May 2009, as described below: 2008 2009 No. Activities Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May 1 NWG Meeting ‐ Meeting I ‐ Meeting II ‐ Meeting III ‐ Meeting IV ‐ Meeting V 2 Round Table Discussions ‐ RTD I ‐ RTD II ‐ RTD III ‐ RTD IV | 6
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