Corrosion of Magnesium Alloys

656 Pages·2011·20.8 MB·English

by  G L Song

Corrosion of magnesium alloys
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2011
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© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2011
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Corrosion of
magnesium alloys
Edited by
Guang-Ling Song
Oxford Cambridge Philadelphia New Delhi
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2011
Magnesium-Song-Pre.indd 3 2/11/11 12:09:05 PM
Published by Woodhead Publishing Limited,
80 High Street, Sawston, Cambridge CB22 3HJ, UK
www.woodheadpublishing.com
Woodhead Publishing, 1518 Walnut Street, Suite 1100, Philadelphia, PA 19102-3406, USA
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First published 2011, Woodhead Publishing Limited
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2011
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Contents
Contributor contact details xiii
Preface xvii
Part I Fundamentals
1 Corrosion electrochemistry of magnesium (Mg) and
its alloys 3
G.-L. Song, General Motors Corporation, USA
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Thermodynamics 4
1.3 Surface film 9
1.4 Anodic process 15
1.5 Cathodic process 30
1.6 Corrosion mechanism and characteristic processes 37
1.7 References 57
2 Activity and passivity of magnesium (Mg) and its
alloys 66
E. ghali, Université Laval, Canada
2.1 Active and passive behaviors of magnesium (Mg) and its alloys 66
2.2 Passive properties and stability 71
2.3 Improvements and promising avenues of the passive
behavior 74
2.4 Specific factors characterizing corrosion behavior 78
2.5 Active and passive behaviors and corrosion forms 84
2.6 Performance of sacrificial magnesium (Mg) and its alloys 96
2.7 Mechanism of corrosion of sacrificial anodes 101
2.8 Examples of actual and possible uses 103
2.9 Evaluation of the sacrificial behavior 105
2.10 Future trends 108
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vvii Contents
2.11 Acknowledgements 109
2.12 References and further reading 109
Part II Metallurgical effects
3 Corrosion of magnesium (Mg) alloys and
metallurgical influence 117
A. atrenS and M. liu, The University of Queensland,
Australia, N. I. Zainal abidin, University of Malaya,
Malaysia and G.-L. Song, General Motors Corporation, USA
3.1 Introduction 117
3.2 Measurement details 118
3.3 Second phase effect 124
3.4 Impurity concentration 137
3.5 Surface condition 149
3.6 Medical implant applications 152
3.7 Concluding remarks 160
3.8 Acknowledgements 161
3.9 References 161
4 Role of structure and rare earth (RE) elements on
the corrosion of magnesium (Mg) alloys 166
T. Zhang, Harbin Engineering University, China and Y. li,
Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
China
4.1 Introduction 166
4.2 Role of structure on the corrosion process of magnesium
(Mg) alloys 166
4.3 Role of rare earth (RE) elements on the corrosion
process of magnesium (Mg) alloys 180
4.4 References 204
5 Corrosion behaviour of magnesium (Mg)-based bulk
metallic glasses 207
A. gebert, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials
Research, Germany
5.1 Introduction 207
5.2 Magnesium (Mg)-based bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) 209
5.3 Effect of micro-structural refinement on the corrosion of
magnesium (Mg)-based alloys 212
5.4 General corrosion and passivation behaviour of
magnesium (Mg)-based bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) 214
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2011
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Contents vviiii
5.5 Chloride-induced local corrosion behaviour of
magnesium (Mg)-based metallic glasses 221
5.6 Effect of hydrogen on the stability of magnesium
(Mg)-based glassy alloys 225
5.7 Future trends 226
5.8 Acknowledgements 228
5.9 References 228
6 Corrosion of innovative magnesium (Mg) alloys 234
P. B. SrinivaSan, C. blawert and D. höche,
Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Germany
6.1 Recycled alloys 234
6.2 Amorphous alloys 238
6.3 Alloy coatings 243
6.4 Ion implantation 248
6.5 Laser processed magnesium (Mg) alloys 250
6.6 References 260
Part III Environmental influences
7 Atmospheric corrosion of magnesium (Mg) alloys 269
M. JönSSon and D. PerSSon, SWEREA KIMAB, Sweden
7.1 Introduction 269
7.2 The atmospheric environment 270
7.3 Electrochemical reactions 271
7.4 The oxide film 272
7.5 The effect of atmospheric gases and particles 273
7.6 Corrosion of magnesium (Mg) alloys during field exposure 275
7.7 Corrosion products 278
7.8 Influence of microstructure on the atmospheric corrosion
behaviour 280
7.9 Differences between field-exposed magnesium (Mg) and
accelerated tests 293
7.10 Concluding remarks 295
7.11 References 296
8 Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of magnesium (Mg)
alloys 299
A. atrenS, The University of Queensland, Australia,
N. winZer, Fraunhofer Institute for Mechanics of Materials
