COST Action E13 Wood Adhesion and Glued Products

205 Pages·2004·3.98 MB·English

COST Action E13

Wood Adhesion and Glued Products

Working Group 2: Glued Wood Products

State of the Art – Report

Editors:

Carl-Johan Johansson
Tony Pizzi
Marc Van Leemput

2nd Edition - August 2002
ISBN 92-894-4892-X

COST Action E13 - WG 2 Report on the State of the Art

The Authors:
(in alphabetical order)

Erik Aasheim [email protected]
Norwegian Institute of Wood Technology
P.O. Box 113 Blindern
N-0314 OSLO
Charlotte Bengtsson [email protected]
Swedish National Testing and Research Institute
P.O. Box 857
S-501 17 Borås
Manfred Dunky [email protected]
Dynea Austria GmbH
Hafenstrasse 77
A-3500 Krems
Rico Emmler [email protected]
IHD-Institut für Holztechnik Dresden GmbH
Zellescher Weg 24
D-01217 Dresden
Athanassios Grigoriou [email protected]
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
Dpt of Forestry and Natural Environment
Lab. of Forest Technology
GR-54006 THESSALONIKI
Dirk Grunwald [email protected]
Wilhelm-Klauditz-Institut (WKI)
Bienroder Weg 54e
D-38108 Braunschweig
Per Johan Gustafsson [email protected]
Lunds University of Technology
Box 118
SE-221 00 LUND
Wilfried Haelvoet [email protected]
Belgian Institute for Wood Technology (CTIB-TCHN)
Hof ter Vleestdreef, 3
B-1070 BRUSSELS
Carl-Johan Johansson [email protected]
Swedish National Testing and Research Institute
P.O. Box 857
SE-501 15 BORAS
Matti Kairi [email protected]
Helsinki University of Technology
Laboratory of Wood Technology
P.O. Box 5100
FIN-02015 TKK
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COST Action E13 - WG 2 Report on the State of the Art

Björn Källander [email protected]
Swedish National Testing and Research Institute
P.O. Box 857
S-501 17 Borås
Detlev Krug [email protected]
IHD-Institut für Holztechnik Dresden GmbH
Zellescher Weg 24
D-01217 Dresden
Simo Koponen [email protected]
Helsinki University of Technology
Laboratory of Structural Engineering & Building Physics
P.O. Box 2100
FIN-02015 HUT
Eva Martinez Martin [email protected]
AIDIMA
Valencia Parque Tecnológico
Apdo. Benjamin Franklin, 13
SP 46980 PATERNA, Valencia
George Ntalos [email protected]
Technological Educational Institution of Larisa
Department of Design and Technology for Wood and Furniture
Terma Mauromihali
GR 43100 Karditsa
Frederic Pichelin [email protected]
Schweizerische Hochschule für die Holzwirtschaft
Abteilung F&E
Solothurnstrasse 102
CH 2504 Biel
Petri Pulkkinen [email protected]
Helsinki University of Technology
Laboratory of Wood Technology
P.O.Box 5100
FIN-02015 TKK
Murt Redington [email protected]
Department of Materials Science & Techn
University of Limerick
National Technology Park
Limerick
IRELAND
Klaus Richter [email protected]
EMPA Dübendorf
Überlandstrasse 129
CH-8600 Dübendorf
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COST Action E13 - WG 2 Report on the State of the Art

Alfred Teischinger [email protected]
Institut für Holzforschung
Universität für Bodenkultur
Gregor-Mendelstraße 33
A-1180 WIEN
Steffen Tobisch [email protected]
Institut für Holztechnologie Dresden GmbH
IHD
Zellescher Weg 24
D-01217 DRESDEN
M.L.R van der Linden [email protected]
TNO Building and Construction Research
Lightweight Buildings and Construction
P.O. Box 49
NL-2600 AA DELFT
(cid:150) (cid:150) (cid:150)

Acknowledgement
First of all I would like to express my gratitude to all who voluntarily and with no or limited
funding have contributed to this report with the state-of-art within their research area.
A special thank goes to Marc Van Leemput, the secretary of COST E13 managing committee, who
had to handle the final editing of the report in an excellent way.

Carl-Johan Johansson
Chairman of COST E13 WG 2 – Glued products
December 2001

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COST Action E13 - WG 2 Report on the State of the Art

Preface
By definition COST aims at developing cooperation in science ad technology in Europe. The
technical Committee for Forests and Forestry Products recognized the great value that adhesives
and bonding technology can apport and have apported to wood and to forest products. It is for this
reason that COST E13 on wood adhesives and wood gluing has been created. The aims of this
group are multifold, being:
1. To create a platform for building scientific cooperation and partnership across Europe and to
facilitate the development of consortia for EU funded research projects (R&D framework
programmes).
2. To assess the strength and weaknesses on given areas or disciplines concerning the field of
wood adhesives and wood bonding for the various countries, and even more important for the
European Community as a whole in relation to the global context.
3. To address such strengths and weaknesses with apt transnational projects and even facilitate
national approach of such problems.
4. To make the scientific and industrial community in the wood adhesives and wood gluing cluster
more visible and with greater lobbying influence in Europe and abroad.
We have now completed the State of the Art report. I would like to emphasize the necessary and
innovative aspects of this work. It is “Europe” with a single voice speaking for the first time
through the pages of this report, through you which have contributed to write the different chapters,
or that you have just contributed by voice or by organizing.
This is an important exercise as it is only through the dedication of all of you that from such a
document, the real, perceived, and urgent areas of need determinant for the future survival of this
speciality and of its related industries have started already to emerge. We have a couple of years to
go to define and refine these areas even better, in short to distil the numerous points we have
already defined in a series of important focuses in the adhesives, bonding and bonded products
areas. Take this seriously as you have taken extremely seriously the compilation of this State of the
Art report, as your own survival in this field might depend from it, even if you might not be able to
perceive this today. “Sitting on the fence”, and just playing at the stateman is a losing proposition
in these exercises aimed at a world already in fast forward gear: not to participate actively means
not to have your ideas taken into consideration, whatever these ideas and wishes might be:
financing from the EU, a bigger market share on the global scene, an innovative product or process,
impact on the world scientific stage, or even just survival by defending your own patch from
unfriendly, competitive raids. The message is clear: participate actively as the future is only in your
own hands. It is through this State of the Art report that each of you will also identify similarity of
interests and purpose, will then identify future partners, lobbying friends and common interests
without losing but rather gaining in competitive advantage at the cutting edge of the speciality. Do
not waste or belittle this opportunity: none of us know, but it might be the only one is ever offered
to us.
A.Pizzi
Chairman
COST E13

