Cosmic Rays and Earth: Proceedings of an ISSI Workshop, 21–26 March 1999, Bern, Switzerland PDF
Preview Cosmic Rays and Earth: Proceedings of an ISSI Workshop, 21–26 March 1999, Bern, Switzerland
COSMIC RAYS AND EARTH Cover figure adapted from Fig. 21 by Simpson and Fig. 1 of Smart et al. in this volume. The upper part illustrates trajectories of charged cosmic ray particles at different energies (rigidities) traced out in the vertical direction from the same location on Earth. The lower part shows Bartels solar rotation averages of the Climax Coloroda IGY neutron monitor rate in correlation with the five-month running average of the sunspot number. Space Sciences Series of ISSI Volume 10 The International Space Science Institute is organized as a foundation under Swiss law. It is funded through recurrent contributions from the European Space Agency, the Swiss Confederation, the Swiss National Science Foundation, and the University of Bern. For more information, see the homepage at http://www.issi.unibe.ch/. The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume. COSMIC RAYS AND EARTH Proceedings of an ISS/ Workshop, 21-26 March 1999, Bern, Switzerland Edited by J. W. BIEBER Bartol Research Institute, University ofD elaware, Newark DE 19716, USA E. EROSHENKO Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere, and Radiowave Propagation ( IZMIRAN), 142092, Troitsk, Moscow regime, Russia P.EVENSON Solar-Terrestrial Research, National Science Foundation, Arlington VA 22230, USA and Bartol Research Institute, University ofD elaware, Newark DE 197I6, USA E. 0. FLUCKIGER Physikalisches Institut der Universitiit Bern, CH-30/2 Bern, Switzerland R. KALLENBACH International Space Science Institute, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland Reprinted from Space Science Reviews, Volume 93, Nos. 1-2, 2000 SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS Space Sciences Series of ISSI MEDIA,B.V. A c.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-90-481-5615-3 ISBN 978-94-017-1187-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1 007/978-94-017-1187-6 Printed on acid-free paper AII Rights Reserved © 2000 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2000 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permis sion from the copyright owner TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword xi J. W. BIEBER, E. EROSHENKO, P. EVENSON, E. 0. FLUCKIGER and R. KALLENBACH I Cosmic Rays and Earth - a Summary J. A. SIMPSON I The Cosmic Ray Nucleonic Component: The Invention and Scientific Uses of the Neutron Monitor-Keynote Lecture 11 COSMIC RAY OBSERVATIONS NEAR EARTH J. M. RYAN, J. A. LOCKWOOD and H. DEBRUNNER I Solar Energetic Particles 35 H. V. CANE I Coronal Mass Ejections and Forbush Decreases 55 A. BELOV I Large Scale Modulation: View From the Earth 79 J. BEER I Neutron Monitor Records in Broader Historical Context 107 W. DROGE I Particle Scattering by Magnetic Fields 121 K. KUDELA, M. STORINI, M. Y. HOFER and A. BELOV I Cosmic Rays in Relation to Space Weather 153 H. SVENSMARK I Cosmic Rays and Earth's Climate 175 M. A. SHEA and D. F. SMART I Cosmic Ray Implications for Human Health 187 M. L. DULDIG I Muon Observations 207 THE GLOBAL NEUTRON MONITOR NETWORK M. A. SHEA and D. F. SMART I Fifty Years of Cosmic Radiation Data 229 F. B. MCDONALD I Integration of Neutron Monitor Data With Spacecraft Observations: A Historical Perspective 263 H. MORAAL, A. BELOV and J. M. CLEM I Design and Co-ordination of Multi-Station International Neutron Monitor Networks 285 D. F. SMART, M. A. SHEA and E. 0. FLUCKIGER I Magnetospheric Models and Trajectory Computations 305 J. M. CLEM and L. I. DORMAN I Neutron Monitor Response Functions 335 P. H. STOKER, L. I. DORMAN and J. M. CLEM I Neutron Monitor Design Improvements 361 R. PYLE I Public Access to Neutron Monitor Datasets 381 EPILOGUE List of Acronyms 403 Author Index 405 List of Participants 406 Vlll ISSI Workshop, "Cosmic Rays and Earth", 21-26 March 1999, Bern, Switzerland-Group Photograph by D. Taylor 1. R. Kallenbach 14. J. Humble 27. L. Dorman 2. H. Moraal 15. F. McDonald 28. H. Debrunner 3. G. Indermtihle 16. P. Evenson 29. M. Duldig 4. E. Vashenyuk 17. H. Svensmark 30. M. Hofer 5. D. Smart 18. M. Storini 31. E. Eroshenko 6. U. Pfander 19. G. Wibberenz 32. J. Ryan 7. K. Kudela 20. H. Cane 33. V. Yanke 8. J. Geiss 21. J. Bieber 34. Y. Muraki 9. R. Pyle 22. V. Dvomikov 35. J. Clem 10 . P. Stoker 23. B. Heber 36. M. Shea II. A. Belov 24. P. Lantos 37. P. Tanskanen 12. J. Beer 25. R. Btitikofer 13. E. Fltickiger 26. T. Watanabe Not in this picture: S. Gerasimova, J. Simpson IX xi Foreword The year 1998 marked the 50th anniversary of the invention of the neutron monitor, a key research tool in the field of space physics and solar-terrestrial relations. In honor of this occasion a workshop entitled 'Cosmic Rays and Earth' was organized to review the detection of cosmic rays at the surface and in the lower atmosphere of Earth, including