Cortinarius Fr. Subgenus Cortinarius in Australia

2009·3.4 MB·

by  A E Wood

Cortinarius Fr. Subgenus Cortinarius in Australia
A.E.Wood:
School ofBiological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University ofNew South Wales, UNSW Sydney,
NSW, 2052, Australia.
Wood,A.E. (2009). Cortinarius Fr. subgenus Cortinarius inAustralia. Proceedings oftheLinnean Society
ofNewSouth Wales 130, 147-155.
Threenew species within Cortinarius subgenus CortinariusfromAustralia are described, eachbelonging
nearadifferentspecies, butdiffering significantly fromthetypevariety in all cases. Theyrepresentdistinct
species - Cjenolanensis, C. kioloensis andC. hal/owellensis.
Manuscriptreceived 15 October2008, acceptedforpublication4 February 2009
Keywords: agarics, Cortinarius, distribution, mushrooms, newvarieties, toadstools
INTRODUCTION
C C
atroviolaceus, subcalyptrosporus, atrolazulinus
C
CortinariussubgenusCortinariusischaracterised and paraviolaceus In view ofthe diversity oftaxa
.
by the presence of fleshy carpophores, with a cap of the subgenus in the SW Pacific, the suggestion
that is frequently squamulose, large conspicuous has been made that they represent the descendants
cheilocystidia and vacuolar, mostly violet, pigments. of a Gondwanan species of possibly ancient origin
The spores show both a suprapilar plage, usually (Gasparini, 2001). However the subgenus has not
flattened and often more or less smooth. been reported from Tierra del Fuego (Horak 1979) or
There have been scattered records of this in other areas of South America (Moser and Horak
subgenus, particularly C. violaceus from Australia. 1975). Cortinarius violaceus s.s. Montagne, (from
This species was reported from Victoria by Cooke Chile, see Horak, 1979) is a different, unrelated
(1892) and this report was carried forward by species, Cortinariusgayii Horak (see Horak, 1979, p.
McAlpine (1895) and Brittlebank (1940). Cleland 396 with full description).
(1933, 1934) did not record the species, nor did There has been considerable discussion over
Grgurinovic (1997) record it from South Australia. many years as to whether Cortinarius violaceus is
Shepherd and Totterdell (1988) recorded the species a single species in Europe or whether several taxa
from the Australian Capital Territory, New South at some close level (species, subspecies or variety)
Wales and Victoria. Young (1994) also recorded the are involved. Some claim that over a large number
species from New South Wales and Victoria. This of collections, a continuous variation can be found
species was also recorded from Western Australia between the two main forms. However many now
by Griffiths (1985), Hilton (1988) and Syme (1992) recognise two distinct forms, though the level at
and more recently was fully described by Bougher which they should be considered is also disputed.
and Syme (1998). All these records are for C. The view taken here (following Moser (1983), Horak
&
violaceus, in some cases with uncertainty being (2005), Breitenbach Kranzlin (2000) andKnudsen
expressed as to whether the collections are identical &Vesterholt (2008)) is to recognise two separate
with the European species. Recently a new species, species from Europe as follows
:
Cortinarius austroviolaceus has been described from Cortinarius violaceus with spores (12)13-16(17)
Tasmania by Gasparini (2001). X 7-8(8.5) [im, elliptic to amygdaliform, verrucose,
There have been some recent studies on C. cap mostly 6-14 cm, under deciduous woods;
violaceus in Europe and now two species are widely Cortinarius hercynicus with spores (12)13-
recognised, C. violaceusandC. hercynicus(Brandrud 16(17)X7-8(8.5) (im,broadlyellipsoidtosubglobose,
1983;Brandrudetal. 1989-1998).ThestudybyMoser strongly verrucose, cap mostly 5-10 cm, under
(1986) ofsome collections from the SW-Pacific area coniferous woods (spruce, pine, sometimes mixed
has added four more species to the subgenus C. woods).
...
CORTINARIUS SUBGENUS CORTINARIUS IN AUSTRALIA
Ft.
