Cosmic Gamma Rays, Neutrinos, and Related Astrophysics

685 Pages·1989·43.454 MB·English

by  Livio Scarsi (auth.), Maurice M. Shapiro, John P. Wefel (eds.)

Cosmic Gamma Rays, Neutrinos,
and Related Astrophysics
NATO ASI Series
Advanced Science Institutes Series
A Series presenting the results of activities sponsored by the NATO Science Committee,
which aims at the dissemination of advanced scientific and technological knowledge,
with a view to strengthening links between scientific communities.
The Series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with the
NATO Scientific Affairs Division
A Life Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation
B Physics London and New York
C Mathematical Kluwer Academic Publishers
and Physical Sciences Dordrecht, Boston and London
D Behavioural and Social Sciences
E Applied Sciences
F Computer and Systems Sciences Springer-Verlag
G Ecological Sciences Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, London,
H Cell Biology Paris and Tokyo
Series C: Mathematical and Physical Sciences -Vol. 270
Cosmic Gamma Rays, Neutrinos,
and Related Astrophysics
edited by
Maurice M. Shapiro
Department of Physics and Astronomy,
University of Maryland, College Park, U.S.A.
and
John P. Wefel
Department of Physics and Astronomy,
Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, U.S.A.
Kluwer Academic Publishers
Dordrecht / Boston / London
Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on
Cosmic Gamma Rays and Cosmic Neutrinos
Erice, Italy
20-30 April, 1988
Library of Congre. . Cataloging In Publication Data
COSNlc gaNma rays, neutrInos, and related astrophysIcs I edIted by
MaurIce M. ShapIro and John P. Wefel.
p. em. -- (NATO ASI serIes. SerIes C. Mathelatlcal and
physIcal scIences: vol. 270)
'Slxth bIennIal course of the InternatIonal School of Cosllc-Ray
AstrophysIcs. whIch .eets In the Ettore MaJorana Center In Erlce,
Italy"--Pref.
"PublIshed In cooperatIon wIth NATO ScIentIfIc AffaIrs D1v1s1on."
Includes 1ndexes.
ISBN-13:978-94-010-6903-8 e-ISBN-I3:978-94-009-0921-2
DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-0921-2
1. Gamma ray astronomy--Congresses_ 2. Neutr1no astrophys1cs
-Congresses. I. Shap1ro. MaurIce M. (MaurIce Mandel). 1915-
II. Wefel. J. P. III. InternatIonal School of CosmIc-Ray
AstrophYSICS. IV. North AtlantIc Treaty Organlzatlon_ ScientIfIc
Affairs D1vis10n. V. SerIes: NATO ASI series. Series C.
MathematIcal and physical sciences: no. 270.
OB471.A1C66 1989 522' .686--dcI9
ISBN-13:97S-94-010-6903-S
Published by Kluwer Academic Publishers,
P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
Kluwer Academic Publishers incorporates the publishing programmes of
D. Reidel, Martinus Nijhoff. Dr W. Junk and MTP Press.
Sold and distributed in the U.S.A. and Canada
by Kluwer Academic Publishers,
101 Philip Drive, Norwell, MA 02061, U.S.A.
In all other countries, sold and distributed
by Kluwer Academic Publishers Group,
P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
printed on acid free paper
All Rights Reserved
© 1989 by Kluwer Academic Publishers
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1989
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photo
copying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written
permission from the copyright owner.
Dedicated
to
Professor Antonino Zichichi
who established the Ettore Majorana Center
and sustained it for 25 years.
