Corticotropin-releasing factor : basic and clinical studies of a neuropeptide PDF
Preview Corticotropin-releasing factor : basic and clinical studies of a neuropeptide
Corticotropin-Releasing Factor: Basic and Clinical Studies of a Neuropeptide Editors Err01 B. De Souza Chief, Neurobiology Laboratory National Institute on Drug Abuse Addiction Research Center Baltimore, Maryland Charles B. Nemeroff Professor Department of Psychiatry Division of Biological Psychiatry Duke University Medical Center Durham. North Carolina Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the TayClorR &C Fr aPncries sGsro,u Ipn, acn. informa business Boca Raton. Florida First published 1990 by CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 Reissued 2018 by CRC Press © 1990 by CRC Press, Inc. CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright. com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Corticotropin-releasing factor. Includes bibliographies and index. 1. Corticotropin releasing hormone. I. De Souza, Errol B. II. Nemeroff, Charles B. [DNLM: 1. Cortico- tropin Releasing Hormone. WK 515 C8293] QP572.C62C67 1990 599’ .019’2456 89-9933 ISBN 0-8493-4550-2 A Library of Congress record exists under LC control number: 89009933 Publisher’s Note The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent. Disclaimer The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and welcomes correspondence from those they have been unable to contact. ISBN 13: 978-1-315-89183-5 (hbk) ISBN 13: 978-1-351-07093-5 (ebk) Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com FOREWORD The chemical and biological characterization of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) has evolved from two fundamental concepts developed over 30 years ago. The investigations of Scharrer and Scharrer, Harris, and others supported the theory that factors secreted by hypothalamic neurons into the hypothalamo-hypophysial portal vessel system could then reach and modulate the functions of the anterior pituitary gland. Evidence for the existence of a hypothalamic factor controlling ACTH secretion was provided by the in vivo studies of Harris, Hume, Fortier, and others and by the in vitro experiments of Guillemin and Saffron and Schally. The other key concept, derived from the work of Bernard, Cannon, and Selye, is that when exposed to real or perceived challenge to its internal homeostasis, an organism reacts with an array of hormonal, autonomic, and behavioral responses. Among the principle "stress responses" is the activation of the pituitary-adrenal cortical axis. Although biologically recognized in the 1950s, the chemical identity of CRF was not elucidated until 1981 when our group reported the primary sequence of ovine CRF, a 41 amino acid straight-chain polypeptide which is a highly potent stimulator of the biosynthesis and secretion of ACTH and other proopiomelanocortin (POMC) derived peptides such as P-endorphin. The development of improved cell culture-based bioassays, the recognition and identification of some of the other substances including vasopressin and epinephrine in hypothalamic extracts capable of releasing ACTH, and the improvement of purification and sequencing techniques contributed to the success of this effort. The following year, the structures of rat CRF isolated by us from rat hypothalamus and human CRF deduced by Numa's group using human genomic clones were found to be identical to one another. More recently, the sequences of bovine, carpine, and porcine CRF were determined. High affinity CRF binding sites, and cellular actions of CRF have been described for tissues in which the peptide has been localized. CRF activates adenylate cyclase and modifies firing rates in several brain regions in which receptors have been identified by membrane binding and autoradiographic techniques. In addition to activation of the pituitary-adrenal axis, stressful stimuli evoke many other endocrine, autonomic, and behavioral responses. The intracerebroventricular administration of CRF provokes several stress-like responses including activation of the sympathetic nervous system and inhibition of the parasympathetic nervous system with consequential increases in heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar, and inhibition of gastrointestinal functions. Fur- thermore, elevating CRF levels in the brain inhibits the secretion of gonadotropins and growth hormone by modulating the production of gonadotropin-releasing hormone and so- matostatin. Finally, significant effects of CRF on behavior have been noted and many are consistent with increased arousal and emotional reactivity to the environment. Recent ex- periments using CRF antagonists support the hypothesis that endogenous CRF participates in many of the neuroendocrine, autonomic, and behavioral responses to stress. These ob- servations