Most records are only from the latter part ofthe represents themeanlength:breadthratio ofthe spores.
twentiethcentury(MayandWood, 1997). Therecords MeasurementsofQwereaveragedforacollectionand
are probably accurate because of the distinctive where arange is quoted it represents the range across
characteristics of Cortinarius violaceus s.l., but they collections. Measurements of the spores exclude
give no information as to which of the currently the apiculus and the ornamentation. Measurements
reported species are intended. Later records indicate of cystidia indicate length and maximum width.
that the subgenus is widespread throughout most of Measurements ofthe basidia exclude the sterigmata.
Australia, but that it is not collected frequently. Colours are usually followed by an armotation
Studies of DNA sequences of various species from Maerz and Paul (1950) and have a format such
of Cortinarius concluded that there were grounds as 10D3. All colour comparisons were made under
for considering the creation of two separate genera natural light.
(Holland and Hoist-Jensen, 2000). A later study The figures show the microscopic features at
DNA
of sequences for a large range of Cortinarius standard magnification: spores x2000, cystidia and
species(Gamicaetal,2005)supportedtheCortinarius basidia xlOOO. The scale bar represents 10 )j,m at
clade, without any fiirther additions of any closely x2000 magnification.
related groups or species. Bougher and Syme (1998)
used the epithet C. violaceus with some reservations Key to the SW-Pacific species ofCortinarius
for their local collections. Chambers et al. (1999) subgenus Cortinarius
compared DNA from New South Wales material
with reported sequences from Northern Hemisphere 1 Average basidiospore length less than 10 ^m,
collectionsofCortinariusviolaceus, andreportedthat cheilocystidia not capitate 2
the local material while close, belonged to a different 1* Average basidiospore length more than 1 |a,m
taxon and noted 'a careful revision of Australian 3
Cortinarius violaceus collections is clearly required'. 2. Cheilocystidia 50-140 x 10-25 ^m,
Unfortunately, voucher material of these collections pleurocystidia scarce, 40-100 x 10-18 |a,m,
has not yet been available. lanceolate C. atroviolaceus
ExaminationofmaterialfrommainlandAustralia 2* Cheilocystidia 30-48 x 4-7 |im, pleurocystidia
has demonstrated close similarities to the European absent 1.C.jenolanensis
species but with some clear differences. All the 3 Cheilocystidia capitate C.austroviolaceus
Australianmaterialdoesnotbelongto asingle species 3* Cheilocystidia not capitate or absent 4
but represents four different taxa ofwhich three are 4. Spores with visible perispore
new. The differences describedbelow clearly indicate C. subcalyptrosporus
three distinct taxa, related to previously described 4* Spores without visible perispore 5
species. The differences are sufficient to require the 5 Cheilocystidia absent, pleurocystidia rare
creation ofthree new species. C paraviolaceus
5* Cheilocystidia present 6
6. Spores large, at least up to 12 |Lim long, mostly
up to 16 i^m in length 7
MATERIAL AND METHODS 6* Spores smaller, at most up to 12 |im long,
slender, Q 1.86, cheilocystidia lageniform, 45-
Material was mounted in 5% KOH solution 70 X 12-20 C. atrolazulinus
and stained with Congo Red. Specimens are housed 7. Spores ellipsoid to amygdaliform 8
in the J.T.Waterhouse Herbarium, University ofNew 7* Spores broadly ellipsoid to subglobose 9
South Wales (UNSW), except forWesternAustralian 8. Spores elongate Q=l.87, width narrow, 6.3-
material, which is in the Western Australian 7.5 |am; cheilocystidia 50-60 x 10-12 fim,
Herbarium (PERTH). The collections at UNSW all pleurocystidia frequent, similar
have extensive field notes and colour photographs 2.C. hallowellensis
taken under standard conditions. 8* Spores shorter Q=l.56, width broader 7.5-8.5
Spore measurements indicate the range of sizes \xm; cheilocystidia 35-80 x 15-25 jam,
found in the various collections. Where spore sizes pleurocystidia frequent, similar C. violaceus
are included in brackets, they indicate that the spore 9. Spores 11-13 x 8-9 jam, Q=l.45;
sizes were more than one measuring unit (0.3 i^m) cheilocystidia 55-80 x 14-19 [xm,
C
beyond the range for all other spores. The value Q lageniform hercynicus
148 Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 130, 2009
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9* Spores 11-14x8.1-9.3 |am,Q=1.40; 5-6 cm longo, 5-8 mm crasso, sicco, appresse
cheilocystidia 45 - 120 x 14-17 |am, lageniform fibrilloso, pallidiori violacea. Sporis 8.4 - 10.2 x 5.7-
3.C. kioloensis 6.9 jLim, Q=1.55, ellipsoideis, subtiliter verrucosis,
cheilocystidiis sparsis, lageniformis 30-48 x 10-
1. Cortinarius jenolanensis Wood, sp. nov. (Fig. 14 i^m, absentibus pleurocystidiis, absentibus
1: a-d) pileocystidiis. Hyphis fibuligeris. Habitato in humo
in silvis Eucalyptus mixtis.
