Cousins and Bridenbaugh’s Neural Blockade in Clinical Anesthesia and Pain Medicine

1360 Pages·2008·33.57 MB·English

by  Michael J. Cousins

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E D I T I O N N U M B E R
Cousins & Bridenbaugh’s
NEURAL BLOCKADE
IN CLINICAL ANESTHESIA AND
PAIN MEDICINE
i
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ii
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F O U R T H E D I T I O N
Cousins & Bridenbaugh’s
NEURAL BLOCKADE
IN CLINICAL ANESTHESIA AND
PAIN MEDICINE
Editors
Michael J. Cousins, AM, MB, BS, Terese T. Horlocker, MD
MD, DSc, FANZCA, FRCA, ProfessorofAnesthesiologyandOrthopedics
DepartmentofAnesthesiology
FFPMANZCA, FAChPM (RACP)
MayoClinicCollegeofMedicine
ProfessorandHead Rochester,Minnesota
DepartmentofAnaesthesiaandPainManagement
RoyalNorthShoreHospital Phillip O. Bridenbaugh, MD
UniversityofSydney
ProfessorandDirector EmeritusProfessorandChairman
PainManagementResearchInstitute DepartmentofAnesthesia
UniversityofSydneyatRoyalNorthShoreHospital UniversityofCincinnatiCollegeofMedicine
St.Leonards,NewSouthWales Cincinnati,Ohio
Australia
Daniel B. Carr, MD, DABPM,
FFPMANZCA (Hon)
AdjunctProfessor
DepartmentofAnesthesiology
TuftsUniversitySchoolofMedicine
SaltonstallProfessorofPainResearch
DepartmentofAnesthesiology
TuftsMedicalCenter
Boston,Massachusetts
ChiefMedicalOfficer
JavelinPharmaceuticalsInc.
Cambridge,Massachusetts
iii
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FourthEdition
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PrintedinChina
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
CousinsandBridenbaugh’sneuralblockadeinclinicalanesthesiaandpainmedicine/
[editedby]MichaelJ.Cousins,PhillipO.Bridenbaugh–4thed.
p.;cm.
Rev.ed.of:Neuralblockadeinclinicalanesthesiaandmanagementofpain/editors,
MichaelJ.Cousins,PhillipO.Bridenbaugh.3rd.ed.c1998.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN-13:978-0-7817-7388-1
ISBN-10:0-7817-7388-1
1.Nerveblock.2.Anesthesia.3.Analgesia.I.Cousins,MichaelJ.II.Bridenbaugh,PhillipO.,1932–
III.Neuralblockadeinclinicalanesthesiaandmanagementofpain.IV.Title:Neuralblockadeinclinical
anesthesiaandpainmedicine.
[DNLM:1.NerveBlock.2.Anesthesia,Local.3.Pain–therapy.WO300C8672009]
RD84.N482009
617.9(cid:2)6–dc22 2008029782
Carehasbeentakentoconfirmtheaccuracyoftheinformationpresentedandtodescribegenerally
acceptedpractices.However,theauthors,editors,andpublisherarenotresponsibleforerrorsor
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C O N T E N T S
ContributingAuthors ix
ForewordtotheFourthEdition xv
ForewordtotheSecondEdition xvii
Preface xix
Acknowledgments xxi
Chapter1 TheHistoryofRegionalAnesthesia 1
DavidL.BrownandB.RaymondFink
P A R T I ■ P H A R M A C O L O G Y A N D N E U R O P H Y S I O L O G Y
Chapter2 NeuralPhysiologyandLocalAnestheticAction 26
GaryStrichartz,ElsPastijn,andKenjiSugimoto
Chapter3 Properties,Absorption,andDispositionofLocal
AnestheticAgents 48
LaurenceE.MatherandGeoffreyT.Tucker
Chapter4 ClinicalPharmacologyofLocalAnesthetics 96
JohnF.Butterworth,IV
Chapter5 LocalAnestheticSystemicToxicity 114
GraemeA.McLeod,JohnF.Butterworth,IV,andJ.A.W.Wildsmith
Chapter6 ModificationofMetabolicResponsestoSurgerybyNeural
Blockade 133
FrancescoCarliandThomasSchricker
Chapter7 NeuralBlockade:ImpactonOutcome 144
ChristopherL.WuandSpencerS.Liu
P A R T I I ■ T E C H N I Q U E S O F N E U R A L B L O C K A D E I N
