Pierre Vernimmen Corporate Finance Theory and Practice Pascal Quiry Maurizio Dallocchio Yann Le Fur Antonio Salvi Corporate Finance Thisbookis unique –one ofthe ultimate studyandreference guidesfor Europeanfinanciers from students to CFOs.The French-languageversions ofthe Vernimmen havebeen formesome ofthe most helpful and trusted companionsthroughoutmy professionalcareer. DanArendt,CorporateFinancepartneratDeloitteinLuxembourg Thisbookisparticularlyusefulforthosepeoplewholookforthebridgebetweenstrategic,operationalandinvestment decisionsononehand,andfinancialaccountsontheother.Theauthors’approach,whichconsistsofguidingthereader fromfinancialaccountingtomostcomplexdealsthathavestrategicimplicationsforfirms,isnewandveryuseful.Iwould recommendthisbooktothosewhowanttosucceedinboththein-houseandtheexternalconsultingworld,aswellasin theareaofCorporateFinance. StephanDertnig,VicePresident,MoscowOffice,TheBostonConsultingGroup I’mgladtohearthatVernimmen’suniquebookonfinanceisnowavailableforEnglish-speakingreaders.Ihaveknown thisexcellentbookformanyyears,whichallprofessionalscaneasilyusewhentheyneedtogobacktothebasicsof modernCorporateFinance.Smartlywritten,thorough,lively,andregularlyupdated.Istronglyrecommendittoeveryone– fromthedebutantinfinancetohigh-levelexperts.LearningwithVernimmenisarealpleasure. AntoineGiscardd’Estaing,CFOofDanone Vernimmen’sCorporateFinance,longoverdueinEnglish,isanoutstandinglyclearandcompletemanual,awonderful mergerofpracticeandtheory.ItscoverageofthemarketaspectsofCorporateFinanceandofEuropeanpractices distinguishesitscontent,butitstreatmentofallthematerialmakesitessentialreadingforthestudent,financieror industrialist. HowardJones,FellowinFinanceattheSaı¨dBusinessSchool,OxfordUniversity,UK ThisbookwasthefirstfinancebookIreadasastudentinmytwenties.Ireaditagaininmythirtiestoreviewsomeofthe keyfinancechallengesIwasfacinginmyprofessionallife.Now,inmyforties,Iamreviewingitoncemoretocomparethe realityIhavetofacenowinAsia,withthemostadvancedfinancialconcepts.Ihaveneverbeendisappointedandhave alwaysbeenabletofindtheappropriateanswertomyquestions,aswellasfoodforthought.Iamsuremychildrenwill readitwhenIaminmyfifties,asVernimmenisnotjustanotherbookonfinance:thisisfinanceasalifeexperiment. Istronglyrecommendthisbooktoallthecorporatemanagersfacingnewquestionsorchallengesintheirprofessional lives,especiallyinaninternationalmulti-currencycontext.Youdonotneedtobeafinanceexperttoenjoyreadingit,as it’sreallyeasytounderstand,withenoughexplanations,concreteexamples...andhumour,tohelpyoujumpsuccessfully intothemostsophisticatedtheories.But,ifyouareanexpert,youwillalsofindfoodforthought,asitsmethodological basesarestrongenoughtosatisfythemostdemandingCFO. Jean-MichelMoutin,CFO,LouisVuittonAsiaPacific-Japan UnderstandingCorporateFinanceiskeytosuccessfulcompanymanagement.Fromabanker’spointofview,agood understandingofCorporateFinanceiscrucialtoassistacompany.TheVernimmen,writtenforEuropeansbyEuropeansis amostusefulreferenceforthestudentaswellasthepractitioner.Thestyleofthebookisconcise,yeteveryconceivable aspectofCorporateFinanceiscovered.Complementedbyanexhaustivewebsitecontainingsummariesofkeyconcepts,of formulae,andoffinancialstatementsfromawiderangeofcompanies,theVernimmenisamust. MichaelRockinger,ProfessorofFinance,DirectoroftheInstituteofBankingandFinance, HEC&FAME,UniversityofLausanne,Switzerland Thisbookefficientlybridgesfinancialtheoryandpractice,andencapsulateseverythingaCorporateFinancebankerwill everneedtoknowandunderstand.Itisobviousthattheauthorsarepassionateaboutfinance,andtheirenthusiasmis contagious.Writteninaneasyandaccessiblestyle,thisbookdeservestobecomeareferencework. JanZarzycki,Director,EquityCapitalMarkets,DeutscheBank Pierre Vernimmen Corporate Finance Theory and Practice Pascal Quiry Maurizio Dallocchio Yann Le Fur Antonio Salvi Copyright#2005 JohnWiley&SonsLtd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester, WestSussexPO198SQ,England Telephone:(þ44)1243779777 Email(forordersandcustomerserviceenquiries):[email protected] VisitourHomePageonwww.wiley.com AllRightsReserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystemor transmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording, scanningorotherwise,exceptunderthetermsoftheCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988or underthetermsofalicenceissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgencyLtd,90TottenhamCourt Road,LondonW1T4LP,UK,withoutthepermissioninwritingofthePublisher.Requeststothe PublishershouldbeaddressedtothePermissionsDepartment,JohnWiley&SonsLtd,The Atrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussexPO198SQ,England,oremailedto [email protected],orfaxedto(þ44)1243770620. 