along with evidence for increased production of CRF in certain human affective disorders as revealed by inappropriate pituitary-adrenal activation or elevated CRF levels in the cerebrospinal fluid have raised questions concerning the role of the peptide in conditions such as anorexia nervosa and depression. Future fundamental work on the structure of the CRF receptor(s), on the development of improved CRF receptor antagonists for physiologic and clinical studies, on the functions of brain CRF pathways in behavior and in coordinating the stress response may yield improved pharmacologic tools and provide insight concerning the nature of stress-related diseases. Wylie Vale Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology The Salk Institute for Biological Studies La Jolla, California THE EDITORS Err01 B. De Souza, Ph.D., is Chief, Neurobiology Laboratory, Addiction Research Center, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Alcohol, Drug Abuse and Mental Health Admin- istration, Baltimore, Maryland. He also holds a joint appointment as Assistant Professor of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. Dr. De Souza graduated in 1976 from the University of Toronto with a B.A. degree in Physiology and obtained his Ph.D. degree in 1982 from the Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. Subsequently, in 1983, he spent 2 years in the Department of Neuroscience at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine where he carried out extensive work imaging receptors using autoradiographic techniques. Dr. De Souza is a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the Endocrine Society, the International Brain Research Organization, and the Society for Neuroscience. Dr. De Souza has presented over 40 invited lectures and seminars at national and international meetings and at universities and institutes. He has published approximately 90 research papers and 100 abstracts. His current major research interests have focused on the identification, characterization, and localization of various neurotransmitter receptors in brain and in the periphery. In addition, he has carried out extensive studies examining changes in receptors and receptor-mediated second messengers in neurodegenerative diseases and neuropsychiatric disorders. Charles B. Nerneroff, M.D., Ph.D., was born in New York City almost 40 years ago and was educated in the New York City Public School System. After graduating from the City College of New York in 1970, he briefly enrolled as a graduate student in evolutionary biology at the American Museum of Natural History. An interest in neuroscience, however, led him to a research assistant's position at the Neurochemistry Laboratory at McLean Hospital in Belmont, Massachusetts. He simultaneously enrolled in graduate school at North- eastern University and received a Master's degree in Biology in 1973. He then relocated to North Carolina and enrolled in the Ph.D. program in Neurobiology at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. His Ph.D. work on thyrotropin-releasing hormone was per- formed under the direction of a psychiatrist, Arthur J. Prange, Jr. After a year of post- doctoral training in neurochemistry, he enrolled in medical school at the University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill. After residency training in psychiatry both at the University of North Carolina and at Duke University, he joined the faculty of Duke University and is currently Professor of Psychiatry, Pharmacology and Neurobiology and Chief of the Division of Biological Psychiatry at Duke University. He has been certified in psychiatry from the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology. He has published approximately 260 research reports and reviews, has nine edited books published or in press, and has been an invited speaker on more than 200 occasions. He has received a number of awards for his research including a MERIT Award from the National Institute of Mental Health, the Anna Monika Prize for Research in Endogenous Depression (1987), the Daniel H. Efron Award of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology (1987), the Curt P. Richter Award from the International Society of Psychoneuroendocrinology (1985), the Jordi Folch-Pi Award from the American Society for Neurochemistry (1987) and the Judith Silver Memorial Young Scientist Award from the National Alliance for the Mentally I11 (1988). He is on the editorial board of ten journals. Finally, he would, on most days, prefer to be at the seashore with his wife, Melissa, and two children, Matthew and Amanda. CONTRIBUTORS Greti Aguilera Err01 B. De Souza Chief, Section on Endocrine Physiology Chief National Institute of Child Health and Neurobiology Laboratory Human Development Neuroscience Branch National Institutes of Health National Institute