Corrosion in Systems for Storage and Transportation of Petroleum Products and Biofuels: Identification, Monitoring and Solutions

306 Pages·2014·7.38 MB·English

by  Alec Groysman (auth.)

Corrosion in Systems for Storage and Transportation
of Petroleum Products and Biofuels
Alec Groysman
Corrosion in Systems for
Storage and Transportation
of Petroleum Products and
Biofuels
Identification, Monitoring and Solutions
1 3
Alec Groysman
Association of Engineers and Architects in Israel
Israeli Society of Chemical Engineers & Chemists,
Tel Aviv, Israel
ISBN 978-94-007-7883-2 ISBN 978-94-007-7884-9 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-7884-9
Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg New York London
Library of Congress Control Number: 2013958378
© Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2014
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of
the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recita-
tion, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or infor-
mation storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar meth-
odology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in
connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being
entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplica-
tion of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of
the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from
Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center.
Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publica-
tion does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the
relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publica-
tion, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors
or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to
the material contained herein.
Printed on acid-free paper
Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface
Fuels occupy one of the main places in the history of modern mankind. More than
ever today it is impossible to imagine our life without fuels. You drive your car, fly
by airplane, travel by ship, and warm your house using different fuels. In this book,
we will talk only about liquid fuels producing from petroleum products (called also
distillates or refined products), such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), naphtha,
gasoline, kerosene ( jet fuel), gas oil (diesel fuel), and fuel oil and corrosion in them.
All these petroleum products are obtained from crude oil. We will also discuss cor-
rosion in liquid biofuels which began occupy essential place in supply of energy and
heat in many countries.
Metallic constructions for transportation and storage of crude oil, petroleum
products and biofuels are made mainly from carbon steel. In spite of removing most
corrosive species from fuels the paradox is that metallic constructions contacting
with them are being damaged. Different polymeric and composite materials contact
fuels. On the one hand, materials can deteriorate fuels. On the other hand, fuels
can worsen important functional properties of materials. Therefore we will discuss
metallic, polymeric and composite materials including organic coatings which also
can contact fuels. Resistance of all these materials to fuels is very important in pre-
serving both environment and fuels from deterioration. These problems can be sum
up as following questions:
Why are crude oils, petroleum products, fuels and biofuels aggressive to metals,
alloys and polymeric materials? Which corrosion control and monitoring methods
are used in order to prevent corrosion failures in systems for transportation and stor-
age petroleum products?
In this book, I summarized experience based on my long practical and research
work, as well numerous literature data which are collected and analysed.
Thus I invite you to the marvelous world of liquid fuels, their aggressiveness,
corrosion control and monitoring methods.
v
To my great, wise, intelligent and smart
wife Olga for constant support, endurance,
understanding and assisting in creating,
discussing and writing this book, and also
to my lovely children Sasha, Anat, Tal and
beautiful grandchildren Jonatan and Ido
vii
“I believe that getting to know more and more,
a man acquires infinite power.”
Émile François Zola (1840–1902), a French writer
ix
Contents
1 Physico-Chemical Properties and Corrosiveness of Crude
Oils and Petroleum Products .................................................................... 1
1.1 Crude Oil Characteristics .................................................................... 2
1.1.1 Chemical Compounds in Crude Oils ....................................... 2
1.1.2 Corrosive Characteristics of Crude Oils .................................. 3
1.2 Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Petroleum Products .................. 8
1.2.1 Corrosiveness of Petroleum Products ...................................... 11
References .................................................................................................... 19
2 Fuel Additives ............................................................................................. 23
2.1 Action of Fuel Additives and Their Application ................................. 24
2.2 A dditives to Fuel Oils.......................................................................... 37
2.3 Additives for Prevention Oil-ash and Cold-end
Corrosion in Boilers ............................................................................ 38
2.3.1 Combustion Improvers ............................................................ 39
2.4 Risks and Benefits in the Use of Fuel Additives:
The Environmental Balance ................................................................ 40
Recommended Literature ............................................................................. 40
3 Fuel Oxygenates ......................................................................................... 43
3.1 Alcohols as Fuel Oxygenates .............................................................. 44
3.2 Ethers as Fuel Oxygenates .................................................................. 45
References .................................................................................................... 47
4 Biofuels ........................................................................................................ 49
4.1 Additives to Biofuels ........................................................................... 54
4.1.1 Additives to Biodiesel .............................................................. 54
Recommended Literature ............................................................................. 55
5 Corrosion of Metallic Constructions and Equipment
in Petroleum Products ............................................................................... 57
5.1 General Theory of Corrosion .............................................................. 58
xi
xii Contents
5.2 Corrosion Phenomena ....................................................................... 60
