Costs and earnings in artisanal fisheries

60 Pages·2012·1.09 MB·English

PROGRAMME FOR INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT OF
ARTISANAL FISHERIES IN WEST AFRICA
lOAF PROGRAMME
Technical Report N° loo May 1997
Costs and Earnings in Artisanal Fisheries:
Methodology and Lessons Learned from Case Studies
Mauritania
Senegal
Cape Verde
The Gambia
Guinea Bissau
Guinea Q
Sierra Leone
Liberia
Côte dlvoire Equatorial Guinea
Ghana Gabon
Togo Sao Tome and Principe
Benin Congo
Nigeria Zaire
Cameroon Angola
DANIDA DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION OF DENMARK
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF ThE UNITED NATIONS

Technical Report N° loo May 1997
Costs and Earnings in Artisanal Fisheries:
Methodology and Lessons Learned from Case Studies
by
Foday Turay
Economist
and
Karin Verstralen
APO Socio-Economist, IDAF
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
Cotonou, May 1997
The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the
expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization or
the financing agency concerning the legal status of any country or territory, city or area, or of
its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
For bibliographic purposes this document
should be cited as follows:
Turay F., and Verstralen K., Costs and Earnings in Artisanal Fisheries: Methodology and Lessons
1997 learned from Case Studies, Programme for the Integrated Development of Artisanal
Fisheries in West Africa, Cotonou, 27 p., IDAF/WP/100.
IDAF Project
FAO
P.O. Box 1369
Cotonou, Republic of Benin
E-mail: dipafaobowintnet.bj Fax: [phone] Tel: [phone]
THE VISION FOR IDAF PHASE HI
INTRODUCTION
Development strategy during the 1960 and 1970s was based on the philosophy that
developing countries lacked improved technology and capital for speeding up their development.
Industrialization was promoted in order to capitalize on the abundant fish resources. However,
the anticipated expansion of the economy did not happen and the development approach shifted
towards an integrated rural strategy where emphasis is put on the community as a whole to up-
grade incomes and the quality of life through technical assistance and the active participation of
fisherfolk and the community.
In this context, emphasis was initially placed on the Community Fishery Centre (CFC)
concept as a means ofpromoting artisanal fishery development. But it became apparent that the
presence of a complex of facilities and seivices tailored to meet local needs was no guarantee that
the structures/facilities would be used or that development would occur. The active participation
of fisherfolk and the mobilisation of local and community resources was imperative in order to
assure sustainability of initiatives undertaken by development projects and/or the community.
So far and in general terms, the IDAF Programme has worked under the context of
abundant or seemingly adequate fishery resources with moderate population pressure. The
scenario is however changing (and very fast for that matter) and wewouId soon face the triple
constraints of reduced or depleting fish stocks, degrading environment and increasing population
pressure. Like in other sectors, it must be anticipated that just to survive, parts of thepopulation
surplus in the fishing communities will enter the artisanal fisheries, which will increase the
competition for the resources among the small scale fisherfolk in addition to the prevailing
competition between the artisanal and industrial fisheries, with their attendant effect on the
environment.
This scenario calls for a cntinuation of the integrated participatory strategy which remains
relevant to the development of artisanal fisheries in West Africa. However, the emphasis needs
to be placed on the elements and mechanisms that favour the sustainability of initiatives:
responsible fishing, the empowerment processes that ensure the devolution of' major resource
management and development decisions to the local community, the strengthening of national
human and institutional capacities at all levels for a sustainable and equitable fisheries resources
management and development, as well as in the follow-up and consolidation of past achievements.
DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVE
Thus the development objective of the Programme in the present phase Il'! which started on 1 July
1994 is to ensure twenty coastal West African countries a sustainable development and
management of their artisanal fisheries for maximum social and economic benefit of their fishing
communities in terms of employment, proteins and earnings. This will be done through an
integrated and participatory approach in which emphasis will be laid on equity, gender issues, the
transfer of technology for development, environment protection, as well as the strengthening of
human and institutional capacities.
The immediate objectives are:
To identify, assess and disseminate strategies and mechanisms for sustainable management
and development of the artisanal fisheries in fishing communities;
To improve the competence of national Fisheries Departments staff in development and
management planning of artisanal fisheries;
To enhance regional technical competence in the fisheries disciplines, particularly ir
fishing and fish technology;
To improve information and experience exchange related to artisanal fisheries within the
region;
To promote regional and sub-regional collaboration for the development and management
of artisanal fisheries
In this context, 104F will among other things tackle the following major aspects in
it's work:
a assisting in the elaboration and implementation of a clear and coherent national
development policy for the artisanal fishery sector;
providing advice on management and allocation of resources between artisanal and
industrial fishing fleets, both national and foreign;
a involving users in the design and management of on shore infrastructures;
monitoring the sector's evolution by the setting up of an economic indicator system for
m
the sector adapted to the financial and human availabilities;
improving fishing technologies in accordance with the available resources;
increasing the final product's value by improvement in processing and marketing;
a promoting community development in accordance with the lessons learned from Phase I
and II and oriented towards the sustainability of actions undertaken;
reinforce the Programme's informationlcommunication system.