Pileousquead4cmlato, convexo, demumpiano, Pileusto4cm,hemispherical atfirst,thenconvex
obscure violaceo, sicco, subtiliter fibrillo-squamoso. to flat convex and finally plane, very finely to a little
Lamellis obscure violaceis, brunnescentibus. Stipite coarsely radially fibrillose, deep violet, dry, not
Figure 1. Cortinariusjenolanensis (UNSW 88/107) : a. basidiome (x 1); b.spores; c.basidia; d. cheilo-
cystidia; Cortinarius kioloensis (UNSW 83/781) e. basidiome( x 1) f. pileocystidia.
Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 130, 2009 149
CORTINARIUSVr. SUBGENUS CORTINARIUS IN AUSTRALIA
hygrophanous. Lamellae broadly adnate to slightly species has cheilocystidia that are regularly slightly
decurrent, thin, crowded, with one to two series of capitate and are more variable otherwise, and it also
lamellulae, deep violetthen deep ferruginous, margin has a different cuticle with occasional lanceolate
concolorous. Stipe 50-60 x 5-8 mm, central, firm to (lageniform) terminal cells. (See Moser 1987, pp
tough, equal to slightly swollen below, sometimes 139,140).
slightly tapering at the base, upper part cap coloured
orslightlypaler, lowerpartalittlepalerwithbasepale Material Examined
NSW
violet, with no obvious basal mycelium, andno clear Jenolan Caves, Binda Cabins, Eucalypt
:
zone ofvelar remains. The only velar remains were a woodland, 30.4.88,A.E.Wood et al. (UNSW 88/107)
few scattered appressed fibrils throughout with only Holotype; ACT, Canberra, Tidbinbilla Nature
small areas or groups. Reserve, Eucalypt woodland, 16.5.92, A. E. Wood et
(UNSW
al. 92/121).
Aroma
There is no apparent aroma. 2. Cortinarius A^/o/oe«s/s Wood, sp. nov. (Fig. 1:
e,f; 2: a-c)
Spores
8.4-10.2 X 5.7-6.9 ^m, mean 9.44 x 6.09 i^m, Pileousquead6cmlato, convexo, demumpiano,
meanQ= 1.55, oval, suprahilardepressionnotclearly obscureviolaceo,sicco,fibrilloso-squamoso.Lamellis
present and not clearly smooth, ornamentation low obscure violaceis, brunnescentibus. Stipite 8-12 cm
mm mm
to very low, a little blunt, not anastomosing. Basidia longo, 15 crasso, basi clavatus usque ad 30
25-32 X 11-14 jam, clavate, four-spored; clamp crasso, sicco, appresse fibrilloso, pallidiori violacea.
coimections present. Cheilocystidia fairly sparse, Sporis 11.1 - 13.5 x 8.1 - 9.3 (10.5) |im ellipsoideis.
variously lageniform (some somewhat irregular) verrucosis, cheilocystidiis lageniformis, 45-120 x 14
30-48 X 10-14 \xm, pleurocystidia absent. Pileal -19 jam,pleurocystidiis sparsis, lageniformis 45-113
cuticle a loose layer ofnarrow hyphae, each 4-7 jam X 15 -26 |a,m, pileocystidiis cylindricis vel fusiformis
diameter, not encrustedwithpigment, mainlyradially 35-60 X 13 -28 jam. Hyphis fibuligeris. Habitato in
arranged and repent, a few a little irregularly loose humo silvis Eucalyptus mixtis.