on Drug Abuse Bethesda, Maryland Addiction Research Center Baltimore, Maryland George Battaglia James 0. Douglass Assistant Professor Assistant Staff Scientist Department of Pharmacology Vollum Institute for Advanced Loyola University of Chicago Stritch School of Medicine Biomedical Research Assistant Professor Maywood, Illinois Departments of Anatomy and Neurology Oregon Health Sciences University Garth Bissette Portland, Oregon Assistant Professor and CO-Director Laboratory of Psychoneuroendocrinology Cindy L. Ehlers Duke University Medical Center Assistant Member Durham, North Carolina Department of Neurophmacology Research Institute of Scripps Clinic Karen T. Britton La Jolla, California Department of Psychiatry San Diego Veterans Administration Laurel A. Fisher Medical Center Assistant Professor University of California School of Department of Pharmacology Medicine University of Arizona Health Sciences La Jolla, California Center Tucson, Arizona Marvin R. Brown Professor Mirza Flores Departments of Medicine and Surgery Visiting Fellow University of California Medical Center National Institute of Child and Human San Diego, California Development National Institutes of Health Pilar Carvallo Bethesda, Maryland Visiting Fellow Department of Endocrinology Thackery S. Gray National Institute of Child Health and Associate Professor Human Development Department of Anatomy National Institutes of Health Loyola Stritch School of Medicine Bethesda, Maryland Maywood, Illinois Kevin J. Catt Dimitri E. Grigoriadis Chief Visiting Staff Fellow Endocrinology and Reproduction Neuroscience Branch Research Branch National Institute on Drug Abuse National Institutes of Health Addiction Research Center Bethesda, Maryland Baltimore, Maryland Mark M. Gunion Samuel M. McCann Assistant Research Psychologist Professor and Director, Neuropeptide Department of Medicine and Brain Division Research Institute Department of Physiology Los Angeles, California University of Texas Health Science Sepulveda VA Medical Center Center Sepulveda, California Dallas, Texas James P. Harwood Monica Millan Executive Secretary Staff Fellow National Institute of Aging National Institute of Child and Human National Institutes of Health Development Bethesda, Maryland National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland Edward Herbert (Deceased) Vollum Institute for Advanced Biomedical Research John E. Morely Oregon Health Sciences University Professor Portland, Oregon Department of Medicine St. Louis University Medical School Florian Holsboer St. Louis, Missouri Professor and Chairman Department of Psychiatry Charles B. Nemeroff University of Freiburg Professor Freiburg, West Germany Department of Psychiatry Division of Biological Psychiatry Thomas R. Insel Duke University Medical Center Senior Staff Scientist Durham, North Carolina Laboratory of Clinical Science National Institute of Mental Health National Institutes of Health Michael J. Owens Poolesville, Maryland Postdoctoral Fellow Department of Psychiatry Ned H. Kalin Duke University Medical Center Director of Research Durham, North Carolina Department of Psychiatry University of Wisconsin Medical School Richard E. Powers Madison, Wisconsin Assistant Professor Departments of Psychiatry and Pathology George F. Koob University of Alabama School of Associate Member Medicine Department of Neuropharmacology Birmingham, Alabama Research Institute of Scripps Clinic La Jolla, California Donald L. Price Allen S. Levine Departments of Pathology, Psychiatry, Deputy ACOS for Research Neurology, and Neuroscience Department of Research Johns Hopkins University School of Veterans Administration Medical Center Medicine Minneapolis, Minnesota Baltimore, Maryland Catherine Rivier Yvette Tache Associate Research Professor Professor in Residence Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Department of Medicine Peptide Biology VA Medical Center, West Los Angeles The Salk Institute University of California at Los Angeles La Jolla, California Los Angeles, California Paul E. Sawchenko Robert C. Thompson Associate Professor Postdoctoral Fellow Laboratory of Neuronal Structure and Mental Health Research Institute Function University of Michigan The Salk Institute Ann Arbor, Michigan San Diego, California Wylie Vale Audrey F. Seasholtz Professor and Head Assistant Research Scientist Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Mental Health Research Institute Peptide Biology University of Michigan The Salk Institute Ann Arbor, Michigan La Jolla, California George Robert Siggins Rita J. Valentino Department of Neuropharmacology Assistant Professor Research Institute of Scripps Clinic Department of Mental Health Sciences La Jolla, California Hahnemann University Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Mark Smith Medical Staff Fellow Ulrich von Bardeleben Clinical