C L I N I C A L A N E S T H E S I A
Chapter8 PerioperativeManagementofPatientsandEquipment
SelectionforNeuralBlockade 160
JamesC.CrewsandVincentW.S.Chan
SECTION A ■ NEURAXIAL BLOCKADE
Chapter9 AnatomyoftheNeuraxis 181
QuinnH.Hogan
v
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vi Contents
Chapter10 Spinal(Subarachnoid)Blockade 213
MikkoPitka¨nen
Chapter11 EpiduralNeuralBlockade 241
BernadetteT.VeeringandMichaelJ.Cousins
Chapter12 NeurologicComplicationsofNeuraxialBlock 296
TereseT.HorlockerandDeniseJ.Wedel
SECTION B ■ PERIPHERAL BLOCK
Chapter13 TheUpperExtremity:SomaticBlock 316
JosephM.Neal
Chapter14 TheLowerExtremity:SomaticBlockade 343
F.KayserEnneking,DeniseJ.Wedel,andTereseT.Horlocker
Chapter15 IntravenousRegionalNeuralBlockade 372
PerH.Rosenberg
SECTION C ■ THORAX AND ABDOMEN
Chapter16 Intercostal,Intrapleural,andPeripheralBlockadeofthe
ThoraxandAbdomen 383
DominicC.HarmonandGeorgeD.Shorten
SECTION D ■ HEAD AND NECK
Chapter17 SomaticBlockadeoftheHeadandNeck 405
SanthanamSureshandNarasimhanJagannathan
Chapter18 NeuralBlockadeofOralandCircumoralStructures 426
MortonB.Rosenberg,JosephA.Giovannitti,Jr.,andJamesC.Phero
Chapter19 NeuralBlockadeoftheEye 443
KathrynE.McGoldrickandMarianneE.Feitl
Chapter20 NeurologicComplicationsofPeripheralNeuralBlockade 464
Herve´ BouazizandDanBenhamou
P A R T I I I ■ A P P L I C A T I O N S O F N E U R A L B L O C K A D E I N
C L I N I C A L A N E S T H E S I A
Chapter21 NeuralBlockadeforSurgerytotheHeadandNeck 479
BanC.H.Tsui,DerekDillane,andBrendanT.Finucane
Chapter22 NeuralBlockadeforCardiovascularSurgery 492
MarkA.Chaney
Chapter23 NeuralBlockadeforAbdominalandThoracic
(Non-vascular)Surgery 520
FranciscoAsenjoandFrancescoCarli
Chapter24 NeuralBlockadeforObstetricsandGynecologicSurgery 532
DavidO.GormanandDavidJ.Birnbach
Chapter25 NeuralBlockadeforOrthopedicSurgery 566
XavierCapdevila,PaulZetlaoui,andStephenMannion
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Contents vii
Chapter26 NeuralBlockadeforAmbulatorySurgery 584
MichaelF.Mulroy
Chapter27 NeuralBlockadeforPediatricSurgery 595
BernardJ.DalensandRene´ Truchon
P A R T I V ■ N E U R A L B L O C K A D E A N D T H E M A N A G E M E N T
O F P A I N
SECTION A ■ PHYSIOLOGY, PHARMACOLOGY, AND BEHAVIORAL ASPECTS
Chapter28 PainMedicine:History,EmergenceasaMedicalSpecialty,
andEvolutionoftheMultidisciplinaryApproach 631
RollinM.GallagherandScottM.Fishman
Chapter29 SocioeconomicFactorsinChronicPainandIts
Management 644
JohnD.Loeser
Chapter30 DevelopmentalAspectsofNociception 651
SuellenM.Walker
Chapter31 IntroductiontoPainMechanisms:ImplicationsforNeural
Blockade 661
PhilipJ.SiddallandMichaelJ.Cousins
Chapter32 PhysiologicandPharmacologicSubstratesofNociception
afterTissueandNerveInjury 693
TonyL.Yaksh
Chapter33 PharmacologicSubstratesofPain:PeripheralVoltage
GatedIonChannelsinPain 752
LucindaC.SeagroveandAnthonyH.Dickenson
Chapter34 NeurochemicalandNeurophysiologicalEffectsofNeedle
Insertion:ClinicalImplications 763
MichaelJ.ButlerandPhilipJ.Siddall
Chapter35 PsychologicalAspectsofPain:ImplicationsforNeural
Blockade 777
JoelKatzandRonaldMelzack
Chapter36 ThePlaceboResponse:ImplicationsforNeuralBlockade 794
DamienG.FinnissandFabrizioBenedetti
SECTION B ■ CLINICAL ASSESSMENT OF PERSISTENT PAIN
Chapter37 AssessmentandDiagnosisofChronicPainConditions 801
ChristopherVijeandMichaelA.Ashburn
Chapter38 DiagnosticandPrognosticNeuralBlockade 811