and more or less upright with rounded terminal cells Pileus to 6 cm diam., rounded convex at first,
but not specialised as pileocystidia. Below this layer then rounded umbonate to convex, finally almost
was a densely packed layer of parallel hyphae, the planewith age, stronglyfibrilloseto a little tomentose
layer about 40-50 [im thick with individual hyphae to finely squamulose, more adpressed with age, deep
of 4-10 |im diameter. Below this layer was a layer violet (48H11-12), becoming blackish with age, dry,
of interwoven hyphae, somewhat compact, of pale not hygrophanous. Lamellae narrowly to broadly
golden hyphae with individual hyphae of 5-8 ^m adnate to slightly sinuate, thin to moderately thick,
diameter. somewhat spaced, one ortwo sets oflamellulae, dark
violetatfirst, thengraduallydeep ferruginous, margin
Habitat concolorous. Stipe central, firm, solid, bulbous at
On soil in eucalypt sclerophyll forest. base, 8-12x1.5 cm, base 3 cm, dry, mostlywith clear
fibrillar velar zone and scattered fibrils below, violet
Commentary above, somewhat paler than cap, a little paler below
This species is different from all the species (to 46E6 - 17E4), basal bulb globose, concolorous.
described by Moser (1987) because of the smooth Flesh whitish to pale violet, outer layer ofstem dark
pileus, different structure of the cuticle, absence of violet, deep violet at apex ofstipe.
pleurocystidia, without amorphous deposits and also
KOH
by being ofsmaller general size and lacking aroma. (5%) on cap bright red.
It is close to the typical forms of Cortinarius
atroviolaceus but differs in having slightly smaller Aroma
spores which are more finely rough and lack a clearly Clearly absent even when quite young and fresh;
visible plage, the complete absence ofpleurocystidia one collection with slight aroma of wood shavings
and smaller cheilocystidia. It may be that Comer (but not camphorwood).
Collection RSNBB 5258B, noted by Moser(1987),
which has finer ornamentation on the spores and Spores
smaller cheilocystidia, also represents this species. 11.1-13.5 X 8.1-9.3 (10.5) ^m, mean 12.5
Cortinarius austroviolaceus is also close, but that X 8.8 i^m, Q = 1.37-1.46, grand mean Q = 1.42,
150 Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 130, 2009
3
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Figure 2. Cortinariu kioloensis (UNSW (83/781) : a. spores; b. basidia; c. cheilocystidia
ovoid to elliptic, suprahilar depression not marked layer of somewhat inflated, closely packed hyphae,
but present in some cases, but not clearly smooth, 20-25 i^m diameter, with coloured contents, below
ornamentation moderate, coarse, blunt, with some this the context was of loosely arranged somewhat
slightanastomosing. Basidia35-50x 10-12 fim,four- inflated hyaline hyphae, 15-25 |im diameter.
spored; clamp connections present. Cheilocystidia
abundant, ventricose to lageniform, 45-120 x 14-19 Habitat
|j.m; pleurocystidia sparse but clearly present, similar On soil in eucalypt sclerophyll forest.
tocheilocystidia,butwithsomealittle fusoid,45-11
X 15-26 |j,m. Pileal cuticle a layer of loose hyphae Commentary
with upturned terminal cells which are somewhat This species is different from the typical forms
inflated, swollen or cylindrical, 35-60 x 13-28 fim; ofCortinarius violaceus and C. hercynicus and from
subcuticular layer of subcellular cells, 30^0 |j,m all the other species described by Moser (1986). It
diameter, walls not coloured, below this a narrow is distinct because of the different habit, absence of
Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 130, 2009 151
CORTINARIUSFv. SUBGENUS CORTINARIUS IN AUSTRALIA
aroma, relative scarcity of pleurocystidia, presence 50-90 X 12-20 i^m. Pileal cuticle of closely packed
ofpileocystidia and spores which are without a well- and interwoven hyphae, layer 100-200)im deep,
differentiatedplage andhavelesswell developedwall individual hyphae 5-7 |Lim diameter, without any
ornamentation. There are also some slightdifferences terminal cystidia (Fig. 3).