It is anticipated that by the end of the third phase of the Project, the region will have a
nucleus of field oriented experts capable to respond to the challenges of the artisanal fisheries
sector and to spur development in their individual countries in keeping with the aspirations and
needs of fisherfolk.
1 roui 2 to 4 Aprì! 1007. the tlmJ IlleCtine of 01e \\ oAia (roU) un (ose and Lamiae in
Artisanal Fishenes took place at ¡ DAb I {eadquaiiers nl rotonou Durine t iii neeti ne, researchers
presented the results of Cost and Camines studies in their res pectiv countries and nade
recommendations for future studies and follow-up acti\ itie
Cost and eamuuies studies ha\ e been conducted in nine count ries in the recion: Benan Canteroen
Cote d kOmme I he Gambia Ghan i úulnLa \Ianmit ìni i \ieu taud nL ti h ohlLti\ ol
these studies were. (i) to develop relat vele chcap and practical methods for data collect on and
processing. ii) to generate quantitan\ e information on the expenditures and revenues in art sanai
hsheries and the structure of sharino systems, and (iii) lo assess the protit ability of the nain tvpe
of fishing u nits.
I n order to reach these objectives dshine n nits have been toilowed durino one year to collect
information on operational activities, expenses. catches and incomes Apart from a st md Li i-eri
q uestionnaire to collect this information, in some countries fishermen participated acto ely be
tilling in notebooks that were distributed to them upplicrs of fishing cqLupment have been t he
main sources for information on the replacement costs for eugmes, fishing cear and canoes.
This report presents and compares the esults of studies conducted in Benin. Guinea. Senegal,
Carneroon, The Gambia, Mauritania and Côte d'ivoire. The presented results are limited to purse
seine fishing units set gilinet fishmne Lmnits and handlmnc fishing units
The investment costs vary according to the the fishing techitique both \eithii count ries and accross
countries I he irìs estmemit costs tom pui s seine fishing am L Lnem alb ItiehL t \ ai \ in li Oifl S 7
in The Gambia to 823,539 in Cameroon. Gillnet fishimig has the lowest investment costs in ali
cOtintfles except Guinea a mug Iroin 82 8 in Seneg il to 82 18 mn GLHnLa In handlinL ¡oh' ng
investment costs range from 82,705 in Guinea to SS,5 in The Gambia
Variable costs refer to operating costs. including the costs of fuel, oil, food. ice. bail, amid repairs
and maintenance. In most countries handhne fishing lias the highest annual variable costs (\arviae
from $6,452 iii Bemiimi to Sl 8,73 1 in Guinea), whereas apami front seine fishing in Côte d'l\ oire,
gmllnet fishing genei aIls has the lo csl (\af\ Ing troni 81 U4 in Senegal to 50 146 mn Guinea) I hL
annual variable costs of purse seine fishing vare from 81,91 5 in The Gambia to 5 14.045 in
Camiteroon. Looking at the variable costs per trip generally gives a less ext remue picture.
Annual sales depend on catch, fishing effort and fish price. In purse semmie fishimig annual sales vary
from $9.287 in Côte divoire to $73.979 in Carnereen. In gillnet fishing annual sales vare betweemi
83,602 in The Gambia to $23,297 in Guimiea, whtle in handline Iishmg they range freni 812,535
in The Gambia to $80, 130 in Senegal. Low figures in all tepes of fishing are oflemi due to the low
price of species caught.
