Cotton: Biotechnological Advances

256 Pages·2010·3.021 MB·English

by  Usha Barwale Zehr

Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry
Volume 65
Series Editors
Prof.Dr.JackM.Widholm(ManagingEditor)
285AE.R.MadiganLaboratory,DepartmentofCropSciences,
UniversityofIllinois,1201W.Gregory,Urbana,IL61801,USA
Prof.Dr.HorstLo¨rz
BiozentrumKleinFlottbek,MolekularePhytopathologieundGenetik,
Universita¨tHamburg,Ohnhorststr.18,22609Hamburg,Germany
Prof.Dr.ToshiyukiNagata
ProfessorandDean,FacultyofBiologicalSciencesandAppliedChemistry,
HoseiUniversity,3-7-2Kajino-cho,Koganei-shi,Tokyo184-8584,Japan;
EmeritusProfessoroftheUniversityofTokyo,7-3-1Hongo,Bunkyo-ku,
Tokyo113-0033,Japan
Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry
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Volume65:Cotton:BiotechnologicalAdvances(2010)
U.B.Zehr(Ed.)
Usha Barwale Zehr
Editor
Cotton
Biotechnological Advances
Editor
Dr.UshaB.Zehr
MahycoResearchCenter
Dawalwadi
Jalna431203
Maharashtra,India
[email protected]
ISSN0934-943X
ISBN978-3-642-04795-4 e-ISBN978-3-642-04796-1
DOI10.1007/978-3-642-04796-1
SpringerHeidelbergDordrechtLondonNewYork
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2009938018
#Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2010
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This book is dedicated to Dr. Brent Eugene
Zehr, starting with maize breeding he grew
more and more interested in cotton and the
impact of biotechnology in cotton in India,
dedicating the last 10 years of his life to
improving cotton.
Preface
The food, feed, fiber, and fuel needs of the changing world pose the challenge of
doubling or tripling of world food, feed, and fiber production by the year 2050 to
meettheneedsofa11billionglobalpopulation.Inaddition,thedramaticchanges
in food prices in the recent years further warrant that production and productivity
need to be enhanced to ensure adequate supplies. Biotechnology can make a
significant contribution to this effort as demonstrated by cotton and other crops;
the new advances in biotechnology have made it possible to develop plants that
containgenesthatwerenotpossibletobedevelopedbysexualmeans.Cottonhas
been a leader in the use of biotechnology. With the introduction of Bt cotton,
followedbystackedcottonproducts(insectandherbicidetolerance)andextensive
useofmolecularbreedingtools,cottoncultivationhasbeenmuchimproved.
Thecontributionsinthisbookillustratethescientificadvancesthataregoingon
in cotton and the impact they continue to deliver for all cotton growers. Twelve
percentoftheglobalcottonareaisnowunderbiotechproductsat15.5millionha.
The primary benefits from using genetically engineered cotton include reduced
insecticideuse, lowerproductioncosts,improvedyields,lowerfarmingrisks,and
increasedopportunitiestogrowcottoninareasofseverepestinfestation.Secondary
benefits include higher populations of beneficial insects in cotton fields, reduced
pesticide runoff and air pollution, less exposure to the farm worker, reductions in
laborandfueluse,andimprovedsoilandwaterquality.
Cotton crop is used for multiple purposes, fiber being the key component.
However, cotton oil, cotton meal, and plant residues are also utilized by various
industries. The impacts of GE cotton on human health and the environment have
beenstudied,showingapositiveimpact.
Countries where Bt cotton or other genetically engineered cotton has been
cultivatedhaveinplacestringentregulatorymechanismsusuallymonitoredbyseveral
ministries.Undertheseguidelines,studieshaveconcludedthatgeneticallyengineered
cottondoesnotposeanydifferentriskstohumanoranimalhealththannon-GEcotton
andenvironmentally,ithasapositiveimpact,includingonbiodiversity.
vii
viii Preface
Studies in India and China show that Bt cotton has impacted the farm, the
farmer, and the consumers by increasing the yields and reducing insecticide use
inbothcountries.
Also, the benefits of the technology have been seen at all farm size levels,
whether it is with the small holder farmers or with the large farms of North
America.
Thenewresearchhighlightedinthisbookalsoshowshowmoleculargeneticsis
leading the way to improved efficiency by understanding the cotton genome and
applying this information to the identification of markers, genes, or metabolic
processestoenhancebreedingefficiencies,aswellasnewproductdevelopment.
Thefuturegenerationofbiotechcottonproductsarebeginningtoaddressmore
complex traits such as drought, salinity, or fertilizer use. A cotton revolution has
already taken place, and these new technologies will continue to improve cotton
productionaroundtheworld.Theywillhaveapositiveimpactonthelivelihoodsof
millionsofcotton farmersandwill supply the growing needs ofthe consumer for
thismostimportantnaturalfiber.
November2009 UshaZehr
Contents
1 Cotton:AnIntroduction ................................................. 1