in the size and shape ofthe spores. In this species, the
size and shape are nearer to that found in Cortinarius Material Examined
:
hercynicus rather than that found in Cortinarius SWEDEN: Femsjo, woodland, 2.9.79,
violaceus but the shape seems distinctly different M.M.Moser &A.E.Wood, in UNSW(UNSW 79/29).
from that ofspores ofCortinarius hercynicus in that
the spores are broadly ellipsoid rather than distinctly 3. Cortinarius hallowellensis Wood,
amygdaliform. Because of all these features it is sp. nov, (Fig. 4)
regarded as a distinct taxon and is described as anew
species of Cortinarius nearto C. hercynicus. Pileousquead6cmlato, convexo, demumpiano,
obscureviolaceo,sicco,subtiliterfibrilloso-squamoso.
Material Examined Lamellis obscure violaceis, brunnescentibus. Stipite
NSW: Sydney, Scotland Island, Eucalypt cylindricovelclavato,4-7cmlongo, 10-15mmcrasso,
woodland, 22.6.80, S. Lowry, (UNSW 80/268); basi leviter, sicco, fibrilloso violacea. Sporis 11.1-
Batemans Bay, Kioloa State Forest, Eucalypt 12.0 X 6.3-7.5 |j,m, ovoideo-ellipsoideis, verrucosis,
woodland, 19.5.83,A. E. Wood & J. J.Bruhl, (UNSW cheilocystidiis fiisiformis vel lageniformis, 50-60 x
83/781) Holotype; Sydney, Royal National Park, 9-13 jim, pleurocystidiis fusiformis, 50-60 x 9-13
Eucalypt woodland, 5.6.83, F. K. Taeker, (UNSW |j.m, absentibus pileocystidiis. Hyphis fibuligeris.
83/923);Batemans Bay, Kioloa State Forest, Higgins Habitato in humo in silvis Eucalyptus mixtis.
Creek, Eucalyptwoodland, 15.5.84,A. E. Wood &N. Pileus to 3.4-6.0 cm, rounded convex at first,
B. Gartrell, (UNSW 84/495); Sydney, Royal National flattening at maturity, finely radially fibrillose,
Park, Couranga Track, Eucalypt woodland, 28.5.86, very dark violet brown (16F4), not hygrophanous.
F. K. Taeker, (UNSW 86/254); Sydney, Boronia Lamellae broadly adnate to adnate, thin, a little
Park, Eucalypt woodland, 27.5.90, R. Kearney, spaced, dark violet (16B5), more rusty with age, with
(UNSW 90/197); Hazelbrook, James Park, Eucalypt two series oflamellulae. Stipe cylindrical to clavate,
woodland, 30.5.92,A.E.Woodetal., (UNSW92/206); with a swollen base 3.7-7.0 x 1.0-1.5 cm, solid, dry,
Springwood, Sassafras Gully, Eucalypt woodland, dark violet (16B4) with fine cobweb veil, rapidly
16.4.94, A. E. Wood et al.,(UNSW 94/47); Sydney, disappearing (after Bougher & Syme 1988, colours
Sydney Harbour National Park, Bradleys Head, from Komerup & Wanscher, 1978).