His influence on scientific culture and his
contributions to international understanding
will endure as a precious legacy
or
TABLE COIIDftS
PREFACE XI
I. COSIIIC GAMMA RAYS AIm COSIIIC DUnmos
L. Scarsi
GAMMA RAY ASTRONOMY -- AN OVERVIEW OF THE GALACTIC DIFFUSE
EMISSION: THE ORIGIN AND CONFINEMENT OF COSMIC RAyS •••••••••••• 1
P. L. Biermann
PHOTON AND NEUTRINO-EMISSION FROM SHOCKWAVES IN ACTIVE
GALACTIC NUCLE I ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 21
T. Stanev
PRODUCTION OF ENERGETIC GAMMA-RAYS AND NEUTRINOS
AT BINARY SySTEMS ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 3 9
F. W. Stecker
COSMIC GAMMA-RAYS AND COSMIC-RAY NEUTRINOS FROM GALACTIC
AND SOLAR DARK MATTER ANNIHILATION •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 49
E. P. Liang
GAMMA RAYS FROM CYGNUS X-I: NEW DIAGNOSTICS FOR A BLACK HOLE •••••••• 73
F. W. Stecker
GAMMA-RAY ASTRONOMY AND THE HOLISTIC GALAXY ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 85
A. W. Wolfendale
THE NEUTRINO SIGNAL FROM SNI987A ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 12I
A. E. Chudakov, Ya. S. Elensky and S. P. Mikheyev
ON THE SPECTRUM OF NEUTRINOS FROM SNI987A •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 13I
L. V. Volkova
A COMMENT ON v Iv RATIO IN ATMOSPHERIC NEUTRINO FLUXES •••••••••••• 139
e 1I
L. V. Volkova
FLUXES OF MUONS AND NEUTRINOS GENERATED BY PRIMARY
RADIATION IN THE MOON •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 141
viii
P. I. Krastev and S. T. Petcov
THREE-NEUTRINO OSCILLATIONS IN THE EARTH: RESONANCE
AMPLIFICATION AND T-VIOLATION EFFECTS •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 145
A. E. Chudakov
VHE AND UHE GAMMA RAY ASTRONOMY: HISTORY AND PROBLEMS •••••••••••••• 163
G. B. Yodh
ULTRA HIGH ENERGY ASTRONOMY •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 183
A. E. Chudakov, G. Navarra and V. A. Tizengauzen
ON THE 100 TeV UHE GAMMA-RAY DATA FROM CYGNUS X-3
AND HERCULES X-1 IN 1986 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 211
G. B. Yodh
ULTRA HIGH ENERGY RADIATION FROM HERCULES X-1:
NEW PHYSICS ABOVE 100 TeV? •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 215
B. S. Acharya, P. N. Bhat, S. G. Khairatkar" M. R. Rajeev,
M. V. S. Rao, S. Sinha, K. Sivaprasad, B. V. Sreekantan,
S. C. Tonwar, P. R. Vishwanath and K. Viswanathan
UHE GAMMA RAY OBSERVATIONS WITH THE KGF AIR SHOWER ARRAY ••••••••••• 235
P. W. Kwok, M. F. Cawley, D. J. Fegan, K. G. Gibbs,
A. M. Hillas, R. C. Lamb, D. A. Lewis, D. Macomb,
N. A. Po'rter, P. T. Reynolds, G. Vacanti and T. C. Weekes
OBSERVATION OF TeV GAMMA-RAYS FROM THE CRAB NEBULA •••••••••••••••• 245
G. Vacanti, M. F. Cawley, D. J. Fegan, K. G. Gibbs,
A. M. Hillas, P. Kwok, R. C. Lamb, D. A. Lewis,
D. Macomb, N. A. Porter, P. T. Reynolds and T. C. Weekes
SEARCH FOR PULSED TeV EMISSION FROM PSR0531+21 ••••••••••••••••••••• 253
P. A. Johnson
CONSTRAINTS ON THE PRODUCTION MECHANISM OF TeV
GAMMA-RAYS IN X-RAY BINARIES ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 259
V. Schonfelder
GALACTIC GAMMA RAY LINE SPECTROSCOPY --
AN OBSERVATIONAL OVERVIEW •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 265
R. Silberberg, M. D. Leising and R. J. Murphy
GAMMA-RAY LINES FROM NUCLEOSYNTHESIS AND FROM
COSMIC-RAY AND SOLAR-FLARE PARTICLE INTERACTIONS ••••••••••••••• 289
M. D. Leising
GAMMA-RAY LINES FROM SUPERNOVA 1987A ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 321
R. J. Murphy
SOLAR ABUNDANCES USING GAMMA-RAY LINE SPECTROSCOPY
OF A SOLAR FLARE ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 32 9
ix
K. Hurley
COSMIC GAMMA-RAY BURSTS •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 337
R. I. Epstein
GAMMA-RAY BURSTS: A PHYSICAL PERSPECTlVE ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 381
V. Scho·nfelder
THE GAMMA RAY OBSERVATORY GRO IN PERSPECTIVE ••••••••••••••••••••••• 401
T. Haines
GRANDE: AN EXPERIMENT TO SEARCH FOR COSMIC GAMMA RAYS
AND COSMIC NEUTRINOS ••.•••••..•.••.•••.•••••.••••.••.•••.•....• 423
J. Heintze, P. Lennert, S. Polenz, B. Schmidt,
W. Briickner, B. Povh and J. Spitzer
COSMIC RAY TRACKING -- A NEW APPROACH TO HIGH ENERGY
GAMMA-ASTRONOMY •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 431
V. Basiuk
ASGAT -- A HIGH RESOLUTION GAMMA RAY TELESCOPE ••••••••••••••••••••• 443
F. Kovacs
THEMISTOCLE: A HIGH ANGULAR RESOLUTION CERENKOV