B.M.Khadi,V.Santhy,andM.S.Yadav
1.1 Introduction ............................................................ 1
1.2 HistoryandTaxonomy ................................................ 2
1.3 OriginandDistribution ................................................ 5
1.3.1 Origin,DomesticationandDistributioinofDiploids .......... 6
1.3.2 Origin,DomesticationandDistribution
ofAllotetraploidCottons ....................................... 7
1.4 GermplasmResourcesinCotton ..................................... 10
1.4.1 PrimaryGenePool ............................................. 10
1.4.2 SecondaryGenePools ......................................... 11
1.4.3 TertiaryGenePool ............................................. 11
References ................................................................. 12
2 CottoninIndia ........................................................... 15
B.M.Khadi,V.Santhy,andM.S.Yadav
2.1 Introduction ........................................................... 15
2.2 CottonImprovementinIndia ......................................... 18
2.2.1 GeneralSelectionProcedures ................................. 19
2.2.2 MethodstoExploitHeterosisand/orRecombination ......... 19
2.2.3 PopulationImprovementApproaches ......................... 20
2.2.4 BreedingMethodsforSpecificPurposes ...................... 21
2.2.5 CompositeCrossing ........................................... 23
2.3 HeterosisBreedinginCotton ......................................... 23
2.3.1 GeneralFeaturesofHybridVigorinCotton .................. 24
2.3.2 HybridSeedProductionTechniquesinCotton ............... 24
2.3.3 IdentificationofGoodCombiners ............................. 24
2.3.4 HandEmasculationandPollination ........................... 25
2.4 UseofMaleSterility .................................................. 25
2.4.1 MaleSterilityinTetraploid .................................... 25
2.4.2 MaleSterilityinDiploids ...................................... 26
2.4.3 ThermoSensitiveGeneticMaleSterility ...................... 27
ix
x Contents
2.5 BeePollination ........................................................ 27
2.6 FactorsAffectingYieldandQualityofHybridSeed ................ 28
2.7 Apomixis .............................................................. 28
2.8 BreedingforInsectResistance ....................................... 29
2.8.1 ConventionalBreedingApproach ............................. 29
2.8.2 BiotechnologicalApproach .................................... 31
2.9 BtCotton .............................................................. 32
2.9.1 DevelopmentofBtKits ....................................... 35
2.9.2 DiseaseResistance ............................................. 35
2.9.3 FiberQualityandItsImprovement ............................ 37
2.10 ValueAdditionforCotton .......................................... 37
2.11 Export ................................................................ 38
2.12 NaturallyColoredCotton ........................................... 39
2.13 MolecularMarkerTechniquesUsedinCottonImprovement ...... 39
2.14 FutureStrategies ..................................................... 39
References ................................................................. 40
3 CottonGenomics ......................................................... 45
A.H.Paterson
3.1 TheNeedforCottonBiotechnology ................................. 45
3.2 GeneticMappingandDNAMarker-AssistedBreeding ............. 46
3.2.1 GeneticMappingandDNAMarkers .......................... 46
3.2.2 TraitandQTLMapping ....................................... 47
3.2.3 Genome-WideIntrogression ................................... 48
3.3 TheCottonGenomesandProgressTowardsTheirSequencing ..... 49
3.3.1 TheCottonTranscriptomeandPatternsofGene
Expression ..................................................... 49
3.3.2 BeyondtheTranscriptome–SequencingofEntire
CottonGenomes ............................................... 50
3.4 AftertheSequence–AnalysisofCottonGeneFunctions ........... 54
3.4.1 DeductionsfromCorrespondenceofCottonGenes
toThoseofOtherOrganisms .................................. 54
3.4.2 MutagenesisofCottonGenestoDeterminethe
PhenotypicEffectsofTheirLoss .............................. 54
3.4.3 Transformation ................................................. 55
References ................................................................. 56
4 CottonTransformation .................................................. 65
D.R.Duncan
4.1 Introduction ........................................................... 65
4.2 CottonTissueCulture ................................................ 66
4.3 Transformation ........................................................ 68
4.4 Conclusion ............................................................ 73
References ................................................................. 73