Most countries have distinguished between shares allocated to hoat-o miers amid shares allocated
to the crew. These refer to shares of the total revemiues of the lishimig units after the deduction of
comiimiion costs. Senegal has given more detailed information ou sharing svstemiis, includmmig shares
allocated to the usual elements, such as canoe, fishing gear, emigimie amid crew. Imi l3emiin, all t\ lies
of tishing nuits studied allocate 50°A to the boat-dvmier and 50/o to the cren The saine System
-
IDAF Technical Report N° 100
H 4)pIiCJ 1\ IIHC Cit1c tHItrìO 1111K 01h! niHnct 1iuiilL LP H E tIUClOOL on I by coI!ci \ o o n
LION in ('oto 4k ono kcicb ciiic ti Inc witH in (òtc H\ oit o Ic 27°c to bin [ho 'H 11
inn '4° io um CFC\\ Iii (oillloo mLi[Hc Ci1iL' tHllitic LOIN 'ti J ciCncl flIiii uiIit Iontc u
to bic bollt-o\\ ncr tnd 4u° to bic OtcH. \\ImiIc Icindlinc Jot LI1UK ibocatc 2J° lo Lic bo.j
O\\ [101 auJ 80° o 10 tbo CLOu In (aiubi in il1tict tislinic. ' u [or tito bout-ou ici lind 25°
tOo orcu. in itandlino Jshntc 4 1° o u tor tOc bout-ou noi .utd 1)° tot timo otou H Into hn ny
VStClll in pirsc scinc tisiiinc dit1r por unit Seticealese pnmc oitme Jsiii tic units aiIoclitc 411° o to
ho boat-ounor an i Ör° to tuo croo u lido cilinot IIi 'i uniK aliocalc 58° to tuo C[0\\ ilio
bout-ou not reccu c 42°o I n imandlinc fi biing, 82° o H ailocatcd to t Oc crcu auJ 1 8° o lo t lie bolli-
OH [Ici'
s a rosult of tito sliarnmg S\ stems describcd abo\ e, nmontl\ i O\onuos 01' bout-ou noi in puno oitio
Jbiiimg ato t'ioni 5 [8 in Benin to S 1 3 in Canmcroon lii handhnc fishing monto re\ cnric ot'
1
boat-ocnoio 0H' (ioni SSS in Benin to 8594 in Senegal. u tilo in gilinet tislìing. nlont!\ rm onLics
of' bout-ou tiors 'ar' t'ioni 823 in Benin to 53 I 9 in Guinea \ Iontl\ re\ enuos ot' tisberinen ai-o
highest in fiandlitmo Jsblimg. atoi no boiu con 521 n Benin to 5 I in Senogal i n pumo sci no
lishing tisliernion earn bctu eon 517 in Guntea to 59 t in ('amci 00h, u lmdc in gilinot tislmnmg tOm
cartm heu woon S 17 in ['lic Gambia to S I U um Senegal
Ilmo protitabilitv 01' a tishing Lnlit Cliii bc Jetined by timc \earl\ lieu rm oimuos of' time boat-ou nor.
divided by by time im co mont costs lie not re\ enLies ot boit-ou tier are tho t csu[t 01' deducting
timo payment of' creu nionmbers. dcprcctauiotm costs, tt\od Costs and time costs oí ['opairs 11114
nianmtetmance tì'otmt tite total re\ miLles Depondiimg on timo ti po 01' tisimino, boat-ou tmers succeed iii
roalizitig profits [ti imiost COUlitries handlmo fishing gi C\ time higimost piotitabilito ratos. vari tic
[low 140o in Benin to 137° o ill Senogml In purse seine tishing piolitabifiti rates vai'i troimm I 0°
um Benbm to 70° 0 in ('anmorootm, u fille gilinot Oshing shou prohiabiliti ratos, varotimo trotmm 00 u
i1
Bonitm to 8400 iii Semocii
J I DAI' I'cchnical Report s 101)
F OF CO\i
ODUCÎ'f0N
Rationale for Costs and Earnings Studìc
i
Objectives of the Studies
I
13 Members of the Working Group
ADOPTED METhODOLOGY AND SURVEY PROU LE\IS
2
2. 1 Introduction
2.2 Study Area
2.3 Methods of Data Collection
24 Data Collected
25 Data Processing
2 6 SuRrey Problems
SUMMARY OF RESULTS AND DISCUSSION OF CASE STUDIES
6
3.1 Introduction 6
3 2 Investment Costs
6
3 3 Variable Costs and Fishing Effort
7
34 Sales 9
3 3 Financial Returns
10
3.5.1 Sharing Systems
10
3.5.2 Return to Labour and Capita
3.5.3 Net Profit and Returns on Investment Lao
4 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 14
REFERENCES
15
Annex i List of participants
Annex 2 Adopted questionnaire
Annex 3 Summary data for Benin
Annex 4 Summary data for Guinea
Annex 5 Summary data for Senegal
Annex 6 Summary data for Cameroon
Annex 7 Summary data for Mauritania
Annex S Summary data for Côte d'ivoire
Annex 9 Report of the second Meetine of the Workino Group on costs and
earnings in artisanal fisheries in West \frica (l3an»1. The Ganibia
Annex 10 Types of fishing units studied per counir\
Annex Il Exchange rates of national currencies tu the LS l,)ulLir (LSS) md FL FA
IDAF Technical Report N° 100
ii