UNSW
7.6.98, B. J.& N. W. Rees, 98/25); Sydney,
(
Lane Cove Bushland Park, Gore Creek, Eucalypt Spores
woodland, 7.6.98, B. J. & N.W. Rees, (UNSW 11.1-12.0 x 6.3-7.5 \ym, mean 11.49 x 6.81 |um,
98/28). mean Q = 1.69, oval to elliptic, occasionally vaguely
amygdaliform, with occasionally a slight supra-hilar
Authentic material from Sweden (Femsjo) was depression, but not visibly smooth, ornamentation
collected and at first was identified as Cortinarius moderate, coarse, blunt. Basidia cylindrical to
violaceus. Howeverlaterdetailedexaminationclearly clavate, 40-55 x 10-12 jam, four-spored, clamp
showed that it was a typical example of Cortinarius connections present. Cheilocystidia plentifijl, narrow
hercynicus and the following microscopic details are lageniformto fiisoid, 50-60 x 9-13 \xm, pleurocystidia
added for this collection (as Cortinarius hercynicus sparse, but clearly present, similar to cheilocystidia,
var hercynicus) but mostly fusiform 50-60 x 10-12 )j.m. Pileal cuticle
with a surface layer 35 -50(80) |j,m deep, a thin layer
Spores of loosely arranged hyphae, individual hyphae 2.5-
12.6-15.0 X 8.4-9.3 ^m, mean 13.47 x 8.94 ^m, 5 )im diameter, mainly repent, with no erect hyphae
Q = 1.51, spores elliptic, only vaguely amygdaliform, and no differentiated terminal cells, without wall
with only some spores showing a slightly flatter encrustation, some walls with pale golden walls;
supra-hilar depression, but that mostly not smooth, belowthisalayerofcloselypackedcylindricalhyphae
ornamentation moderate, a little broad and only ofthetrama (35-50x 7-10 |im, some a little largerand
slightly blunt. Cheilocystidia frequent 75-85 x 13-19 a few pseudoparenchymatous cells present).
}im, narrowly lageniform, pleurocystidia sparse but
clearly present, lageniform, somewhatmore variable,
152 Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 130, 2009
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Figure 3. Cortinarius herycynicus (UNSW 79/29) : a. spores; b. basidia; c. cheilocystidia; d. pleuro-
cystidia
Commentary Eucalyptwoodland, 22.5.93, K. Syme. (PERTH 0550
This species is different from the typical 6794), Holotype.
Cortinarius violaceus in that this species has oval to
elliptic spores (Q = 1.69), rather than amygdaliform Collection PERTH007775665 also seems to be this
spores, the cuticle does not produce pileocystida, species. However it was collected in a Pinus radiata
the cheilocystidia are narrower to fusiform and the plantation. It has spores with size 12-13.8 x 6.6-
general habit is much smaller. Hence it is regarded as 7.5 jam, mean 13.14 x 7.02 ^m, Q = 1.87, spores
a close, but distinct species. ovoid to elliptic, some vaguely amygdaliform,
supra-hilar depression sometimes slightly present,
Material Examined but never clearly smooth. Cheilocystidia abundant,
WA: Denmark, Mount Hallowell Reserve, narrow lageniform to narrow fusiform 85-110 x 10-
Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 130, 2009 153
cortinariusft. subgenus cortinarius in Australia
Figure 4. Cortinarius hallowellensis (PERTH 0550 6794) : a. spores; b. basidia; c. cheilocystidia;
d. pleurocystidia.
12 ^m, pleurocystidia abundant, narrow fusiform of Material Examined
the same dimensions. Pileal cuticle a thin, scarcely WA:. North of Jarrahdale, Pinus radiata
differentiated layer 20-30 |j,m deep, composed plantation, 2.6.76, M. Durack.
of narrow hyphae, 2-5 ^m diameter, the surface ( PERTH 00775665).
slightly more loosely arranged, but with no special
terminal cells and no upturned cystidia and then the
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
underlying tissues gradually becoming more densely
packed. This collection has slightly larger spores
and slightly longer cystidia, but does not otherwise The advice and encouragement of the late Professor
differ from the previous collection. In the absence of M.M.Moser is gratefully acknowledged. Grateful
further collections, this is left as another collection of appreciation is given to New South Wales National Parks
andWildlife Service and State Forests ofNew SouthWales
Cortinarius hallowellensis. This leaves the question
for permission to collect specimens from areas under their
as to whether this form is a local form which has control. Thanks are also due to PERTH herbarium for the
transferred to the introduced host or whether it was loanofspecimens.
introduced with the exotic species, and may occur
elsewhere. Much more extensive collecting may
allow this question to be answered.
154 Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 130, 2009
) .
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A.E.
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