Country data on energy consumption in different agro- production sectors in the European countries

70 Pages·2012·2.41 MB·English

Country data on energy consumption in different agro-
production sectors in the European countries
ThisprojectisfundedbytheEuropeanUnion
The sole responsibility of this publication lies with the authors.
The European Union is not responsible for any use that may be
madeoftheinformationcontainedtherein.
Country data on energy consumption in different agro-
production sectors in the European countries
This project was founded by the FP7 Program of the EU with the Grant
Agreement Number 289139
Project Deliverable 2.1
Janusz Gołaszewski, Chris de Visser UWM, WUR
Zbigniew Brodziński, Ryszard Myhan, Ewelina Olba- UniversityofWarmiaandMazury
Zięty, Mariusz Stolarski
FridtjofdeBuisonjé,HilkoEllen,CeciliaStanghellini, WageningenUR
MarcelvanderVoort
FátimaBaptista,LuísLeopoldoSilva,DinaMurcho UniversityofEvora
AndreasMeyer-Aurich,ThomasZiegler Leibniz-InstituteforAgricultural
EngineeringPotsdam-Bornim
JukkaAhokas,TapaniJokiniemi,HannuMikkola, UniversityofHelsinki
MariRajaniemi,
AthanasiosBalafoutis,DemetresBriassoulis,Antonis AgriculturalUniversityofAthens
Mistriotis,PanagiotisPanagakis,GeorgiosPapadakis
©2012agrEE
AgricultureandEnergyEfficiency 1
State of the Art on Energy Efficiency in Agriculture
Summary
Energy efficiency is the goal of efforts to reduce the amount of energy required to provide
products and services. The general term "energy efficiency", when applied to agriculture,
reflects changes in technology, governmental and EC policies – including the Common
Agricultural Policy, climate change on a broad scale and local weather patterns, and farming
management practices. There is not a single measure to describe, ensure, or improve energy
efficiency. Instead, in the energy balance for a given production process, a variety of
indicators may serve andsupportenergyefficiency analysis.
The results of this study are based on the specific input of primary energy per cultivation area
(GJ ha-1) and on the specific input of primary energy per ton of agricultural product (GJ t-1).
All the measures that are suitable to reduce the specific energy input, will improve energy
efficiency (the energy efficiency measures). Improving energy efficiency of agricultural
production contributes directly to the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions,
particularlycarbondioxide.
This State of the Art analysis has been determined on the basis of the data provided by six
countries: Finland, Germany, Greece, the Netherlands, Poland, and Portugal. The approach
based on the life cycle analysis (LCA) has been chosen with the system boundary at the farm
gate and have thus excluded processing into consumer goods. Specific energy input has been
established for those agricultural products which have a decisive role in the EU foodstuff
production,including:
– crop production:wheat, sugar beet,potatoes, cotton,and sunflower;
– greenhouseproductionoftomatoes, cucumber, and sweetpepper;
– productionofperennialcrops suchas vineyards andolive trees;
– livestock productionsuchasdairycows(milk),pigs, and broilers.
The analysis is based on average production figures, or best estimates, (should average figures
be unavailable). In several cases figures have been found for different production systems
within one country and up to three scenarios have been described. In this way, low, average,
and high primary energy consumption (PEC) of the various production processes have been
takenintoconsideration.
Key Points
(1) The actual energy consumption of the European agriculture reported in the Eurostat
statistics is underestimated (Table 1). The main reason is that energy which is definitely
required for the production of agricultural inputs and the fuels are not allocated or not
allocated entirely to the sector of "agriculture/forestry" in the Eurostat statistics, e.g.
production of fertilizers, consumption of fuels is reported in transportation sector. The
efficiency of energy use in agricultural production is specific to the EU country and
geographical location. The total and specific energy consumption varies substantially for
all crops considered across Europe. Reasons have been identified, and discussed, in terms
AgricultureandEnergyEfficiency 2
of various cropping practices, different agricultural machinery types, varying yields and
dissimilar climates.