IWM, Germany, W. dietZel and P. B. SrinivaSan,
Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Germany and g.-l. Song,
General Motors Corporation, USA
8.1 Introduction 299
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2011
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vviiiiii Contents
8.2 Alloy influences 301
8.3 Loading 315
8.4 Environmental influences 326
8.5 Fractography 334
8.6 Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) mechanisms 335
8.7 Recent insights 348
8.8 Open issues 352
8.9 Acknowledgements 354
8.10 References 354
9 Corrosion creep and fatigue behavior of magnesium
(Mg) alloys 365
Y. B. unigovSki and E. M. gutman, Ben-Gurion University
of the Negev, Israel
9.1 Introduction 365
9.2 Historical review of environmentally enhanced creep and
fatigue of metals 366
9.3 Mechanoelectrochemical behavior of magnesium (Mg)
alloys 372
9.4 Corrosion creep of magnesium (Mg) and diecast
magnesium (Mg) alloys 373
9.5 Corrosion fatigue of magnesium (Mg) alloys 387
9.6 Summary 398
9.7 References 398
10 Magnesium (Mg) corrosion: a challenging concept for
degradable implants 403
F. witte, Hannover Medical School, Germany, N. hort and
F. Feyerabend, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Germany and
C. vogt, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Germany
10.1 An introduction to degradable magnesium (Mg) implants 403
10.2 The appropriate selection and use of biodegradable
magnesium (Mg) alloys 406
10.3 In vivo corrosion of magnesium (Mg) alloys: what
happens in living tissue? 409
10.4 Methods to characterize in vivo corrosion 411
10.5 In vitro corrosion test methods 418
10.6 Future trends 422
10.7 References 423
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2011
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Contents iixx
11 Corrosion of magnesium (Mg) alloys in engine
coolants 426
G.-L. Song, General Motors Corporation, USA and D. H.
StJohn, The University of Queensland, Australia
11.1 Introduction 426
11.2 Magnesium (Mg) alloys and coolants 427
11.3 Laboratory evaluation methodology 429
11.4 Corrosion of magnesium (Mg) in ethylene glycol solution 432
11.5 Magnesium (Mg) alloys in ethylene glycol solution 438
11.6 Magnesium (Mg) alloys in commercial coolants 439
11.7 Corrosion inhibition 444
11.8 Health and environmental concerns 450
11.9 Summary 451
11.10 References 452
12 Numerical modelling of galvanic corrosion of
magnesium (Mg) alloys 455
A. atrenS and Z. Shi, The University of Queensland,
Australia and G.-L. Song, General Motors Corporation, USA
12.1 Introduction 455
12.2 Boundary element method (BEM) model 457
12.3 One-dimensional (1D) galvanic corrosion 460
12.4 Galvanic interaction 469
12.5 Steel fastener 471
12.6 Discussion 474
12.7 Conclusions 476
12.8 Future trends 476
12.9 Acknowledgements 482
12.10 References 482
13 Non-aqueous electrochemistry of magnesium (Mg) 484
D. aurbach and N. Pour, Bar Ilan University, Israel
13.1 Introduction 484
13.2 A short review of non-aqueous electrolyte solutions 487
13.3 A short review of the passivation phenomena of active
metals in non-aqueous electrolyte solutions 491
13.4 Magnesium (Mg) electrodes in conventional polar aprotic
solvents and in Grignard solutions 495
13.5 Ionic liquids (ILs) for magnesium (Mg) electrochemistry 498
13.6 On solutions with a wide electrochemical window (>2 V)
in which magnesium (Mg) deposition is reversible 500
13.7 On magnesium (Mg) ions insertion into inorganic hosts 505
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xx Contents
13.8 Future trends 511
13.9 References 513
Part IV Corrosion protection
14 Electrodeposition of aluminum (Al) on magnesium
(Mg) alloys in ionic liquids 519
W.-T. tSai and I.-W. Sun, National Cheng Kung University,
Taiwan
14.1 Introduction 519
14.2 Basics for ionic liquid plating 521
14.3 Electrochemical characteristics of AlCl –EMIC ionic
3
liquids 523
14.4 Material characteristics 526
14.5 Electrochemical and corrosion resistance of aluminum
(Al) and aluminum/zinc (Al/Zn)-coated magnesium (Mg)
alloys 528
14.6 Summary 534
14.7 Acknowledgement 536
14.8 References 536
15 Corrosion protection of magnesium (Mg) alloys
using conversion and electrophoretic coatings 541
B. L. luan, D. yang and X. Y. liu, National Research
Council of Canada, Canada and G.-L. Song, General Motors
Corporation, USA
15.1 Introduction 541
15.2 Conversion coating for magnesium (Mg) and its alloys 543
15.3 Electrocoat 554
15.4 Concluding remarks 560
15.5 References 562
16 Anodization and corrosion of magnesium (Mg)
alloys 565
G.-L. Song, General Motors Corporation, USA and Z. Shi,
The University of Queensland, Australia
16.1 Overview of anodizing techniques 565
16.2 Characteristics of anodizing behavior 568
16.3 Anodized coating/film 572
16.4 Influencing factors 577
16.5 Anodizing mechanism 583
16.6 Corrosion of anodized magnesium (Mg) alloys 591
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2011
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