Neuroendocrinology Branch Department of Psychiatry National Institute of Mental Health University of Freiburg National Institutes of Health Freiburg, West Germany Bethesda, Maryland Elizabeth Webster Robert Stephens Graduate Student Assistant Professor Department of Neuroscience The Ohio State University University of Florida School of Medicine Department of Physiology Gainesville, Florida College of Medicine Columbus, Ohio Peter J. Whitehouse Director Larry W. Swanson Alzheimer Center Senior Member Department of Neurology Neural System Laboratory Case Western Reserve University The Salk Institute Cleveland, Ohio La Jolla, California W. Scott Young, 111 Senior Staff Fellow Laboratory of Cell Biology National Institute of Mental Health Bethesda, Maryland TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 Cloning and Distribution of Expression of the Rat Corticotropin-Releasing Factor (CRF) Gene.. .....................................................................l Robert C. Thompson, Audrey F. Seasholtz, James 0. Douglass, and Edward Herbert Chapter 2 Distribution and Regulation of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor mRNA in Brain Using In Situ Hybridization Histochemistry .......................................1 3 W. Scott Young, I11 Chapter 3 Central Nervous System CRF in Stress: Radioimmunoassay Studies ....................2 1 Garth Bissette Chapter 4 Organization of CRF Imrnunoreactive Cells and Fibers in the Rat Brain: Irnmunohistochemical Studies ...........................................................2 9 P. E. Sawchenko and L. W. Swanson Chapter 5 The Organization and Possible Function of Amygdaloid Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Pathways.. .....................................................................-.5 3 Thackery S. Gray Chapter 6 Corticotropin-Releasing Factor (CRF) Receptors in the Rat Central Nervous System: Autoradiographic Localization Studies.. ........................................6 9 Errol B. De Souza and Thomas R. Insel Chapter 7 Brain Corticotropin-Releasing Factor and Development ................................. 91 Thomas R. Insel Chapter 8 Neurotransmitter Regulation of the CRF Secretion In Vitro ............................ 107 Michael J. Owens and Charles B. Nemeroff Chapter 9 Corticotropin-Releasing Factor (CRF) Receptors in Brain: Characterization and Regulation Studies ................................................................. 115 Errol B. De Souza and Dimitri E. Grigoriadis Chapter 10 Characterization of Second Messengers Coupled to Corticotropin-Releasing Factor (CRF) Receptors in Brain.. .................................................... .l37 George Battaglia, Elizabeth L. Webster, and Errol B. De Souza Chapter 11 Receptors for Corticotropin-Releasing Factor.. ........................................1. 53 Greti Aguilera, Mirza Flores, Pilar Carvallo, James P. Harwood, Monica Millan, and Kevin J. Catt Chapter 12 Regulation of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Secretion by Corticotropin-Releasing Factor (CRF) .................................................. 175 Catherine Rivier, Mark Smith, and Wylie Vale Chapter 13 Corticotropin-Releasing Factor (CRF) Actions on Adenohypophyseal Hormone Secretion by Direct Effects on the Pituitary and by Indirect Effects on the Hypothalamus ...........................................................l 91 S. M. McCann Chapter 14 Electrophysiology of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor in Nervous Tissue.. ............., 205 George Robert Siggins Chapter 15 Effects of CRF on Spontaneous and Sensory-Evoked Activity of Locus Coeruleus Neurons ....................................................................2. 1 7 Rita J. Valentino Chapter 16 CRF Effects on EEG Activity: Implications for the Modulation of Normal and Abnormal Brain States.. ...........................................................2 33 Cindy L. Ehlers Chapter 17 Behavioral Effects of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor. ..................................2 53 George F. Koob and Karen T. Britton Chapter 18 Corticotropin-Releasing Factor and Ingestive Behaviors ................................2 67 John E. Morley and Allen S. Levine Chapter 19 Behavioral and Endocrine Studies of Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone in Primates ............................................................................2.7 5 Ned H. Kalin Chapter 20 Regulation of the Autonomic Nervous System by Corticotropin-Releasing Factor.. .... 291 Marvin R. Brown and Laurel A. Fisher Chapter 21 CRF: Central Nervous System Action to Influence Gastrointestinal Function and Role in the Gastrointestinal Response to Stress.. ....................................... 299 Yvette Tache, Mark M. Gunion, and Robert Stephens
The list of books you might like
