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Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID- 19): A Clinical Guide Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID- 19): A Clinical Guide Edited by Ali Gholamrezanezhad, MD Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (USC) Los Angeles, California, USA Michael P. Dube, MD Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California (USC) Los Angeles, California, USA This edition first published 2023 © 2023 John Wiley & Sons Ltd All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. The right of Ali Gholamrezanezhad and Michael P. Dube to be identified as the authors of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with law. 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You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data applied for ISBN: 9781119789680 (hardback) Cover Design: Wiley Cover Image: © koto_feja/Getty Brandon K.K. Fields, Natalie L. Demirjian, Ali Gholamrezanezhad Set in 9.5/12.5pt STIXTwoText by Straive, Pondicherry, India This book is dedicated to healthcare workers around the world and those who support them. We especially wish to recognize Frances Marie Canchola, RN, a beloved HIV research nurse at the University of Southern California. Frances fell ill in November 2020 and ultimately lost her life to complications of COVID-1 9 in January 2021— a month after the first SARS- CoV- 2 vaccines received Emergency Use Authorization in the United States. There are countless people who now will no longer need to be hospitalized or die as a result of this disease once they choose to be vaccinated. — Michael P. Dube and Ali Gholamrezanezhad To my mother, Fatemeh For her endless support and devotion to making my life most fulfilling . . . my wife for her unconditional love and patience . . . my brother for his support in silence! and to the “hand of god,” a person whose company has been the greatest honor of my life, saved me in a critical time, and succored and shaped me into the person I am proud of! — Ali Gholamrezanezhad vii Contents List of Contributors x Preface xvii 1 COVID- 19: Epidemiology 1 Phillip Quiroz, George W. Rutherford, and Michael P. Dube 2 COVID- 19: Virology 22 Saeideh Najafi, Salar Tofighi, and Juliana Sobczyk 3 COVID- 19: Laboratory/Serologic Diagnostics 34 Desmond Chin, Liesl S. Eibschutz, Juliana Sobczyk, Mobin Azami, Michael Jovan Repajic, and Michael P. Dube 4 COVID- 19: Radiologic Diagnosis 61 Brian P. Pogatchnik, Wakana Murakami, and Shabnam Mortazavi 5 COVID- 19: Pathology Perspective 101 Elham Hatami, Hana Russo, and Grace Y. Lin 6 COVID- 19: Immunology 112 Yasaswi V. Vengalasetti, Niyousha Naderi, Christian Vega, Akhilesh Kumar, and Andrew T. Catanzaro 7 COVID-1 9: Presentation and Symptomatology 125 Jacek Czubak, Karolina Stolarczyk, Marcin Frączek, Katarzyna Resler, Anna Orzeł, Wojciech Flieger, and Tomasz Zatoński 8 COVID-19: Risk Stratification 149 Dominique Duncan, Rachael Garner, and Yujia Zhang 9 COVID-19: Outpatient Management in Adults 165 Michael P. Dubé 10 COVID- 19: Inpatient Management 182 Angelena Lopez, Yuri Matusov, Isabel Pedraza, Victor Tapson, Jeremy Falk, and Peter Chen viii Contents 11 COVID- 19: ICU and Critical Care Management 233 Daniel Crouch, Alexandra Rose, Cameron McGuire, Jenny Yang, Mazen Odish, and Amy Bellinghausen 12 COVID- 19 in Pediatrics 255 Erlinda R. Ulloa, Kaidi He, Erin Chung, Delma Nieves, David E. Michalik, and Behnoosh Afghani 13 Pharmacologic Therapeutics for COVID- 19 290 Amanda M. Burkhardt, Angela Lu, Isaac Asante, and Stan Louie 14 Co- infections and Secondary Infections in COVID-1 9 Pneumonia 319 Sanaz Katal, Liesl S. Eibschutz, Amit Gupta, Sean K. Johnston, Lucia Flors, and Ali Gholamrezanezhad 15 COVID- 19: Neurology Perspective 339 Kiandokht Keyhanian, Raffaella Pizzolato Umeton, Babak Mohit, Brooke McNeilly, and Mehdi Ghasemi 16 COVID- 19: Cardiology Perspective 361 Michael DiVita, Meshe Chonde, Megan Kamath, Darko Vucicevic, Ashley M. Fan, Arnold S. Baas, and Jeffrey J. Hsu 17 COVID- 19: Oncologic and Hematologic Considerations 389 Diana L. Hanna, Caroline I. Piatek, Binh T. Ngo, and Heinz- Josef Lenz 18 COVID- 19: Dermatology Perspective 409 Sabha Mushtaq, Fabrizio Fantini, and Sebastiano Recalcati 19 COVID- 19: Ophthalmology Perspective 417 Hashem Al- Marzouki, Benjamin P. Hammond, Wendy W. Huang, and Angela N. Buffenn 20 COVID- 19: Nutrition Perspectives 428 Emma J. Ridley, Lee- anne S. Chapple, Aidan Burrell, Kate Fetterplace, Amy Freeman-Sanderson, Andrea P. Marshall, and Ary Serpa Neto 21 COVID- 19: Nursing Perspective 454 Michelle Zappas, Dalia Copti, Cynthia Sanchez, Janett A. Hildebrand, and Sharon O’Neill 22 COVID- 19 Vaccination 472 Anurag Singh, Simran P. Kaur, Mohd Fardeen Husain Shahanshah, Bhawna Sharma, Vijay K. Chaudhary, Sanjay Gupta, and Vandana Gupta 23 Post- COVID- 19 Vaccine Imaging Findings 494 Shadi Asadollahi, Liesl S. Eibschutz, Sanaz Katal, Vorada Sakulsaengprapha, Yasaswi Vengalasetti, Nikoo Saeedi, Sean K. Johnston, and Jennifer H. Johnston 24 COVID- 19: Long- Term Pulmonary Consequences 515 Liesl S. Eibschutz, Tianyuan Fu, Boniface Yarabe, Narges Jokar, Sanaz Katal, Charlotte Sackett, Michael Repajic, and Ching- Fei Chang