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Corrosion inhibitors for steel in concrete PDF

79 Pages·2001·2.953 MB·English
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Corrosion Inhibitors for Steel in Concrete - State of the Art Report EARLIER VOLUMES I N T HIS SERIES 1CorrosionintheNuclearIndustry 19SeaWaterCorrosionofStainless Steels - Prepared bythe Working Party onNuclear Corrosion Mechanisms andExperiences Prepared bythe Working Parties onMarine Corrosion and 2PracticalCorrosionPrinciples Microbial Corrosion Prepared bythe Working Party onCorrosion Education 20OrganicandInorganic Coatings forCorrosion 3General Guidelines forCorrosionTesting of Prevention - ResearchandExperiences MaterialsforMarineApplications Papersfrom EUROCORR '96 Prepared bythe Working Party onMarine Corrosion 21Corrosion-Deformation Interactions 4Guidelines onElectrochemical Corrosion CDI '96inconjunction with EUROCORR '96 Measurements Prepared bythe Working Party onPhysico-Chemical 22Aspects ofMicrobially Induced Corrosion Methods ofCorrosion Testing Papersfrom EUROCORR '96and theEFC Working Party onMicrobial Corrosion 5Illustrated CaseHistories ofMarineCorrosion Prepared bythe Working Party onMarine Corrosion 23CO Corrosion ControlinOilandGasProduction 2 - Design Considerations 6Corrosion Education Manual Prepared bytheWorking Party onCorrosion inOiland Gas Prepared bythe Working Party onCorrosion Education Production 7CorrosionProblems RelatedtoNuclearWaste 24Electrochemical Rehabilitation Methods for Disposal Reinforced ConcreteStructures- Prepared bythe V</orkingParty onNuclear Corrosion AStateoftheArtReport Prepared bytheWorking Party onCorrosion of 8Microbial Corrosion Reinforcement inConcrete Prepared bythe Working Party onMicrobial Corrosion 25Corrosion ofReinforcement inConcrete- 9Microbiological Degradation ofMaterials- and Monitoring, Prevention andRehabilitation Methods ofProtection Papersfrom EUROCORR '97 Prepared bythe Working Party onMicrobial Corrosion 26Advances inCorrosion ControlandMaterialsin 10MarineCorrosionofStainless Steels:Chlorination OilandGasProduction andMicrobial Effects Prepared bythe Working Party onMarine Corrosion Papersfrom EUROCORR '97and EUROCORR '98 27CyclicOxidation ofHigh TemperatureMaterials 11CorrosionInhibitors Proceedings ofanEFC Workshop, Frankfurt/Main, 1999 Prepared bythe Working Party onInhibitors 28Electrochemical Approach to Selected 12Modifications ofPassive Films Corrosion and Corrosion Control Studies Prepared bythe Working Party onSurface Science and Papers from 50th ISE Meeting, Pavia, 1999 Mechanisms ofCorrosion and Protection 13PredictingCO CorrosionintheOilandGasIndustry 29Microbial Corrosion (Proceedings ofthe4th Prepared bythe Wo2rking Party onCorrosion in Oiland Gas International EFCWorkshop) Prepared bythe Working Party onMicrobial Corrosion Production 30 Survey of Literature on Crevice Corrosion 14Guidelines forMethods ofTesting andResearchin High Temperature Corrosion (1979-1998): Mechanisms, Test Methods and Results, Practical Experience, Protective Measures Prepared bythe Working Party onCorrosion byHot Gases and Monitoring and Combustion Products Prepared byF.P.IJsseling and the Working Party on 15Microbial Corrosion (Proc.3rdInt.EFCWorkshop) Marine Corrosion Prepared bythe Working Party onMicrobial Corrosion 31Corrosion of Reinforcement in Concrete: 16Guidelines onMaterials Requirements forCarbon Corrosion Mechanisms and Corrosion Protection andLowAlloy Steels forHS-Containing Papersfrom EUROCORR '99and the Working Party on 2 Environments inOilandGasProduction Corrosion ofReinforcement inConcrete Prepared bythe Working Party onCorrosion inOil and Gas Production 33Marine Corrosion of Stainless Steels: Testing, Selection, Experience, Protection and Monitoring 17CorrosionResistant Alloys forOilandGas Edited byD.Feron Production:Guidance onGeneralRequirements and TestMethods forH;!SService 34Lifetime Modelling of High Temperature Prepared bythe Workmg Party onCorrosion in Oiland Gas Corrosion Processes Production Proceedings ofanEFC Workshop 2001. Edited by M. Schuize, W.J.Quadakkers andJ.R.Nicholls 18Stainless SteelinConcrete:StateoftheArtReport Prepared bythe Working Party onCorrosion of Reinforcement inConcrete European