country profile; Indonesia

30 Pages·2010·1.04 MB·English

United Nations
Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization
Secondary Education
Regional Information Base:
Country Profile
Indonesia
UNESCO Bangkok
Secondary education regional information base: country profile –
Indonesia. Bangkok: UNESCO Bangkok, 2010.
20 pp.
1. Secondary education. 2. Educational policy. 3. Indonesia.

ISBN 978-92-9223-349-5 (Print version)
ISBN 978-92-9223-350-1 (Electronic version)

Project co-ordinator: Miki Nozawa
Copy-editing: Clive Wing
Design and Layout: Sirisak Chaiyasook
Cover photo: © Yulia Wijayanti

© UNESCO 2010
Published by the
UNESCO Asia and Pacifc Regional Bureau for Education
920 Sukhumvit Road, Prakanong
Bangkok 10110, Thailand
Printed in Thailand
The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout the publication
do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning
the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning its
frontiers or boundaries.
EPR/10/OS/029-400
Table of Contents
List of Tables and Figures
Acknowledgements
Reader’s Guide
Abbreviations
1. Secondary Education at a Glance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Size of Schooling Sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.3 Access and Participation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.4 Geographical Distribution of Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.5 Student Progression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.6 PTR and Average Class Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2. Institutional Context of Secondary Education . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1 Education System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2 Legislative Framework and Key Policy Documents . . . . . . . . . 5
2.3 Administrative Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.4 Financing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3. General Secondary Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.1 Types of Schools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.2 Admission Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
3.3 Student Assessment and Promotion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
3.4 Tuition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
3.5 Curriculum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
4. Private Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
5. Secondary-Level Technical and Vocational Education . . . . . . . .12
6. Teachers in General Secondary Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
6.1 Teacher Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
6.2 Qualifications and Pre-service Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
6.3 In-service Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
7. Recent Reforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
8. Involvement of Development Agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16
9. Relevant Documents and Additional Resources . . . . . . . . . . .17
Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Background Statistics: Development Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
List of Tables and Figures
Table 1. School-aged Population, 2009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Table 2. Enrolment, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Table 3. Number of Teaching Staff (full and part-time), 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Table 4. GER in Secondary Education, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Table 5. NER in Secondary Education, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Table 6. GER by Province and Sex, 2005/06 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Table 7. Progression Indicators, 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Table 8. Pupil-teacher Ratio, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Table 9. Average Class Size, 2005/06 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Table 10. Public Expenditure on Education, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Table 11. Types of Secondary Schools and Administrative Authority, 2005/06 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Table 12. Number of Institutions and Enrolment by Type, 2005/06 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Table 13. Percentage of Repeaters by Grade and Sex, 2005/06 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Table 14. Progression of Graduates (Lower Secondary and Upper Secondary), 2006 . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Table 15. Statutory School-opening Days and Teaching Weeks per Year, and Teaching Hours per Week . . 12
Table 16. Percentage of Enrolment in Private Institutions, 2000 and 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Table 17. Percent of Enrolment in TVE Programmes, 2000-2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Table 18. Number of Teachers and Key Indicators, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Table 19. Minimum and Maximum Salary for GSE Teachers, 2005/06 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Table 20. Average Salary for Teachers, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Figure 1. Education Structure: Approximate Starting Age and Duration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Figure 2. Change in Number of Enrolment, 1980-2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Figure 3. Change in Number of Teaching Staff, 1980-2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Figure 4. Change in GER by Level, 1970-2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Figure 5. GER by Province, 2005/06 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Figure 6. MONE’s Organizational Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Figure 7. MORA’s Organizational Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Figure 8. Resource Allocation by Level as % of Total Education Expenditure, 1990/91-2005/06 . . . . . . 9
Figure 9. Educational Expenditure by Nature of Spending as% of Total Education Expenditure on Public
Institutions, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Figure 10. Change in Number of Teachers in GSE, 2000-2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Figure 11. Age Distribution of Teachers (All Programmes), 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Acknowledgements
This Indonesia Country Profile has benefited from inputs provided
by Mr. Prayitno, Office of Research and Development, Ministry of
National Education. The most recent data/information included
