Counterinsurgency in Modern Warfare PDF
Preview Counterinsurgency in Modern Warfare
Counterinsurgency layouts4.qxd 22/11/07 14:41 Page 1 COUNTERINSURGENCY IN MODERN WARFARE O SPREY PUBLISHING Counterinsurgency layouts4.qxd 22/11/07 14:41 Page 3 COUNTERINSURGENCY IN MODERN WARFARE EDITORS DANIEL MARSTON CARTER MALKASIAN Counterinsurgency layouts4.qxd 17/11/10 10:56 Page 4 FirstpublishedinGreatBritainin2008byOspreyPublishing, MidlandHouse,WestWay,Botley,OxfordOX20PH,UnitedKingdom. 443ParkAvenueSouth,NewYork,NY10016,USA. Email:[email protected] ©2008OspreyPublishingLtd Allrightsreserved.Apartfromanyfairdealingforthepurposeofprivatestudy,research,criticismor review,aspermittedundertheCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct,1988,nopartofthispublicationmay bereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic, electrical,chemical,mechanical,optical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise,withoutthepriorwritten permissionofthecopyrightowner.EnquiriesshouldbeaddressedtothePublishers. Everyattempthasbeenmadebythepublishertosecuretheappropriatepermissionsformaterials reproducedinthisbook.Iftherehasbeenanyoversightwewillbehappytorectifythesituationand awrittensubmissionshouldbemadetothePublishers. ACIPcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN:9781846032813 EISBN:9781849086929 SergioCatignani,BruceGudmundsson,RichardIron,PeterLieb,AnthonyJamesJoes,CarterMalkasian, DanielMarston,JohnA.Nagl,DouglasPorch,RichardStubbs,CharlesTownshend,JonathanWalkerand J.R.T.WoodhaveassertedtheirrightundertheCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct,1988,tobeidentified astheauthorsofthisbook. IndexbyAlanThatcher TypesetinITCStoneSerif,MonotypeGillSans,Bembo,MTGrotesque,SabonandUnivers MapsbyPeterBullArtStudioandTheMapStudio OriginatedbyPDQMedia,Bungay,UK PrintedandboundinChinathroughWorldPrintLtd 08 09 10 1112 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ForacatalogofallbookspublishedbyOspreypleasecontact: NORTHAMERICA OspreyDirectc/oRandomHouseDistributionCenter 400HahnRoad,Westminster,MD21157,USA E-mail:[email protected] ALLOTHERREGIONS OspreyDirectUK,P.O.Box140,Wellingborough,Northants,NN82FA,UK E-mail:[email protected] www.ospreypublishing.com Frontcoverimage©2006TopFoto/JonMitchell/TopFoto.co.uk Frontflapimages©2006TopFoto/JonMitchell/TopFoto.co.ukandVVA Backcoverimages©PublicRecordOffice/HIP/TopFoto.co.ukandCplMikeFletcher©CrownCopyright/ MOD(www.photos.mod.uk) Backflapimages©2002TophamPicturepoint/TopFoto.co.ukand©2000Topham/AP/TopFoto.co.uk ©OspreyPublishing.Accesstothisbookisnotdigitallyrestricted.Inreturn,weaskyouthatyouuseitfor personal,non-commercialpurposesonly.Pleasedon’tuploadthispdftoapeer-to-peersite,emailitto everyoneyouknow,orresellit.OspreyPublishingreservesallrightstoitsdigitalcontentandnopartof theseproductsmaybecopied,storedinaretrievalsystemortransmittedinanyformbyanymeans, electronic,mechanical,recordingorotherwise(exceptaspermittedhere),withoutthewrittenpermissionof thepublisher.Pleasesupportourcontinuingbookpublishingprogrammebyusingthispdfresponsibly. Counterinsurgency layouts4.qxd 22/11/07 14:41 Page 5 Acknowledgments The editors would like to thank many people for their help with this project. Firstly, we would like to thank the authors of the chapters who have agreed to be involved with this project. Secondly, we are grateful to the many military and civilian practitioners of COIN who have been kind enough to offer their opinions on current and past operations. Thirdly, we would like to thank our editor Ruth Sheppard for all the professionalism and organization that saw the project through. Finally, we are grateful to Nancy Owens for her excellent copyediting. Dedication To Robert O’Neill, veteran of Vietnam and mentor to many. Counterinsurgency layouts4.qxd 10/12/07 08:46 Page 6 CONTENTS Contributors 8 Introduction 13 Chapter 1 IN AID OF THE CIVIL POWER: 19 Britain, Ireland and Palestine 1916–48 Professor Charles Townshend Chapter 2 COUNTERINSURGENCY IN THE PHILIPPINES 37 1898–1954 Professor Anthony James Joes Chapter 3 THE FIRST OF THE BANANA WARS: US Marines in 55 Nicaragua 1909–12 Major Bruce Gudmundsson (ret) Chapter 4 FEW CARROTS AND A LOT