5.3 Corrosion in Petroleum Products ...................................................... 65
5.3.1 Electrical Conductivity of Petroleum Products
and Their Corrosiveness ........................................................ 69
5.4 Microbial Contamination of Fuels .................................................... 73
5.4.1 Microbial Contamination of Bioidesel .................................. 79
5.4.2 Participation of Microorganisms in Corrosion of
Metals in Fuels ...................................................................... 81
5.5 Corrosion in Biofuels ........................................................................ 90
5.5.1 Physico-Chemical Properties of Biofuels. ............................. 90
5.5.2 Corrosion of Metals in Alcohols ............................................ 92
5.5.3 Corrosion of Metals in Biodiesel ........................................... 101
5.6 Corrosion in the Atmosphere ............................................................ 107
5.7 Corrosion in Soil ............................................................................... 109
5.8 Corrosion of Tanks Containing Petroleum Products ......................... 114
5.9 Corrosion of Tanks and Pipelines Under Thermal Insulation ........... 130
5.9.1 Prevention of Corrosion Under Thermal Insulation .............. 134
References .................................................................................................. 134
6 P olymeric Materials in Systems for Transportation
and Storage of Fuels................................................................................. 145
6.1 Polymers and Their Properties .......................................................... 146
6.1.1 Permeability of Polymers ...................................................... 150
6.2 Resistance of Polymers to Fuel Oxygenates and Aromatics ............. 150
6.3 Aggressiveness of Biofuels to Polymers ........................................... 151
6.3.1 Aggressiveness of Alcohols to Polymers ............................... 152
6.3.2 A ggressiveness of Biodiesel to Polymers .............................. 152
References .................................................................................................. 156
7 Corrosion Prevention and Control in Systems Containing Fuels ........ 159
7.1 Choice of Materials ........................................................................... 160
7.2 Coatings............................................................................................. 164
7.2.1 Antistatic Coatings for Anti-corrosion Protection of
Inner Surface of AST Containing Gasoline and Naphtha ...... 166
7.2.2 Coating Systems for Protection of Outer Surface of
AST Containing Crude Oil and Fuels .................................... 166
7.2.3 Coating Systems for Protection of Outer Surface of
Underground and Submerged Pipelines ................................ 167
7.2.4 Metallic Coatings ................................................................... 167
7.2.5 Recommendations for the Selection Coating System ........... 169
7.2.6 Testing of Coating Compatibility Under the Condi-
tions of Fuel Storage Tanks ................................................... 169
7.2.7 Experience of Anti-corrosion Protection of AST .................. 171
Contents xiii
7.3 Cathodic Protection ........................................................................... 172
7.3.1 Internal Cathodic Protection .................................................. 173
7.3.2 Cathodic Protection of the External Surface of AST
Bottoms, UST, Underground and Submerged Pipelines ....... 173
7.4 Corrosion Inhibitors .......................................................................... 174
7.4.1 Liquid Phase .......................................................................... 174
7.4.2 Vapor Phase ........................................................................... 175
7.5 A nti-Bacterial Treatment ................................................................... 178
7.6 Technological Measures .................................................................... 178
7.7 Combined Methods of Corrosion Control ......................................... 179
7.8 Secondary Containment and Double Bottom .................................... 179
7.9 Underground Storage Tanks .............................................................. 180
References .................................................................................................. 181
8 Corrosion Monitoring and Nondestructive Testing
in Systems Containing Fuels ................................................................... 187
8.1 Control of Physical Properties of a Metal ......................................... 188
8.1.1 Ultrasonic Technique (UT) .................................................... 189
8.1.2 Acoustic Emission (AE) ........................................................ 191
8.1.3 Magnetic and Electromagnetic Methods ............................... 192
8.1.4 Eddy Current Technique ........................................................ 193
8.1.5 Other Physical NDT Methods ............................................... 194
8.1.6 W eight Loss and Electrical Resistance (ER) Methods .......... 196
8.2 Examination and Control of the Environment .................................. 197
8.3 Control the Interphase Metal–Environment ...................................... 198
8.4 On-Line, Real-Time CM ................................................................... 198
8.5 Monitoring of Cathodic Protection ................................................... 201
8.6 Inspection of Tanks ........................................................................... 202
8.6.1 Conclusion ............................................................................. 203
References .................................................................................................. 204
9 Cases of Typical and Unusual Corrosion of Tanks ............................... 211
9.1 Corrosion of Outer Surface of Tanks’ Shell Under Bricks ................ 211
9.1.1 Case 1 .................................................................................... 211
9.1.2 Case 2 .................................................................................... 212
9.1.3 Case 3 .................................................................................... 212
9.1.4 Case 4. Outside and Inside Corrosion of the AST
Containing Gas Oil ................................................................ 213
9.1.5 Case 5. Corrosion Under Thermal Insulation of the
AST Containing Asphalt ........................................................ 215
9.1.6 Case 6. General Corrosion and Coating Failure in
Gasoline AST ......................................................................... 216
9.1.7 Case 7. General Corrosion and Coating Failure in
the AST (separator) ................................................................ 216