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About the authors Pascal Quiry is an adjunct finance teacher in the leading French business school HEC Paris, and a managing director at BNP Paribas Corporate Finance, specialising in M&A transactions for listed companies. Maurizio Dallocchio is the current Dean of the leading Italian business school Bocconi (Milan) and Lehman Brothers Chair of Corporate Finance. He is also a board member of several listed and unlisted companies and is one of the most distinguished Italian authorities on finance. Yann Le Fur is a corporate finance teacher at HEC Paris business school and an investment banker with Mediobanca in Paris (after several years with Schroders and Citigroup). AntonioSalviisanAssistantProfessorofFinanceatBocconiandtheUniversityof Venice where he teaches Corporate Finance. His areas of research cover cost of capital, structure of debt finance and corporate governance. Pierre Vernimmen, who died in 1996, was both an M&A dealmaker (he advised LouisVuittononitsmergerwithMoe¨tHenessytocreateLVMH,theworldluxury goods leader) and a finance teacher at HEC Paris. His book, Finance d’Entreprise, was andstill isthetop-sellingfinancialtextbookinFrench-speaking countriesand is the forebear of Corporate Finance: Theory and Practice. The authors of this book wish to express their profound thanks to the HEC Paris Business School and Foundation, ABN Amro, Barclays, BNP Paribas, DGPA, HSBC, Lazard, and Nomura for their generous financial support; also Matthew Cush, Robert Killingsworth, John Olds, Gita Roux, Steven Sklar and Patrice Carlean-Jones who helped us tremendously in writing this book. Summary Foreword by Richard Roll xvi 9 Margin analysis: Structure 155 Preface xviii 10 Margin analysis: Risks 178 List of frequently used symbols xxii 11 Working capital and capital expenditures 193 1 What is corporate finance? 1 12 Financing 217 13 Return on capital employed and Section I return on equity 232 Financial analysis 15 14 Conclusion of financial analysis 252 Part One Section II Fundamental concepts in Investment analysis 259 financial analysis 17 Part One 2 Cash flows 19 Investment decision rules 261 3 Earnings 29 4 Capital employed and invested 15 The financial markets 263 capital 44 16 The time value of money and Net 5 Walking through from earnings to Present Value (NPV) 290 cash flow 57 17 The Internal Rate of Return (IRR) 309 6 Getting to grips with consolidated 18 Incremental cash flows and other accounts 73 investment criteria 327 7 How to cope with the most complex 19 Measuring value creation 345 points in financial accounts 94 20 Risk and investment analysis 367 Part Two Financial analysis and Part Two forecasting 121 The risk of securities and the cost of capital 385 8 How to perform a financial analysis 123 21 Risk and return 387 Summary vii 22 The cost of equity 419 Part Three Equity capital and dividend 23 From the cost of equity to the policies 753 cost of capital 443 24 The term structure of interest 37 Internal financing: Reinvesting cash rates 461 flow 755 38 Returning cash to shareholders: Dividend policies 768 39 Capital increases 792 Section III Corporate financial Section IV policies 473 Financial management 809 Part One Financial securities 475 Part One Valuation and financial engineering 811 25 Enterprise value and financial securities 477 40 Valuation 813 26 Debt securities 485 41 Choice of corporate structure 844 27 Managing net debt 512 42 Taking control of a company 873 28 Shares 538 43 Mergers and demergers 894 29 Options 556 44 Leveraged buyouts (LBOs) 912 30 Hybrid securities 577 45 Bankruptcy and restructuring 923 31 Selling securities 601 Part Two Managing net debt and financial risks 937 Part Two Capital structure policies 635 46 Managing cash flows 939 47 Asset-based financing 956 32 Value and corporate finance 637 48 Managing financial risks 972 33 Capital structure and the theory of perfect capital markets 657 34 The tradeoff model 668 Glossary 992 Index 1002 35 Debt, equity and options theory 698 Vernimmen.com 1031 36 Working out details: The design of the capital structure 716 Cribsheet 1032