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COST Action E13 - WG 2 Report on the State of the Art

Table of Contents
Executive Summary.....................................................................................................................................viii
1. Introduction........................................................................................................................................1
1.1 General.................................................................................................................................................1
1.2 Non Structural Applications.................................................................................................................2
1.3 Structural Applications.........................................................................................................................4
1.4 Problems to Introduce New Products...................................................................................................5
2. Tests and Test Results on Mechanical Properties of Adhesive Bond Lines..................................7
2.1 Introduction and Bond Structural Hierarchy........................................................................................7
2.2 Strength and Stress Versus Deformation..............................................................................................7
2.3 Influence of State of Stress on Strength.............................................................................................18
2.4 Influence of Climatic Conditions on Strength....................................................................................18
2.5 Influence of Load Duration on Strength and Deformation.................................................................18
2.6 Other Factors that Influence of Bond Strength...................................................................................22
2.7 Research Needs on Mechanical Properties of Adhesive Bond Lines.................................................23
3. Materials...........................................................................................................................................25
3.1 Wood-Based Panels............................................................................................................................25
3.2 Glued Laminated Timber...................................................................................................................65
3.3 Structural Composite Lumber............................................................................................................69
4. Adhesive Joints.................................................................................................................................79
4.1 Stress Distribution and Strength Models............................................................................................79
4.2 Glued-In Rods..................................................................................................................................100
4.3 Finger Joints.....................................................................................................................................111
4.4 Glued/Screwed Joints/Screw Glued Wooden Structures..................................................................115
4.5 Wood/Non-Wood.............................................................................................................................120
5. Products / Components..................................................................................................................123
5.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................................123
5.2 Composite Beams and Columns.......................................................................................................124
5.3 Stressed Skin Panels.........................................................................................................................129
5.4 Wood Based Floor Coverings..........................................................................................................134
5.5 Joinery..............................................................................................................................................143
5.6 Gluing of Wood to Fibre Reinforced Plastics..................................................................................146
6. Emission..........................................................................................................................................151
6.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................................151
6.2 Overview on Emittable Substances..................................................................................................151
6.3 Test Methods for the Determination of Various Compounds in the Air..........................................153
6.4 Test Methods for the Emissions During the Production Process......................................................154
6.5 Test Methods for the Subsequent Emission.....................................................................................154
6.6 Emission During the Production Process.........................................................................................157
6.7 Regulations Concerning Emissions..................................................................................................159
6.8 Influences on the Various Emissions of Wood Based Panels..........................................................160
7. LCA – Reuse / Recycle...................................................................................................................167
7.1 Principles and Procedures of LCA...................................................................................................167
7.2 Forestry and Wood Products............................................................................................................170
7.3 Wood Adhesives..............................................................................................................................175
7.4 Glued Wood Products......................................................................................................................177
7.5 Glued Wood Products in Building Application................................................................................179
7.6 End of Life Options..........................................................................................................................182
7.7 Open Question and Research Needs.................................................................................................186

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Executive Summary
This report presents the state-of-art of research and development in the area of glued products. The
presentation is done on different system levels, from the adhesive bond lines, via glued materials
and glued joints to products and components. In addition to this, emission and LCA aspects are
covered.
Except for giving the state-of-art the aim has been to identify the need for research in the different
areas.
After a short introduction the mechanical behaviour of adhesive bond lines is explained by a
presentation of tests and test results in chapter 2. Short term as well as long-term behaviour is
covered.
Chapter 3 deals with adhesive bonded materials. Wood based materials, such as particleboard,
MDF, OSB, plywood and solid wood panels are included, as well as glued laminated timber and
structural composite lumber.
Chapter 4 begins with a detailed description of the stress distribution of adhesive joints and of how
the joint strength can be modelled. In addition to this different types of joints are presented, such as
glued-in rods, finger joints, glued/screwed joints and wood/non-wood joints.
Chapter 5 covers a number of adhesive bonded products and components, for example composite
beams, laminated floors and joinery.
Chapter 6 gives an overview of emittable substances from adhesives in the production of glued
products and in the finished product. Test methods as well as the regulations concerning emissions
are presented.
Chapter 7, finally, deals with Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA), reuse and recycle of glued products.
In a few cases there are sections in the report, which were planned, but no author was found or the
material has not been presented in time. In those cases the heading is left in the report and
hopefully the section can be completed if a new version of the report is published.

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