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Coronavirus Disease This page intentionally left blank Coronavirus Disease From Origin to Outbreak Edited by Adnan I. Qureshi Zeenat Qureshi Institutes and Department of Neurology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States Omar Saeed DepartmentofNeurology,UniversityofTennesseeHealthScienceCenter, Memphis, TN, United States Uzma Syed South Shore Infectious Diseases, Bayshore; Travel Medicine Consultants and Antibiotic Infusion Center, Syosset, NY, United States AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier 125LondonWall,LondonEC2Y5AS,UnitedKingdom 525BStreet,Suite1650,SanDiego,CA92101,UnitedStates 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom Copyright(cid:1)2022ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. 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Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgein evaluatingandusinganyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribed herein.Inusingsuchinformationormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafety andthesafetyofothers,includingpartiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,or editors,assumeanyliabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatter ofproductsliability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods, products,instructions,orideascontainedinthematerialherein. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN:978-0-12-824409-8 ForinformationonallAcademicPresspublicationsvisitour websiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:StacyMasucci AcquisitionsEditor:KattieWashington EditorialProjectManager:PatGonzalez ProductionProjectManager:MariaBernard CoverDesigner:MatthewLimbert TypesetbyTNQTechnologies Contents Contributors ix 1. Introduction 1 AdnanI.Qureshi References 11 2. History of SARS-CoV-2 13 IrynaLobanova References 17 3. Zoonotic infections 21 GhaidaZaid Definition 21 Transmission 21 Historyofzoonoses 22 Emerging infectionsandvirusspillover 25 Batecology 25 ZoonosisasrelevanttoSARS-CoV-1andSARS-CoV-2infections 26 Challenges tocontrol outbreak 27 References 27 4. Global response 29 AhmedA.MalikandImaan Bashir Anenemyemerges 29 Thevirusmarcheson:East Asiancountries 31 Europewillnot bespared:Italy 32 Letusworshipinpeace:Pakistan 32 Thenewnorm:theUnitedStatesgetscaught inastorm 33 Thecitythatneversleeps 36 Thedilemmaofoneofthelargestgatheringintheworld 38 Thesearchforaprevention 40 Theneedtomonitor thecases 41 v vi Contents AsEarthcompletes itsrevolution 41 References 44 5. Coronavirus infection outbreak: comparison with other viral infection outbreak 47 MohammadRaufA.Chaudhry UnderstandingSARS-CoV-2 47 Epidemicversuspandemic 49 Commonfeaturesofepidemics 49 Sawtoothpattern 49 Toothnecklacepattern 49 Tootheruptionpattern 50 Whyepidemicsdietheirdeaths? 50 ComparingSARS-CoV-2withSARS-CoVandinfluenza pandemics 51 GenestructureofMERS-CoV,SARS-CoV,andSARS-CoV-2 51 Transmissibilityandthebasic reproductiverate 52 IncubationperiodofSARS-CoV-2andviralexcretion 52 Casefatalityandriskofsevereillness 52 Population-basedmortality 54 Incidence ofSARS-CoV-2infections 55 ComparingSARS-CoV-2andSARS-CoVspread 55 SARS-CoV-2andwarmerweather 55 SARS-CoV-2andtheeffectofcontainmentmeasures 55 Conclusion 56 References 56 6. SARS-CoV-2 viral structure and genetics 59 AbhiPandhiandIshitaVasudev Introduction 59 Viralstructure 59 Molecular genetics 61 Cellentryprocess 61 Replicationandgeneexpression 62 Replicationtranscriptioncomplexes 63 Basicsofimmuneresponse 64 Viralhost immuneinteractions 65 SARS-CoV-2vaccines 66 Conclusions 66 References 67 7. Clinical manifestation and diagnosis 71 YaseminAkinci Introduction 71 TransmissionofCOVID-19 72 RoutesofTransmission 72 Contents vii Timescaleoftransmission 75 Susceptiblegroups 76 Clinicalmanifestations 77 Initialphase 78 Pulmonaryphase 78 Inflammatoryphase 80 Extrapulmonarymanifestations 