Federation of Corrosion Pub lica tions NUMBER 35 Corrosion Inhibitors for Steel in Concrete State of the Art Report Edited by B. ELSENER Publishedfor the European Federation of Corrosion by Maney Publishing on behalfof The Institute ofMaterials MANEY publishing BookNumber B0773 Published in 2001by Maney Publishing on behalf ofThe Institute ofMaterials 1Carlton House Terrace, London SW1Y5DB Maney Publishing isthe trading name of W.S.Maney &SonLtd © 2001The Institute ofMaterials Allrights reserved ISBN1-902653-48-3 The European Federation ofCorrosion, W.S.Maney and The Institute ofMaterials are not responsible for any views expressed in this publication Typesetting by spiresdesign Made and printed in Great Britain Contents SeriesIntroduction vii Preface ix 1.Introduction 1 2.Corrosion Inhibitors for Use in Concrete 3 2.1.Mechanism 3 2.2.Inhibitors as Repair Strategy 5 3.Literature Results on Corrosion Inhibitors for Steel in Concrete 7 3.1.Nitrites 7 3.1.1.Effect ofnitrites on concrete properties 8 3.1.2.Mechanism ofthe action ofnitrites 9 3.1.3.Critical ratio between chloride and nitrite 9 3.1.4.Nitrites as curative inhibitors 12 3.1.5.Long term efficiency 12 3.2.Other Inorganic Inhibitors 14 3.2.1.Inhibitors as admixtures to concrete 14 3.2.2.Sodium monofluorophosphate (MFP) 16 3.3.Alkanolamines and Amines 21 3.3.1.Literature studies and patent applications 21 3.3.2.Studies with proprietary inhibitor blends based on 23 alkanolamines 3.4.Other Organic Inhibitors 33 vi Contents 4.Critical Evaluation of Corrosion Inhibitors 35 4.1.Concrete Properties - Environment 35 4.2.Concentration Dependence 36 4.2.1.Mechanism ofinhibition oflocalised corrosion 36 4.2.2.Inhibitors admixed toconcrete- new structures 37 4.2.3.Surface-applied inhibitors 38 4.3.Measurement and Control ofInhibitor Action 38 4.4.FieldTestsand Applications 39 4.5.Durability ofthe Inhibitor Action 40 5.Test Methods to Evaluate Corrosion Inhibitors for Steel in Concrete 43 5.1.Non-perturbing Tests 43 5.2. Open Circuit Potential 44 5.3.Polarisation ResistanceMeasurements 45 5.4.MacrocellTests 46 5.5.TestVariables 47 5.5.1.Surfacepreparation ofthe rebars - Electricalconnection 47 5.5.2.Pre-passivation 48 5.5.3.Method ofponding 48 5.6.Polarisation Curves 49 5.6.1.Pitting potential 50 5.6.2.Influence oncathodic oxygenreduction reaction 50 6.Ongoing Research Work 51 6.1.Migrating Corrosion Inhibitors 51 6.2.Surface-applied MFP 52 6.3.Testing 52 7.Concluding Remarks 55 8.References 57 9.Abbreviations 65 Appendix: ListofOngoing Research Projects 67 European Federation ofCorrosion Publications Series Introduction The EFC, incorporated in Belgium, was founded in 1955 with the purpose of promoting European co-operation inthefieldsofresearch intocorrosion and corrosion prevention. Membership isbased upon participation by corrosion societies and committees in technical Working Parties. Member societies appoint delegates to Working Parties, whose membership is expanded by personal corresponding membership. The activities of the Working Parties cover corrosion topics associated with inhibition, education, reinforcement in concrete, microbial effects, hot gases and combustion products, environment sensitive fracture, marine environments, surface science, physico-chemical methods ofmeasurement, the nuclear industry, computer based information systems, the oil and gas industry, the petrochemical industry, coatings, automotive engineering and cathodic protection. Working Parties on other topics are established as required. TheWorking Parties function invarious ways, e.g.bypreparing reports, organising symposia, conducting intensive courses and producing instructional material, including films. The activities of the Working Parties are co-ordinated, through a Science and Technology Advisory Committee, by the Scientific Secretary. The administration ofthe EFCishandled by three Secretariats: DECHEMA e.V. in Germany, the Societe de Chimie Industrielle in France, and The Institute of Materials in the United Kingdom. These three Secretariats meet at the Board of Administrators ofthe EFC.There isan annual General Assembly atwhich delegates from allmember societies meet to determine and approve EFCpolicy. News ofEFC activities, forthcoming conferences, courses