the effect that this radiation has on the terrestrial environment. A special focus was the role of neutron monitors in the investigation of this radiation, on the science enabled by the unique dataset of the worldwide network of neutron monitors, and on continuing opportunities to use these data to solve outstanding problems. This book is the principal product of that workshop, integrating the contribu tions of all participants. Following a general summary of the workshop prepared by the editors, the volume leads off with a keynote article by Professor John Simpson describing his invention of the neutron monitor in 1948 and the early scientific discoveries made with this instrument. The remainder of the book is organized into two broad sections. The first section reviews important properties of solar and galactic cosmic rays in the heliosphere, the physical processes that govern them, and their possible influence on human activity and the terrestrial environment. The second section details methods of collecting and interpreting ground-based cosmic ray data, with an emphasis on recent innovations that enable these instruments to continue contributing to leading edge scientific research for the foreseeable future. Writers for both sections were charged with providing a broad overview of the assigned topic as well as a vision of the future. The 'Cosmic Rays and Earth' workshop occurred March 21-26, 1999 at the International Space Science Institute (ISSI) in Bern, Switzerland. The convenors are grateful for the generous support provided by ISSI and thank its staff for the perfect organisation. The editors of the book acknowledge the professional work of the authors, leading to this well-balanced collection of review articles, and the timely response of the referees. Last but not least, the external co-editors appreciate the extensive efforts by ISSI during the editorial process. J.W. BIEBER, E. EROSHENKO, P. EVENSON, E. 0. FLOCKIGER, and R. KALLENBACH June 2000 COSMIC RAYS AND EARTH-A SUMMARY JOHN W. BIEBER 1, EUGENIA EROSHENK02, PAUL EVENSON 1· 3, ERWIN 0. FLUCKIGER4, and REINALD KALLENBACH5 1B artol Research Institute, University of Delaware, Newark DE 19716, U.S.A. 2Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radiowave Propagation (JZMIRAN), 142092, Troitsk, Moscow region, Russia 3Solar-Terrestrial Research, National Science Foundation, Arlington VA 22230, U.S.A. 4Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland 5 International Space Science Institute, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland (Received 22 June 2000; accepted 25 July 2000) Abstract. Cosmic rays provide a diagnostic tool to analyze processes in interplanetary space and at the Sun. Cosmic rays also directly affect the terrestrial environment and serve as indicators of solar variability and non anthropogenic climatic changes on Earth at present and in the distant past. After the invention of the neutron monitor by John A. Simpson in 1948, an international network of cosmic ray detectors developed in a cooperative effort to examine temporal and spatial variations in our space environment. The resulting datasets represent the longest continuous, high time resolution series of particle radiation measurement in space science. At present, the neutron monitor network is complemented by spacecraft instrumentation to study solar-terrestrial correlated phenomena. 1. Cosmic Ray Observations Near Earth Pioneering observations with neutron monitors (NMs) are described in the keynote lecture by Simpson (2000). The new ability to make precise measurements of cosmic ray fluxes at Earth produced an understanding of four basic phenomena: oo (1) Strong variation (200-400%) of cosmic ray intensity between and 60° ge omagnetic latitude (Simpson, 1948). (2) Systematic variation of cosmic radiation intensity in response to the 11-year solar activity cycle and the 22-year solar mag netic cycle (Meyer and Simpson, 1955) that was originally indicated in ion chamber data from the time period 1937-1952 by Forbush (1954). (3) Correlation of recur rent modulation of cosmic ray intensity at Earth with the Carrington rotation of the Sun (Babcock, 1953; Fonger, 1953; Simpson et al., 1953; Simpson, 1954; recently reviewed by Simpson, 1998). (4) Based on the observation that the sudden and short burst of relativistic nucleons of a solar flare event (23 February 1956) could only slowly escape to the interstellar medium through a continuous barrier region beyond the orbit of Earth, Simpson and coworkers (Meyer et al., 1956; Simpson, 1985; Parker, 1956) postulated a dynamical heliosphere. Following these discoveries, Parker (1963) developed a quantitative theory for coronal expansion of the solar wind into interplanetary space. This was the begin ning of our current understanding of the heliosphere and the cosmic ray modulation ..a, Space Science Reviews 93: 1-9,2000 . .." © 2000 Kluwer Academic Publishers.
The list of books you might like