80 Clinicalclassificationofsymptomaticpatients 85 Riskfactorsforseveredisease 85 Diseasecourseinspecialgroups 87 Diagnosis 89 Specificdiagnostictests 89 Laboratoryfindings 92 Radiologicalfindings 94 Casedefinitions 97 Differentialdiagnosis 97 Viralpersistence,convalescence,andrecovery period 99 Precautionary guidelines setupbytheCenters for DiseaseControlandPrevention regardingthetesting processofCOVID-19andlaboratorybiosafety 101 Useofpersonalprotectiveequipment 101 Collecting,handling,andtestingclinicalspecimensfor COVID-19 103 COVID-19laboratorybiosafety 105 References 107 8. Treatment and therapeutic agents 121 IqraNaveedAkhtar EmergencyuseauthorizationsduringtheSARS-CoV-2 pandemic 123 Whatisanemergencyuseauthorization? 123 EUAforvaccinedevelopment 124 PartI:Antiviraldrug therapy 126 DrugsthatinhibitSARS-CoV-2cell entry,endocytosis,and membranefusion 126 DrugsthatinhibitproteolysisofSARS-CoV-2 134 DrugsthatinhibittheRNA-dependentRNA-polymerase (RdRp)ofSARS-CoV-2 136 Drugswithunspecifiedantiviralactivity 142 PartII:Immunomodulatoryagents 144 Corticosteroids 144 PartIII:Convalescentplasma,Intravenousimmunoglobulin, andCell-basedtherapies 155 ClinicalResearch 156 Wuhan,China 156 TheNetherlands(CONCOVID) 156 viii Contents India(PLACID) 156 UnitedStates (MayoClinicExpandedAccessProgram) 157 PartIV:Vaccine 158 DifferentVaccinePlatforms 159 Vaccinesissued EUAby theFDA 160 Conclusion 162 References 163 FurtherReading 176 9. The economic repercussions of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) 177 UsmanSaeed WorldeconomyDecember2019 177 Majorconflicts 178 PoliticalimpactofCOVID-19 178 China’seconomicresponse toCOVID-19 179 What industryreliedonWuhanfor tradeglobally 179 Governments’ economicresponse toCOVID-19 182 Arecession causedbySARS-CoV-2 183 References 185 FurtherReading 186 10. Psychological and social implications of COVID-19 187 IhteshamQureshi Introduction 187 Effectofquarantineandisolationonpsychosocialwell-being 188 Impactonhealthcareprovidersandfrontline workersd“healthehealers” 189 Impactonthesociety 190 Children 190 Oldage 191 Domesticcaregivers 192 Neglectedcommunitydmigrants,dailywagers, slumdwellers,andinmate 192 Generalpublic 193 Homequarantine for“homeless”dself-contradictory 194 Impactonpeoplewithpreexistingpsychiatriccondition 194 Roleofsocialplatforms andmedia 195 Roleofgovernment andpoliticalleaders 198 Conclusion 199 References 200 Index 207 Contributors Iqra NaveedAkhtar,ZeenatQureshiStrokeInstitute,Columbia,MO,UnitedStates Yasemin Akinci, Zeenat Qureshi Stroke Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States; Istanbul University - Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa School of Medicine, DepartmentofNeurology,Istanbul,Turkey ImaanBashir,AlbirrMedicalResearch Consultants, Gainesville,FL, UnitedStates Mohammad Rauf A. Chaudhry, Department of Neurology, Texas Tech University HealthScienceCenter,ElPaso,TX,UnitedStates;ZeenatQureshiStrokeInstitute, St.Cloud,MN,UnitedStates Iryna Lobanova, Zeenat Qureshi Stroke Institute and Department of Neurology, UniversityofMissouri, Columbia,MO, UnitedStates Ahmed A. Malik, Department of Internal Medicine, UCF-COM/HCA GME Consortium, North Florida Regional Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, United States; ZeenatQureshiStrokeInstitutes,Columbia,MO,UnitedStates Abhi Pandhi, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States Adnan I. Qureshi, Zeenat Qureshi Stroke Institute and Department of Neurology, UniversityofMissouri, Columbia,MO, UnitedStates Ihtesham Qureshi, Fellowship Physician, Epilepsy, Department of Neurology, UniversityofTexasHealthScienceCenteratHouston,Houston,TX,UnitedStates UsmanSaeed,Independent AdvisoronInternationalsPolitical Economy IshitaVasudev,SirGangaRamHospital,NewDelhi,Delhi, India Ghaida Zaid, Department of Neurology, University of Tennesse Health Science Center,Memphis,TN,UnitedStates ix