Table1.Totalprimaryenergyconsumptionfortheagriculturalsubsectorsconsideredinthe
studyincomparisonwiththeEurostatdata(2008).
Finland Germany Greece Netherlands Poland Portugal
Numberofsubsectors
4 10 6 9 6 7
consideredinthestudy
TotalPEC(PJ)forthe
18.8 223.9 83.0 158.4 169.6 16.9
subsectorsinthestudy
TotalFEC(PJ)in
Agriculture/Forestry 35.0 42.0 46.0 132.0 152.0 15.0
acc.toEurostat(2008)
(2) The main energy input for the field crops is associated with the use of fertilizers and
diesel. Often energy input for irrigation, drying and/or storage is important but it depends
ongeographicallocationand relatedclimate, andintensityofthe productionsystems.
(3) Greenhouse vegetable production in the Central and Northern EU countries is
characterized by a very intensive direct energy input and differs significantly from the
production system in the Southern EU countries. For the crops grown in the Southern
countries little or even no energy input is needed when grown directly on soil; and a
higherenergyinputis onlyneeded inhydroponic systems.
(4) The olive grove production is limited to the Southern EU countries but the specific
energy input for olives production is higher in the southwest European countries than in
southeastEuropeancountries.
(5) In dairy cow (milk) and broiler production in these countries there is a highly
differentiated amount of energy accumulated in feed. However, energy use for feed in pig
production is very similar across the studied countries, but the specific energy input does
dependonthe level ofdirectenergy inputs.
(6) The potential contribution of agricultural subsectors to energy saving measures in
agriculture is country specific. The primary energy consumption in agriculture for a given
countryhasthe highestlevelsinthe followingsubsectors:
Finland: dairy cows, pigs
Germany: dairycows,wheat,pigs
Greece: wheat, cotton
Netherlands:dairycows, pigs,potatoes,tomatoes,sweetpepper
Poland:dairycows, wheat,pigs, potatoes
Portugal:dairycows,olive groves,broilers
AgricultureandEnergyEfficiency 3
Preface
As energy prices rise againstthe background ofsevere environmentalhazards associatedwith
continued fossilenergy use,theneedtomake agriculture more energyefficient is becoming
more and more prominent.A more energyefficientagriculture willbe increasinglydemanded
byfood-chainpartners and societyand is alsoa necessityinview ofcompetitiveness.
This reportis a partof Work Package 2ofthe KBBE.2011.4-04project“Energy Efficiencyin
Agriculture” (AGREE) supported bythe 7th FrameworkProgram.Itgives aninsightinto
energyuseand energy efficiency ofagriculture invarious agroclimaticzonesofEurope. In
the followingchapters,the energy efficiencyofimportant individualsubsectors ofEuropean
agricultural productioni.e. crops, perennials, greenhouse vegetables, andlivestock husbandry
is described.The data onenergyinputs, provided byparticipants fromeach ofthe six
countries:Finland, Germany, Greece, theNetherlands,Poland, and Portugal, has been the
basisofthe analysis onenergyefficiency
List of Abbreviations
Countries:
FI–Finland
DE–Germany
EL– Greece
NL–Netherlands
PL– Poland
PT– Portugal
Economic Indicators:
GDPinPPS –Gross Domestic ProductinPurchasingPowerStandard
GVA –Gross Value Added
PEC –PrimaryEnergy Consumption
FEC –FinalEnergy Consumption
Agricultural productionmeasures
UAA –UtilizedAgricultural Area
LU –Livestock Unit
Units
kWh –kilowatt-hour
MJ –megajoule = 106J
GJ –giga joule =109J
PJ –peta joule =1015J
kgoe –kilogramofoilequivalent
toe –tonofoilequivalent
ha -hectare
L–litre
t–metric ton
AgricultureandEnergyEfficiency 4
Contents
Summary................................................................................................................................................1
Preface...................................................................................................................................................3
ListofAbbreviations..............................................................................................................................3
Contents.................................................................................................................................................4
ListofFigures.........................................................................................................................................6
ListofTables..........................................................................................................................................8
Introduction.........................................................................................................................................10
AgricultureinNationalEconomies.......................................................................................................10
AgricultureinNationalEnergyUse......................................................................................................12
EnergyAccumulatedinMeansofAgriculturalProduction..................................................................13
Methodology........................................................................................................................................15
DirectEnergyInputs..................................................................................................................16
