Coulson and Richardson’s Chemical Engineering, Fourth Edition: Volume 3A: Chemical and Biochemical Reactors and Reaction Engineering

591 Pages·2017·15.27 MB·English

by  R. Ravi

Coulson & Richardson’s Chemical Engineering
Chemical Engineering, Volume 1A: Fluid Flow, Seventh edition
Raj Chhabra and V. Shankar
Chemical Engineering, Volume 1B: Heat and Mass Transfer, Seventh edition
Raj Chhabra and V. Shankar
Chemical Engineering, Volume 2A: Particle Technology Particulate processes, Fifth edition
Raj Chhabra and Basa M. Gurappa
Chemical Engineering, Volume 2B: Separation Process, Fifth edition
A. K. Ray
Chemical Engineering, Volume 3A, Fourth edition
Chemical & Biochemical Reactors
R. Ravi, R. Vinu and S. N. Gummadi
Chemical Engineering, Volume 3B: Process Control, Fourth edition
Sohrab Rohani
Chemical Engineering
Solutions to the Problems in Volume 1
J. R. Backhurst, J. H. Harker and J. F. Richardson
Chemical Engineering
Solutions to the Problems in Volumes 2 and 3
J. R. Backhurst, J. H. Harker and J. F. Richardson
Chemical Engineering, Volume 6, Third edition
Chemical Engineering Design
R. K. Sinnott
Coulson and Richardson’s
Chemical Engineering
Volume 3A: Chemical and Biochemical Reactors
and Reaction Engineering
Fourth Edition
Edited by
R. Ravi
Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
R. Vinu
Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
S.N. Gummadi
Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
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List of Contributors
Sathyanarayana N. Gummadi Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
Ramamurthy Ravi Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
Ravikrishnan Vinu Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
xi
About Prof. Coulson
John Coulson, who died on January 6, 1990 at the age of 79, came from a family with
close involvement with education. Both he and his twin brother Charles (renowned
physicist and mathematician), who predeceased him, became professors. John did his
undergraduate studies at Cambridge and then moved to Imperial College where he took the
postgraduate course in chemical engineeringdthe normal way to qualify at that timedand
then carried out research on the flow of fluids through packed beds. He then became an
Assistant Lecturer at Imperial College and, after wartime service in the Royal Ordnance
Factories, returned as Lecturer and was subsequently promoted to a Readership. At
Imperial College, he initially had to run the final year of the undergraduate course almost
single-handed, a very demanding assignment. During this period, he collaborated with Sir
Frederick (Ned) Warner to write a model design exercise for the I. Chem. E. Home Paper
on “The Manufacture of Nitrotoluene.” He published research papers on heat transfer and
evaporation, on distillation, and on liquid extraction, and coauthored this textbook of
Chemical Engineering. He did valiant work for the Institution of Chemical Engineers
which awarded him its Davis medal in 1973, and was also a member of the Advisory
Board for what was then a new Pergamon journal, Chemical Engineering Science.
In 1954, he was appointed to the newly established Chair at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, where
Chemical Engineering became a separate Department and independent of Mechanical
Engineering of which it was formerly part, and remained there until his retirement in 1975.
He took a period of secondment to Heriot Watt University where, following the splitting of
the joint Department of Chemical Engineering with Edinburgh, he acted as adviser and de
facto Head of Department. The Scottish university awarded him an Honorary DSc in 1973.
John’s first wife Dora sadly died in 1961; they had two sons, Anthony and Simon. He
remarried in 1965 and is survived by Christine.
JFR
xiii
About Prof. Richardson
Professor John Francis Richardson, Jack to all who knew him, was born at Palmers
Green, North London, on July 29, 1920 and attended the Dame Alice Owens School in
Islington. Subsequently, after studying Chemical Engineering at Imperial College, he
embarked on research into the suppression of burning liquids and of fires. This early work
contributed much to our understanding of the extinguishing properties of foams, carbon
dioxide, and halogenated hydrocarbons, and he spent much time during the war years on
large-scale fire control experiments in Manchester and at the Llandarcy Refinery in South
Wales. At the end of the war, Jack returned to Imperial College as a lecturer where he
focused on research in the broad area of multiphase fluid mechanics, especially
sedimentation and fluidization, two-phase flow of a gas and a liquid in pipes. This laid the
foundation for the design of industrial processes like catalytic crackers and led to a long
lasting collaboration with the Nuclear Research Laboratories at Harwell. This work also
led to the publication of the famous paper, now common knowledge, the so-called
Richardson-Zaki equation which was selected as the Week’s citation classic (Current
Contents, February 12, 1979)!