within this report has been collected thanks to the collaboration
of offices/departments at the Indonesian Government’s Ministry of
National Education.
This publication is part of a series of Secondary Education Regional
Information Base Country Profiles developed by the Education
Policy and Reform (EPR) Unit in collaboration with the Assessment,
Information Systems, Monitoring and Statistics (AIMS) Unit and
other relevant UNESCO Field Offices.
The profile on Indonesia was compiled by Yoko Kono. Assistance was
provided by Hyangmi Kim and Alice Yang from UNESCO Bangkok.
The project receives a generous financial support from the
Government of Japan.
Reader’s Guide
The following symbols are used in the statistical tables:
… No data available
na Not applicable
* National estimation
** UIS estimation
- Magnitude nil or negligible
+n Data refers to the school or financial year (or period) after the reference year (or period).
-n Data refers to the school or financial year (or period) before the reference year (or period).
General Notes:
The Secondary Education Information Base: Country Profile uses statistics from UNESCO Institute for Statistics
(UIS) and national sources. Although, in principle, UIS statistics are used as the primary data source to facilitate
comparison with other countries, nationally available statistics are used where specific data is not available
from UIS.
All data indicated as UIS data was retrieved from UIS Education Database (www.uis.unesco.org) on July 24,
2009. Statistics from national sources were collected through questionnaires, and the original sources are
indicated under each table/figure.
All tables and figures have been compiled by UNESCO Bangkok.
Definitions:
A comprehensive list of education indicators, their definition, purpose, calculation method, and formula
used in UIS statistics is available from UIS Glossary of Education Indicators (www.uis.unesco.org/ev.php?
ID=5202_201&ID2=DO_TOPIC).
The year cited in tables and figures refers to the year in which the academic or financial year ends. Therefore,
wherever the given year is spread across two calendar years, the year is cited according to the later year (e.g.
academic year 2003/04 is presented as 2004). As for the statistics retrieved from national sources, the reference
year is reserved as presented in the original source.
Abbreviations
ADB Asian Development Bank
AusAid Australian Agency for International Development
EFA Education for All
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GER Gross Enrolment Ratio
GOI Government of Indonesia
GPI Gender Parity Index
IBE International Bureau of Education
IDR Indonesian Rupiah (currency)
JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency
MA Madrasah Aliyah (Islamic Upper Secondary School)
MAK Madrasah Aliyah Kejuruan (Islamic Vocational School)
MI Madrasah Ibtidaiyah (Islamic Primary School)
MOF Ministry of Finance
MONE Ministry of National Education
MORA Ministry of Religious Affairs
MT Madrasah Tsanawiyah (Islamic Lower Secondary School)
NER Net Enrolment Ratio
PPP Purchasing Power Parity
SD Sekolah Dasar (General Primary School)
SMA Sekolah Menengah Atas (General Upper Secondary School)
SMP Sekolah Menengah Pertama (General Lower Secondary School)
TVE Technical and Vocational Education
UAN Ujian Akhir Nasional (National Examination)
UIS UNESCO Institute for Statistics
UN Ujian Nasional (National Examination)
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund
UNPD United Nations Population Division
USAID United States Agency for International Development
USD United States Dollar (currency)
WB World Bank
Indonesia
1. Secondary Education at a Glance
1.1 Education System
Figure 1. Education Structure: Approximate Starting Age and Duration
Approximate age 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Approximate grade 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
Level of education PErdeu-Pcraimtioanry Primary Education LEodwuecra Stieocn. UEpdpuecra tSieocn. Higher Education
General BaDchegelroere's Graduate Level
General General General
Techical &
Vocational Post-sec. Technical Programmes
Rel. Religious Religious Religious B
(raeDclheiggeiloroeure'ss ) Gra(rdeuliagtieo uLes)vel
Basic Education
Compulsory Education
Free Education
1.2 Size of Schooling Sector
Table 1. School-aged Population, 2009 Table 2. Enrolment, 2007
S
pcohpouola-atigoend AvRga. tAen, 2n0u0a1l -G2r0o0w9th Enrolment AvRga. tAen, 2n0u0a1l -G2r0o0w7th
Primary 24,748,335 -0.12% Primary 29,796,705 0.63%
Secondary 24,567,975 -0.36% Secondary 18,716,929 3.88%
Lower Secondary 12,247,159 -0.38% Lower Secondary 11,503,387 3.24%
Upper Secondary 12,320,816 -0.33% Upper Secondary 7,213,542 4.95%
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics. 2010. Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics. 2009.
Table 3. Number of Teaching Staff (full and part-time), 2007
Number of teaching staff Avg. An2n0u0a1l -G2r0o0w7th Rate,
Primary 1,583,589 3.42%
Secondary 1,434,874 5.36%
Lower Secondary 841,979 4.88%
Upper Secondary 592,895 6.07%
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics. 2009.
Note: Average annual growth rate was calculated by UNESCO Bangkok on the basis of UIS statistics.
Indonesia 1
Figure 2. Change in Number of Enrolment, Figure 3. Change in Number of Teaching Staff,
1980-2005 1980-2005
35,000 1,600
30,000 1,400
1,200
25,000
1,000
20,000
800
15,000
600
10,000
440000
5,000
200
0 0
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Lower Secondary Upper Secondary Lower Secondary Upper Secondary
Primary Secondary Primary Secondary
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics. 2008. Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics. 2008.
1.3 Access and Participation
Figure 4. Change in GER by Level, 1970-2005
120 117.0 115.2 113.4 110.9 117.3
107.2
100
86.0
80.0
80
63.1
54.9
60 51.5
41.3 44.0
40
29.0
20.0
16.1 17.1
20
9 2 11.3
2.3 3.8
2.5
0
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Primary Secondary Tertiary
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics. 2008.
Table 4. GER in Secondary Education, 2007
Total Male Female GPI
Secondary 75.8% 75.6% 76.0% 1.01
Lower secondary 93.3% 92.4% 94.3% 1.02
Upper secondary 58.3% 58.8% 57.8% 0.98
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics. 2010.
Table 5. NER in Secondary Education, 2007
Total Male Female GPI
Secondary 69.7% 69.5% 69.9% 1.01
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics. 2010.
2 Secondary Education Regional Information Base: Country Profile
Enrolment (000)
Gross enrolment rate (%)
Number of teaching staff (000)