IndirectEnergyInputs................................................................................................................17
Energyoutput............................................................................................................................18
EnergyInputsinSubsectorsofAgriculturalProduction.......................................................................18
Cropproduction–keypoints.....................................................................................................18
Wheat(PEC)..............................................................................................................................20
SugarBeet(PEC)........................................................................................................................23
Potatoes(FEC)...........................................................................................................................24
Sunflower(PEC).........................................................................................................................25
Cotton(PEC)..............................................................................................................................26
Greenhouseproduction–keypoints.........................................................................................27
Tomatoes(PEC).........................................................................................................................29
Cucumbers(PEC).......................................................................................................................30
Sweetpepper(PEC)...................................................................................................................31
Perennialproduction–keypoints.............................................................................................31
Olivegroves(PEC)......................................................................................................................33
Vineyards(PEC).........................................................................................................................33
Livestockproduction–keypoints..............................................................................................35
AgricultureandEnergyEfficiency 5
DairyCows(PEC).......................................................................................................................36
Pigs(PEC)...................................................................................................................................37
Broilers(PEC).............................................................................................................................38
TotalPECfromAgriculturalSubsectors...............................................................................................40
Annex...................................................................................................................................................41
Differentscenariosforproductionsystems................................................................................41
Energyparameters....................................................................................................................44
EnergyInputsandStructureoftheInputs..................................................................................46
Wheat.......................................................................................................................................46
SugarBeet.................................................................................................................................47
Potatoes....................................................................................................................................48
Sunflower..................................................................................................................................50
Tomatoes..................................................................................................................................51
Cucumber..................................................................................................................................52
Olivegroves...............................................................................................................................53
Vineyards..................................................................................................................................55
Dairycows.................................................................................................................................56
Pigs...........................................................................................................................................59
Broilers......................................................................................................................................60
References...........................................................................................................................................63
AgriculturalSubsectors..............................................................................................................64
AgricultureandEnergyEfficiency 6
List of Figures
Figure1:TheenergyintensityoftheeconomyintheEuropeanUnionandselected