After a brief spell with Boake Roberts in East London, where he worked on the
development of novel processes for flavors and fragrances, he was appointed as Professor
of Chemical Engineering at the then University College of Swansea (now University of
Swansea), in 1960. He remained there until his retirement in 1987 and thereafter continued
as an Emeritus Professor until his death on January 4, 2011.
Throughout his career, his major thrust was on the wellbeing of the discipline of Chemical
Engineering. In the early years of his teaching duties at Imperial College, he and his
colleague John Coulson recognized the lack of satisfactory textbooks in the field of
Chemical Engineering. They set about rectifying the situation and this is how the now
well-known Coulson-Richardson series of books on Chemical Engineering was born.
The fact that this series of books (six volumes) is as relevant today as it was at the time of
their first appearance is a testimony to the foresight of John Coulson and Jack Richardson.
Throughout his entire career spanning almost 40years, Jack contributed significantly to all
facets of professional life, teaching, research in multiphase fluid mechanics and service to
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About Prof. Richardson
the Institution of Chemical Engineers (IChem E, UK). His professional work and long
standing public service was well recognized. Jack was the president of IChem E during the
period 1975e76 and was named a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering in 1978.
He was also awarded OBE in 1981.
In his spare time, Jack and his wife Joan were keen dancers, being the founder members
of the Society of International Folk Dancing and they also shared a love for hill walking.
RPC
xvi
Preface
Volume3 has now been splitinto two separatevolumes 3Aand3Bwith3Acontaining
chapters onchemicaland biochemical reaction engineering and 3Bconsistingofprocess
dynamicsandcontrol.
Involume3A,thereare now a totalofsixchapterswith two onbiochemical reaction
engineering (Chapters 5 and 6)compared toa singlechapter inthe third edition. Overall,
the basicstructure ofthe thirdeditionhasbeen retained. Atthe outset,weexpressour
gratitudetothe contributors ofthe thirdeditiondProfessors J.C.Lee, W.J.Thomas,
R. Lovitt,andM.Jonesdfor providing anenduring framework for ustobuildon. We
highlighthere thefew changes wehave made inthe presentation ofsomeofthe material.
Thesechanges havebeen motivatedbyour ownpersonal experience inteachingreaction
engineering and also bythe evolutionof thepresentationofthe subject invarioustextbooks
overthepast two decades. Eachchapterin thepresentedition startswith asetofLearning
Outcomes, whichwehopewould enablethereader toassessthe benefitsthat would accrue
from reading the chapter.
InChapter1,greateremphasisisplaced onderivingthematerialand energybalance
equationsfrom fundamentalcontinuumprinciples.This,wehope, wouldenable the
reader tomore clearly seethe assumptions inherentin thedesign equationsofthe ideal
reactors and also bebetterequipped tohandlemore complicatedreactors,iftheneed arises.
Further, thesectiononobtainingkineticsfrom batchreactor datahasbeen expanded.
InChapter2,onnonidealreactors,introduction ofthe two principaldistribution functions
isdecoupled from theexperimentalmethods usedto determine them.Theconvolution
theoremforms the centerpiece ofthe developmentsleadingto thedetermination ofthe
distribution functions from step and impulseresponses. A detailedexpositionofthe zero
parameter models isundertaken toillustratethe interplay of“macromixing,”“micromixing,”
and kineticsindeterminingconversions innonideal reactors.
Chapter 3now includesmore informationrelatedtothe derivationofkineticrate
expressions forheterogeneous catalyticreactionswhere the importanceofelementary steps
ishighlighted. The mechanismofcatalystpoisoningisdiscussed. The sectionongasesolid
noncatalyticreactionsisexpanded toincludethe effectof differentcontrollingresistances
ontheoverallconversion ofthesolid.In Chapter4,a rigorousframework isprovided for
xiii
Preface
thederivationofrateequationsforgaseliquid reactionssothat thereader isable
to appreciatethe importanceofvariousnondimensional numbers.
Chapters5 and 6 dealwith biochemicalengineering.Itisimportantforthe readerto
first understand biomolecules(carbohydrates,proteins,nucleicacids,fats,and lipids),
andhence thisiscoveredbefore introducing the principlesofmicrobiology. Chapter5 thus
provides the background tothe processengineering aspectsofbiochemical reactors
which are covered inChapter6.A sectiononspecificityof enzymes, whichdiscusses the
varioustheoriessuchas lockand key mechanism,induced fitmodel,and transitionstate
stabilization, isincluded. The revised sectiononmicrobial stoichiometrynow contains
cell composition, yields,growth stoichiometry, elementalbalance, degreeof reduction,
electronbalance, and product stoichiometry.Thedetailedderivations ofthe equations
governingenzymekineticsare now covered inthe maintext ofChapter6.
R.Raviand R.Vinu
Department ofChemical Engineering
S.N. Gummadi
Departmentof Biotechnology
IndianInstitute ofTechnology,Madras
India
xiv