OF STICKS: 70 German Anti-Partisan Warfare in World War Two Dr Peter Lieb Chapter 5 FRENCH IMPERIAL WARFARE 1945–62 91 Professor Douglas Porch Chapter 6 FROM SEARCH AND DESTROY TO HEARTS 113 AND MINDS:The Evolution of British Strategy in Malaya 1948–60 Dr Richard Stubbs Counterinsurgency layouts4.qxd 22/11/07 14:41 Page 7 Chapter 7 COUNTERINSURGENCY IN VIETNAM: American 131 Organizational Culture and Learning Lieutenant Colonel John A. Nagl Chapter 8 RED WOLVES AND BRITISH LIONS: 149 The Conflict in Aden Jonathan Walker Chapter 9 BRITAIN’S LONGEST WAR: Northern Ireland 167 1967–2007 Colonel Richard Iron Chapter 10 COUNTERING THE CHIMURENGA: 185 The Rhodesian Counterinsurgency Campaign 1962–80 Dr J. R. T. Wood Chapter 11 THE ISRAEL DEFENSE FORCES AND 203 THE AL-AQSA INTIFADA: When Tactical Virtuosity Meets Strategic Disappointment Dr Sergio Catignani Chapter 12 LESSONS IN 21ST-CENTURY COUNTERINSURGENCY: 220 Afghanistan 2001–07 Dr Daniel Marston Chapter 13 COUNTERINSURGENCY IN IRAQ: 241 May 2003–January 2007 Dr Carter Malkasian Endnotes 260 Bibliography 287 Index 296 Counterinsurgency layouts4.qxd 22/11/07 14:41 Page 8 CONTRIBUTORS Dr Sergio Catignani is a Max Weber Fellow at the European University Institute, Florence, where he is conducting a comparative study on Western approaches to low-intensity conflicts. Prior to the EUI, Dr Catignani was a Lecturer in the Department of War Studies, King’s College London, where he also obtained his Ph.D. in War Studies under the supervision of Professor Sir Lawrence Freedman. His publications have appeared in The Journal of Strategic Studies, Terrorism & Political Violence, Parameters, and The Royal United Services Institute Journal. His Ph.D. thesis has been published as The Israel Defense Forces and the Two Intifadas(2008). Major Bruce Gudmundsson, USMCR (Retired)is a historian who specializes in tactical innovation – the way that military organizations respond to radical change. The author of four major books and several hundred articles, he has taught at the Marine Corps Command and Staff College, the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, and Oxford University. Colonel Richard Iron OBE was originally commissioned into the British Army in 1975. He has served in Germany, Kenya, the Falkland Islands, the Sultanate of Oman, the Balkans, and in several tours in Northern Ireland. He attended both the British and US Army staff colleges. His appointments include chief of staff of an armored brigade and command of an armored infantry battalion. He has a wide background in joint and land doctrine, leading the British Army’s doctrine branch from 2001 to 2004; he was also responsible for overseeing the development of NATO land doctrine for six years. He led a US-UK planning team for the 2003 invasion of Iraq and was responsible for the British Army’s subsequent analysis of the Iraq war. He was an expert military witness for the prosecution in the Sierra Leone war crimes tribunal. In 2007 he was appointed as mentor for the senior Iraqi Army commander in Basra. Dr Peter Lieb is a Senior Lecturer at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, Department of War Studies, and Research Fellow at the European Studies Research Institute, University of Salford. Prior to this he was a Research Fellow at the Institut für Zeitgeschichte in Munich, and 8 Counterinsurgency layouts4.qxd 22/11/07 14:41 Page 9 CONTRIBUTORS the German Historical Institute in Paris. He holds a Ph.D. and an M.A. from the University of Munich. His research interests are the German Army in both world wars, and insurgencies and counterinsurgencies in the 20th century, as well as war crimes throughout history. He has published a book on the radicalization of warfare in the West in 1944 entitled Konventioneller Kreig oder NS-Weltanschauungskrieg? Kreigführung und Partisanenbekämpfung in Frankreich 1943–44(2007). Furthermore, he has written several articles in German, French and English about the German Army and war crimes in both world wars. Professor Anthony James Joes has a Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania, and an A.B. from Saint Joseph’s University, where he is now Professor. He