countries.Source:EUROSTAT 10
Figure2:Thegrossvalueaddedbyagriculture(1999-2010),huntingandfishing,%ofall
branches.Source:EUROSTAT 10
Figure3:Thepercentageshareofuseofpesticidesandtotalquantityofactiveingredients
(a.i.)ofpesticidesperhectareofutilizedagriculturalarea(UAA)(Eurostat:
2008–DK,DE,PL,PT;2007–NL;2006–FI;2001–EL) 14
Figure4:Totalprimaryenergyconsumption(weightedmeansfromscenarios)incrop
productionbycountry. 17
Figure5:Specificenergyinputincropproductionbycountry(averagescenarios). 18
Figure6:Direct(darkerboxes)andindirectenergyinputsincropproductionbycountry
(averagescenarios). 19
Figure 7: The relation of the total energy inputs in GJ·ha-1andyieldsintha-1 20
Figure8:TheefficiencyofenergyuseinrelationbetweentonofgrainperGJofdirect
andindirectenergyinputs. 21
Figure 9: The structure of energy inputs in wheat production in GJ·ha-1. 21
Figure10:Thepercentageshare-baseddistributionofspecificenergyuse(PEC,inGJt-1)
inwheatproductionbyprocess(averagescenarios). 22
Figure11.Thestructureofenergyinputsinsugarbeetproduction. 23
Figure 12: The relation of total energy inputs in GJ·ha-1andyieldsintha-1 24
Figure13.Thestructureofenergyinputsforpotatoproduction(averagescenarios). 24
Figure14:Thestructureofembodiedenergyinputsperhectareinsunflowerproduction
(L,A,H–Low-Average-Highenergy inputsscenarios). 25
Figure15.Thestructureofenergyinputsincottonproduction(L,A,-H–low-,average-,
andhighenergyinputsscenarios). 26
Figure16.Totalenergyconsumption(weightedmeansfromscenarios)ingreenhouse
productionbycountry. 27
Figure17.Direct(darkerboxes)andindirectspecificenergyinputincropproductionby
country(averagescenarios). 27
Figure18.Thestructureofenergyinputsintomatoproduction(thefiguresinboxesarein
GJ·ha-1) 29
Figure19.Thestructureofenergyinputsincucumberproduction(thefiguresinboxesare
inGJha-1). 30
Figure20.Totalenergyconsumption(weightedmeansfromscenarios)inperennial
productionbycountry. 31
Figure21:Direct(darkerboxes)andindirectenergyinputsinperennialproductionby
country(averagescenarios). 31
Figure22.ThestructureofenergyinputsinGJha-1foroliveproduction(average
scenarios). 32
Figure23.Thestructureofenergyinputsinvineyardproduction(averagescenarios). 34
Figure24.Totalenergyconsumption(weightedmeansfromscenarios)inlivestock
productionbycountry. 34
Figure25.Direct(darkerboxes)andindirectspecificenergyinputinlivestockproduction
bycountry(averagescenarios). 35
Figure26.Thestructureofenergyinputsindairycowproduction. 36
Figure27.Structureofenergyinputsinpigproduction(averagescenarios,Portugal–
highenergyinputsscenario). 37
AgricultureandEnergyEfficiency 7
Figure28.Thestructureofenergyinputsinbroilerproduction(averagescenarios). 39
Figure 29: The structure of embodied energy inputs in GJ·ha-1indifferentscenariosof
wheatproduction(L,A,H–Low-Average-Highenergy inputsscenarios). 45
Figure30:ThestructureofembodiedenergyinputsinGJt-1indifferentscenariosof
wheatproduction(L,A,H–Low,Average,andHighenergy inputsscenarios). 46
Figure 31: The structure of embodied energy inputs in GJ·ha-1indifferentscenariosof
sugarbeetproduction(L,A,H–Low,Average,andHighenergy inputs
scenarios). 47
Figure32:ThestructureofenergyinputsinGJt-1indifferentscenariosofsugarbeet
production(L,A,H–Low,Average,andHighenergy inputsscenarios). 47
Figure33:Thestructureofembodiedenergyinputsperhectareofpotatoproduction(L,
A,H–Low-Average-Highenergy inputsscenarios). 48
Figure34:Thestructureofembodiedenergyinputsperton ofpotatoproduction(L,A,H
–Low-Average-Highenergy inputsscenarios). 48
Figure35:Thestructureofembodiedenergyinputsperhectareinsunflowerproduction
(L,A,H–Low,Average,andHighenergy inputsscenarios). 49
Figure36:ThestructureofenergyinputsinGJt-1indifferentscenariosinsunflower
production(L,A,H–Low,Average,andHighenergy inputsscenarios). 49
Figure37:Thestructureofembodiedenergyinputsperhectareoftomatoproduction(L,
A,H–Low,Average,andHighenergy inputsscenarios). 50
Figure38:Thestructureofembodiedenergyinputspertonoftomatoproduction(L,A,H
–Low,Average,andHighenergy inputsscenarios). 51
Figure39:ThestructureofenergyinputsinGJt-1(valuesinboxes)incucumber
production(L,A,H–Low,Average,andHighenergy inputsscenarios). 52
Figure40:ThestructureofenergyinputsinGJperhectareforoliveproduction(L,A,H–
Low-Average-Highenergy inputsscenarios). 53
Figure41.ThestructureofenergyinputsinGJpertonforoliveproduction(L,A,H–
Low-Average-Highenergyinputsscenarios). 53
Figure 42. The structure of energy inputs in GJ·ha-1forvineyardproduction(L,A,H–
Low,Average,andHighenergy inputsscenarios). 55
Figure43.ThestructureofenergyinputsinGJperlargeanimalunit(LU)peryearin
dairycowproduction(L,A,H–Low-Average-Highenergy inputsscenarios). 56
Figure44.ThetonofmilkperGJofenergyinputsindairycowproduction(L,A,H–
Low,Average,andHighenergy inputsscenarios). 57
Figure45.ThestructureofenergyinputsinGJt-1inpigproduction(L,A,H–Low-
Average-Highenergyinputs). 58
Figure46.ThetonofporkperGJofenergyinputsinpigproduction(L,A,H–Low-
Average-Highenergyinputs). 59
Figure47.ThestructureofenergyinputsinGJt-1inbroilerproduction(L,A,H–Low-
Average-Highenergyinputs). 60
Figure48.ThetonofchickenmeatperGJofenergyinputsinbroilerproduction(L,A,H
–Low-Average-Highenergyinputs). 61
AgricultureandEnergyEfficiency 8
List of Tables
Table1.Totalprimaryenergyconsumptionfortheagriculturalsubsectorsconsideredinthe
2
studyincomparisonwiththeEurostatdata(2008).