QuinnH.HoganandStephenE.Abram
SECTION C ■ TECHNIQUES OF NEURAL BLOCKADE AND NEUROSTIMULATION
Chapter39 SympatheticNeuralBlockadeofUpperandLower
Extremity 848
HaraldBreivikandMichaelJ.Cousins
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viii Contents
Chapter40 SpinalRouteofAnalgesia:OpioidsandFutureOptionsfor
SpinalAnalgesicChemotherapy 886
DanielB.CarrandMichaelJ.Cousins
Chapter41 Neurostimulation 948
JoshuaP.PragerandMichaelStanton-Hicks
Chapter42 PercutaneousNeuralDestructiveTechniques 991
DavidNivandMichaelGofeld
SECTION D ■ APPLICATIONS, COMPLICATIONS, AND THE FUTURE
Chapter43 AcutePainManagementandAcutePainServices 1036
PamelaE.MacIntyreandDavidA.Scott
Chapter44 SpinalPainandtheRoleofNeuralBlockade 1063
JamesP.Rathmell,CarlosA.Pino,andShihabAhmed
Chapter45 TreatmentofCancerPain:RoleofNeuralBlockadeand
Neuromodulation 1111
AllenW.Burton,PhillipC.Phan,andMichaelJ.Cousins
Chapter46 ComplexRegionalPainSyndrome,IncludingApplications
ofNeuralBlockade 1154
AndreasBinderandRalfBaron
Chapter47 TheTreatmentofPaininNeonatalandPediatricPatients 1169
ConstanceS.Houck,JosephD.Tobias,MaryEllenTresgallo,
K.J.S.Anand,andWilliamS.Schechter
Chapter48 TheTreatmentofPaininOlderPatients 1200
RobertD.HelmeandJuliaA.Fleming
Chapter49 PalliativeCareandPainControlinOlderPersonsand
ThosewithTerminalIllness 1214
PerryG.Fine
Chapter50 ComplicationsinPainMedicine 1223
JamesP.Rathmell
Chapter51 NewHorizons 1268
AllanI.Basbaum
Index 1275
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■
C O N T R I B U T I N G A U T H O R S
StephenE.Abram,MD FabrizioBenedetti,MD
Professor Professor
DepartmentofAnesthesiology DepartmentofNeuroscience
MedicalCollegeofWisconsin ClinicalandAppliedPhysiologyProgram
DepartmentofAnesthesiology UniversityofTurinMedicalSchool
FroedtertMemorialLutheranHospital Turin,Italy
Milwaukee,Wisconsin
DanielBenhamou,MD
ShihabAhmed,MBBS,MPH ProfessorofAnesthesiaandIntensiveCare
AssistantProfessor DepartmentofAnesthesiaandIntensiveCare
DeaprtmentofAnesthesia UniversiteParisSud
HarvardMedicalSchool Chairman
AssistantinAnesthesia DepartmentofAnesthesiaand
DepartmentofAnesthesia IntensiveCare
MassachusettsGeneralHospital HopitalBicetre
Boston,Massachusetts LeKremlin-Bicetre,France
K.J.S.Anand,MBSS,DPhil
AndreasBinder,DrMed
MorrisandHettieOakleyEndowedChair
DivisionofNeurologicalPainResearchand
ofCriticalCareMedicine
Therapy
ProfessorofPediatrics,Anesthesiology,Pharmacology,
DepartmentofNeurology
NeurobiologyandDevelopmentalSciences
UniversitatsklinikumSchleswig-Holstein
Director
Kiel,Germany
PainNeurobiologyLaboratory
ArkansasChildren’sHospitalResearchInstitute DavidJ.Birnbach,MD,MPH
LittleRock,Arkansas
ProfessorandExecutiveViceChair
FranciscoAsenjo,MD DepartmentofAnesthesiology
UniversityofMiami
AssistantProfessor
Director
DepartmentofAnesthesia
UniversityofMiami–JacksonMemorial
McGillUniversity
HospitalCenterforPatientSafety
StaffAnesthesiologist
UniversityofMiamiMillerSchoolof
DepartmentofAnesthesia
Medicine
McGillUniversityHealthCentre
Miami,Florida
Montreal,Canada
MichaelA.Ashburn,MD,MBA,MPH Herve´ Bouaziz,MD
ProfessorofAnesthesiology Professor
DirectorofPainMedicineandPalliativeCare DepartmentofAnesthesiology
PennPainMedicineCenter UniversityofNancy
UniversityofPennsylvania PraticienHospitalier
Philadelphia,Pennsylvania DepartmentofAnesthesiology
UniversityHospital
RalfBaron,Dr.Med Nancy,France