LIGHT DETECTOR ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 449
K. Elsener, S. P. J. B. B. Petersen and
M~ller,
E. Uggerh~j
ULTRASHORT ELECTROMAGNETIC SHOWERS IN SINGLE CRYSTALS:
APPLICATIONS IN HIGH-ENERGY GAMMA-RAY ASTRONOMY? •••••••••••••• 457
II. COSMIC RADIATION AND RELATED TOPICS IN ASTROPHYSICS
M. H. Salamon
LOW-ENERGY ANTIPROTONS IN THE COSMIC RAYS •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 465
A. Moats, T. Bowen, R. Golden, R. Streitmatter,
S. Stochaj, J. Ormes and J. Lloyd-Evans
THE LEAP EXPERIMENT: ANOTHER LOOK AT THE COSMIC-RAY
LOW-ENERGY ANTIPROTON FLUX ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 475
S. Swordy
COSMIC RAY ELEMENTAL ABUNDANCES AT HIGH ENERGY ••••••••••••••••••••• 481
R. Silberberg, C. H. Tsao and J. R. Letaw
ORIGIN, PROPAGATION AND DISTRIBUTED ACCELERATION
OF COSMIC RAyS ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••••• 491
x
A. W. Wolfendale
THE ORIGIN AND PROPAGATION OF COSMIC RAYS •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 513
K. O. Thielheim
PULSARS AS PARTICLE ACCELERATORS--SOME FEATURES
OF THE MACHINE BECOME VISIBLE •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 523
-
W. Droge
ELECTRON ACCELERATION IN IMPULSIVE SOLAR FLARES •••••••••••••••••••• 537
T. Wibig
HIGH ENERGY BEHAVIOUR OF SECONDARY TO PRIMARY RATIO •••••••••••••••• 549
K. D. Fritz
THE EFFECT OF A VARIABLE DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT ON THE
CUTOFF SPECTRA OF SHOCK ACCELERATED PARTICLES •••••••••••••••••• 555
E. Amaldi
THE SEARCH FOR GRAVITATIONAL WAVES ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 563
K. S. Wood
NEUTRON STARS, X-RAYS, AND GRAVITATIONAL WAVES ••••••••••••••••••••• 609
H.-Y. Chiu
POSSIBLE NEW X-RAY SOURCES: SOLITON STARS •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 617
E. Amaldi (Seminar)
ANALYSIS OF THE DATA RECORDED BY THE MONT BLANC NEUTRINO
DETECTOR AND BY THE MARYLAND AND ROME GRAVITATIONAL
WAVE DETECTORS DURING SN1987A •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 627
LIST or PA1l.TICIPARTS •••••••••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 659
SllBJ'KC'r INDEX •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 665
AIrrIIOK. INDEX....................................................... 67 5
PREFACE
From celestial regions in which high-energy processes are
salient, invaluable information can be elicited through the
young science of gamma-ray astronomy, and the nascent sci
ence of high-energy neutrino astrophysics. Cosmic gamma
rsys are often generated by interactions of relativistic
electrons. At energies exceeding ~100 MeV, they are com
monly produced in cosmic-ray nuclear collisions, as are
high-energy cosmic neutrinos. Thus both neutrinos and hard
photons are tracers of the sites and processes in which
cosmic rays originate. Gamma-ray line spectroscopy, after
decades of theoretical gestation, has lately made great
strides, while gamma-ray bursts have remained among the
most tantalizing cosmic phenomena.
Developments in these disciplines over the last few
years stimulated most of the research reported in this vol
ume, which sprang from a NATO Advanced Study Institute
(ASI), "Cosmic Gamma Rays and Cosmic Neutrinos," held April
20-30, 1988. This was the sixth biennial Course of the
International School of Cosmic-Ray Astrophysics, which
meets in the Ettore Majorana Center in Erice, Italy. Cele
brating its 25th anniversary in the same year, the Center,
led by Professor Antonino Zichichi, has enjoyed far-reach
ing influence ID the world scientific community.
This book is divided into two parts. The major por
tion (I) is devoted to cosmic gamma rays and cosmic neutri
nos; it consists of: reviews and new findings, both obser
vational and theoretical (pp.1-161); very-high-energy (VHE)
and ultra-high-energy (UHE) gamma-ray astronomy (163-264);
celestial gamma-ray line spectroscopy (265-336): gamma-ray
bursts (337-400): and new observational techniques and pro
jects, including proposed "observatories" (401-464).
Part II comprises lectures on cosmic radiation and
related topics in astrophysics. It includes the results of
important new measurements on low-energy antiprotons in the
cosmic rays (465-479); on composition at high energies
(481-489); and on the origin, acceleration, and propagation
of cosmic rays and of solar energetic particles (491-562).
Finally, a comprehensive review of the search for gravita-