Table2:Thegrossdomesticproduct(GDP),percentageshareofagricultureinthegross
11
valueadded(GVA)andemploymentinagriculture(2010).
Table3:Thetotalfinalenergyconsumption(FEC)andFECofagriculture(including
11
forestry)fortheyears1998and2008accordingtotheEurostatdata.
Table4:Thepercentageshareofannualandperennialcropsinutilizedagriculturalarea
12
(UAA)–2007.
Table5:Thetotalyearlyconsumptionofinorganicfertilizers(2007). 13
Table6:Theenergyinput(PEC)inwheatproductionindifferentcountries(average
20
scenarios).
Table7:Theenergyinput(PEC)forsugarbeetproductionbycountry(averagescenarios) 22
Table8:Theenergyinput(PEC)forpotatoproductionbycountry(averagescenarios). 23
Table9:Theenergyuse(PEC)forsunflowerproductionbycountryandproduction
25
scenarios.
Table10:Theenergyuse(PEC)forcottonproductioninGreece(thethreeenergyinput
26
scenarios).
Table11:Thepercentageshare-baseddistributionofprimaryenergyconsumption(PEC)in
26
cottonproductionbyprocess.
Table12:Theenergyinput(PEC)fortomatogreenhouseproductionbycountry(average
28
scenarios).
Table13:Theenergyinput(PEC)forcucumbergreenhouseproductionbycountry(average
29
scenarios)
Table14:Theenergyinput(PEC)forsweetpeppergreenhouseproduction(average
30
scenario).
Table 15: The structure of energy inputs in sweet pepper production, in GJ·ha-1. 30
Table16:Energyinput(PEC)inoliveproductioninGreeceandPortugal(average
32
scenarios).
Table17:Theenergyinput(PEC)invineyardproduction(forwine)bycountry(average
33
scenarios).
Table18:Theenergyinput(PEC)formilk productionbycountry(averagescenarios). 36
Table19:Theenergyinput(PEC)forpork productionbycountry(averagescenarios). 37
Table20:Theenergyinput(PEC)forbroiler productionbycountry. 38
Table21.ThetotalPECasweightedmeansfromscenariosfortheagriculturalsubsectorsin
39
PJ.
Table22.Scenariosofenergyinputsinagriculturalproduction. 40
Table23:Theenergyparametersfordirectandindirectenergyinputsinagricultural
43
production.
Table24:Theenergyuse(PEC)inwheatproductionbycountryandproductionscenario. 45
Table25:Theenergyuse(PEC)insugarbeetproductionbycountryandproduction
46
scenario.
Table26:Thepercentageshareofspecificenergyuse(PEC,inGJt-1)insugarbeet
47
productionbyprocess.
Table27:Theenergyuse(PEC)inpotatoproductionbycountryandproductionscenario. 47
Table28:Thepercentageshareofspecificenergyuse(PEC,inGJt-1)in potatoproduction
48
byprocess.
Table29:Theenergyuse(PEC)insunflowerproductionbycountryandproduction
49
scenario.
Table30:Thepercentageshareofspecificenergyuse(PEC,inGJt-1)insunflower 49