Head,DivisionofNeurologicalPainResearch
DepartmentofNeurology HaraldBreivik,MD,DMSc,FRCA(elected)
UniversitatsklinikumSchleswig-Holstein Professor
Kiel,Germany MedicalFaculty
UniversityofOslo
AllanL.Basbaum,PhD,FRS Consultant
ProfessorandChair DepartmentofAnesthesiologyandIntensive
DepartmentofAnatomy Care
UniversityofCaliforniaSanFrancisco RikshospitaletMedicalCenter
SanFrancisco,California Oslo,Norway
ix
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x ContributingAuthors
DavidL.Brown,MD VincentW.S.Chan,MD,FRCPC
ProfessorofAnesthesiologyandChair Professor
InstituteofAnesthesiology DepartmentofAnesthesia
ClevelandClinicFoundation UniversityofToronto
Cleveland,Ohio StaffAnesthesiologist
DepartmentofAnesthesiology
AllenW.Burton,MD TorontoWesternHospital
Professor Toronto,Ontario,Canada
DepartmentofAnesthesiologyandPainMedicine
MarkA.Chaney,MD
UniversityofTexas
AssociateProfessor
ChiefofCancerPainMedicine
DirectorofCardiacAnesthesia
ClinicalMedicalDirector
DepartmentofAnesthesiaandCriticalCare
PainCenter
UniversityofChicago
UniversityofTexas–MDAndersonCancerCenter
Chicago,Illinois
Houston,Texas
MichaelJ.Cousins,AM,MB,BS,MD,DSc,FANZCA,
MichaelJ.Butler,FRCP,FRACP
FRCA,FFPMANZCA,FAChPM(RACP)
SeniorLecturerinMedicine
ProfessorandHead
DepartmentofMedicine
DepartmentofAnaesthesiaandPainManagement
UniversityofAuckland
RoyalNorthShoreHospital
RheumatologistandPainMedicineSpecialist
UniversityofSydney
RheumatologyDepartment
ProfessorandDirector
TheAucklandRegionalDistrictHealthBoard
PainManagementResearchInstitute
Auckland,NewZealand
UniversityofSydneyatRoyalNorthShoreHospital
St.Leonards,NewSouthWales
JohnF.Butterworth,IV,MD
Australia
RobertKStoeltingProfessorandChairman
DepartmentofAnesthesia JamesC.Crews,MD
IndianaUniversitySchoolofMedicine AssociateProfessor
Co-ChiefofService DepartmentofAnesthesiology
AnesthesiaService WakeForestUniversity
ClarianHealthPartners–IndianaUniversityHospital Director,AcutePainService
Indianapolis,Indiana DepartmentofAnesthesiology
WakeForestUniversityBaptistMedicalCenter
XavierCapdevila,MD,PhD Winston-Salem,NorthCarolina
ProfessorofAnesthesiologyandCriticalCareMedicine
MontpellierSchoolofMedicineandUniversity BernardJ.Dalens,MD,PhD
HeadofDepartment ClinicalProfessor
DepartmentofAnesthesiaandCriticalCareMedicine DepartmentofAnesthesiology
LapeyronieUniversityHospital Universite´ Laval
Montpellier,France Anesthesiologist
DepartmentofAnesthesiology
FrancescoCarli,MD,MPHIL CCHUL-CHUQ
Quebec,Canada
Professor
DepartmentofAnesthesia
AnthonyH.Dickenson,PhD,FMedSci
McGillUniversity
ProfessorofNeuropharmacology
StaffAnesthesiologist
DepartmentofPharmacology
DepartmentofAnesthesia
UniversityCollegeLondon
McGillUniversityHealthCentre
London,UnitedKingdom
Montreal,Cananda
DereckDillane,MB,BCh,BAO,MMedSci,FFARCSI
DanielB.Carr,MD,FABPM,FFPMANZCA(Hon)
AssistantProfessor
AdjunctProfessorofAnesthesiology DepartmentofAnesthesiologyandPainMedicine
AdjunctProfessorofPharmacologyandExperimental UniversityofAlberta
Therapeutics UniversityofAlbertaHospital
DepartmentofAnesthesiology Edmonton,Canada
TuftsUniversitySchoolofMedicine
SaltonstallProfessorofPainResearch F.KayserEnneking,MD
DepartmentofAnesthesiology ProfessorandChair
TuftsMedicalCenter DepartmentofAnesthesiology
Boston,Massachusetts CollegeofMedicine
ChiefMedicalOfficer UniversityofFlorida
JavelinPharmaceuticalsInc. ShandsHealthcareSystem
Cambridge,Massachusetts Gainesville,Florida