etc.ispublished in arange ofaccredited corrosion and certain other journals throughout Europe. More detailed descriptions ofactivities are given in aNewsletter prepared by the Scientific Secretary. The output of the EFC takes various forms. Papers on particular topics, for example, reviews orresults ofexperimental work, may bepublished inscientific and technical journals in one or more countries in Europe. Conference proceedings are often published by the organisation responsible for the conference. In 1987the, then, Institute ofMetals was appointed asthe official EFCpublisher. Although the arrangement isnon-exclusive and other routes forpublication are still available, itisexpected that the Working Parties ofthe EFCwill use The Institute of Materials for publication ofreports, proceedings etc. wherever possible. Thename ofTheInstitute ofMetals was changed toTheInstitute ofMaterials with effect from 1January 1992. The EFCSeries isnow published by Maney Publishing onbehalf ofThe Institute ofMaterials. A.D.Mercer EFCSeries Editor, The Institute ofMaterials, London, UK viii SeriesIntroduction EFCSecretariats are located at: Dr BA Rickinson European Federation of Corrosion, The Institute of Materials, 1 Carlton House Terrace, London, SW1Y5DB,UK MrPBerge Federation Europeene de laCorrosion, Societe de Chimie Industrielle, 28rue Saint- Dominique, F-7S007Paris, FRANCE Professor Dr GKreysa Europaische Foderation Korrosion, DECHEMA e. V., Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25, D-60486, Frankfurt, GERMANY Preface Insteel-reinforced orprestressed concrete structures adequate corrosion resistance is usually provided by a passive layer on the steel surface resulting from the high alkalinity of the concrete environment. However, as a result of mechanisms which destroy the passive layer, for example, carbonation ofthe concrete cover or chloride contamination, depassivation can take place. In such cases it is necessary to take measures to prevent corrosion induced damage ofthe reinforcement or to keep this within tolerable limits during the design lifetime ofthe structure. Toavoid some of the disadvantages oftraditional rehabilitation methods various new methods have been developed and successfully applied inrecent years. Thus,besides electrochemical techniques - which have been the subject ofaprevious state ofthe art report from the EFC Working Party - the use of corrosion inhibitors is continuing to attract attention. Inhibitors have been successfully applied forpreventing corrosion and corrosion damage in many and varied technical fields for very many years. However, the use ofinhibitors for reinforced concrete structures isarelatively new field and has sofar been limited to their application as admixtures to fresh concrete or repair products. More recently their use as asurface-applied procedure has attracted much attention as it offers a new cost-effective rehabilitation measure for existing structures. Nevertheless, fornon-experts itisalmost impossible toassess theinhibiting efficiency ofthe various inhibitive products (inorganic inhibitors, organic inhibitors, inhibitor blends, etc.) that are proposed. The preparation of a state of the art report in such a rapidly growing field is possible only with direct contacts to ongoing research projects, especially to the European concerted research action COST 521which started in 1997and includes 14different individual projects investigating corrosion inhibitors forsteel inconcrete. The present state ofthe art report which has been prepared by Bernhard Elsener with the support ofaTask Group* ofthe EFCWorking Party No. 11on Corrosion of Reinforcement in Concrete has benefitted from such contacts and describes in detail the different commercial inhibitors available for use in concrete and considers their mechanistic action together with experience from laboratory and field tests. The *The members ofthe Task Group were asfollows: B.Elsener (Switzerland) - Convenor ofthe Task Group; c. Andrade (Spain); R.Polder (TheNetherlands); A.Legat (Slovenia); P. Schiessl (Germany); U.Nurnberger (Germany); J.Tritthart (Austria); C.Page (UK); J.Vogelsgang (Germany). P.Pedeferri (Italy);

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