was Director of the International Relations Program 1972–2002 and Visiting Professor of Political Science at the US Army War College, 2001–03. He has presented on the subjects of insurgency and counterinsurgency to the CIA, the Center for Army Analysis, the US Marine Corps Concepts and Plans Division, the United States Air Force, the National Defense University, the Foreign Policy Research Institute, and the RAND Insurgency Board. He is the author of eleven books and has edited or contributed to several others including Urban Guerrilla Warfare (2007), Resisting Rebellion: The History and Politics of Counterinsurgency (2004), America and Guerrilla Warfare(2000), Saving Democracies: U.S. Intervention in Threatened Democratic States (1999), and Guerrilla Warfare: A Historical, Biographical and Bibliographical Sourcebook (1996). He has also published many articles. Dr Carter Malkasian directs research on stability and development at the Center for Naval Analyses (CNA) in Alexandria, Virginia. Prior to this job, he was assigned to the I Marine Expeditionary Force as an adviser on counterinsurgency. He deployed with I MEF to Iraq from February to May 2003, February 2004 to February 2005, and February 2006 to August 2006. He has written a number of articles, including “Signaling Resolve, Democratization, and the First Battle of Fallujah,” in TheJournal of Strategic Studies; “The Role of Perceptions and Political Reform in Counterinsurgency,” in Small Wars & Insurgencies; and “Toward a Better Understanding of Attrition,” in Journal of Military History. He has also written two books, A History of Modern Wars of Attrition (2002) and The Korean War, 1950–1953(2001). 9 Counterinsurgency layouts4.qxd 22/11/07 14:41 Page 10 COUNTERINSURGENCY IN MODERN WARFARE Dr Daniel Marston is a Research Fellow at the Strategic and Defence Studies Centre at the Australian National University and a Visiting Fellow with the Oxford Leverhulme Programme on the Changing Character of War. He was previously a Senior Lecturer in War Studies at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst. He has focused on the topic of how armies learn and reform as a central theme in his academic research. Dr Marston was responsible for overseeing the counterinsurgency modules for Royal Military Academy Sandhurst and the British Army. He has lectured widely on the principles and practices of counterinsurgency to units and formations of the American, Australian, British and Canadian armed forces, as well as serving as a reviewer of and contributor to counterinsurgency doctrine for all of the above. He continues academic research in this area, and is a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society. He completed his doctorate in the history of war at Oxford University. Lieutenant Colonel John A. Nagl is a West Point graduate who holds a D.Phil. from Oxford University. He led a tank platoon in Operation Desert Storm and served as the operations officer of Task Force 1-34 Armor in Khalidiyah, Iraq in 2003–04. Nagl is the author of Learning to Eat Soup with a Knife: Counterinsurgency Lessons from Malaya and Vietnam (2005) and was on the writing team that produced Field Manual 3-24, Counterinsurgency(2006). Professor Douglas Porch earned his Ph.D. from Corpus Christi College, Cambridge University. He has been a Senior Lecturer at the University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, the Mark Clark Chair of History at the Citadel in Charleston, South Carolina, and Professor of Strategy at the Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island. He is now Professor and Chair of the Department of National Security Affairs at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California. A specialist in military history, Professor Porch’s books include The French Foreign Legion: A Complete History of the Legendary Fighting Force (1991), which won prizes both in the United States and in France; The French Secret Services: From the Dreyfus Affair to Desert Storm (1995); and The Path to Victory: The Mediterranean Theater in World War II (2004), which was awarded the US Army Historical Foundation Prize. 10
The list of books you might like
