Coronary Vasculature: Development, Structure-Function, and Adaptations

289 Pages·2013·8.68 MB·English

by  Robert J. Tomanek (auth.)

Coronary Vasculature

Robert J. Tomanek
Coronary Vasculature
Development, Structure-Function,
and Adaptations
Robert J. Tomanek
Carver College of Medicine
Cardiovascular Center
University of Iowa
Iowa City , Iowa , USA
ISBN 978-1-4614-4886-0 ISBN 978-1-4614-4887-7 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-4887-7
Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London
Library of Congress Control Number: 2012947995
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Preface
The fact that ischemic heart disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the
industrial world highlights the importance of the coronary vasculature. Although a wealth of
literature regarding coronary vessels and myocardial perfusion exists, by virtue of necessity,
most laboratories are highly specialized performing work that is highly focused. As a conse-
quence, cross talk between various areas of this broad fi eld is limited. This publication is
intended for an audience of cardiovascular scientists and physicians, and the goal is to provide
a single comprehensive publication that reviews, discusses, and integrates fi ndings in the vari-
ous areas of research pertaining to the coronary vasculature. The chapters were written with
some redundancy and include references to other chapters, to present the topics in an inte-
grated manner and in recognition that chapters are often read in isolation. The focus of each of
the 12 chapters included in this book is described below.
Chapter 1 is aimed at providing the reader with a basic understanding of the principles of
vessel formation and the molecules that regulate this process. This chapter considers the cas-
cade of events that comprise vascular formation and the major signaling pathways that regulate
these events. Chapter 2 provides an account of the cells that migrate to the heart to form its
outer layer (epicardium) and the mechanisms that promote the related cell transformations and
the development of the coronary vasculature. The third chapter is an extension of Chap. 2 and
reviews development of the coronary vasculature during postnatal growth. The early postnatal
period involves a rapid period of growth that challenges the coronary vasculature to adapt to
meet greater metabolic demands.
Chapter 4 dissects the structure of the coronary vasculature in relation to its regulation of
coronary fl ow and myocardial perfusion. This chapter considers the regulation of fl ow by vari-
ous components of the coronary hierarchy and examines the structure–function relationships
for the various types of vessels. Chapter 5 considers a topic rarely addressed: a historical per-
spective of the coronary system. One can appreciate some of the most important discoveries in
the context of many centuries and come to appreciate that new fi ndings require considerable
time to become accepted. Errors of coronary vessel development, i.e., anomalies, and their
effects on the coronary circulation are the topics of Chap. 6 . Most importantly, this chapter
addresses possible mechanisms underlying coronary anomalies and the effect of these anoma-
lies on myocardial ischemia and sudden death. Chapter 7 covers aging of the coronary vascu-
lature and provides contrasts between biological aging and age-related changes; the latter are
alterations that are linked to life style and disease (senility) rather than to normal biological
aging (senescence).
Chapters 8 – 11 address adaptations of the coronary vasculature. Exercise training (Chap. 8 )
represents one of the most important avenues to reducing the risks of cardiovascular disease.
Differences in protocols and animal models are discussed with regard to discordant fi ndings.
Chapter 9 reviews hypoxic signaling mechanisms, and the role of hypoxia in coronary vessel
formation and growth, adaptations to high altitude and cardiac hypertrophy, and the protective
effects of hypoxic preconditioning. This chapter is closely related to Chap. 1 0 on myocardial
v
vi Preface
ischemia and infarction, because hypoxia is a component of ischemia. Chapter 1 0 addresses
both the acute and chronic effects of ischemia on the coronary circulation, vascular growth and
remodeling, and pre- and postconditioning. Chapter 1 1 considers the coronary vasculature
with regard to the type of stimulus that evokes the hypertrophy, e.g., pressure overload, volume
overload, increased thyroid hormone levels, and cardiomyopathy. The importance of vascular
growth during cardiac hypertrophy is that it normalizes myocardial perfusion and oxygen
delivery in the context of increased workloads. Chapter 12 (Therapy for the Coronary
Circulation) explores the various strategies employed to induce coronary vascular growth and
function. Major topics include therapies utilizing (1) genes and proteins, (2) endothelial stem
and progenitor cells, and (3) pharmacological agents. Responses of various components of the
coronary hierarchy, especially the collateral circulation, are reviewed. The development of the
various chapters was aided by consultants with expertise on the topics included in this
publication.
Iowa City, Iowa, USA Robert J. Tomanek
Acknowledgements
The author is grateful to the NIH-National Library of Medicine for funding this project via
grant award 5 G13 LM010002. The illustrations in this book were prepared by Paul C. Reimann,
Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Iowa. The image on the cover is a
water color painting by Rita Svoboda Tomanek. The author also appreciates the numerous
conversations with many scientists regarding topics that are included in this publication.
Finally, the assistance of Mrs. Laurie Jewell in preparing the manuscript is gratefully
acknowledged.
vii

Consultants
Content expertise was provided by the following consultants:
Paolo Angelini, M.D. James M. Downey, Ph.D.
Cardiologist Professor Emeritus of Physiology
Leachman Cardiology Associates University of South Alabama
Houston, TX Mobile, AL
Robert J. Bache, M.D. David D. Gutterman, M.D.
Professor of Medicine Senior Associate Dean for Research
Division of Cardiology Northwestern Mutual Professor of Cardiology
University of Minnesota Medical College of Wisconsin
Minneapolis, MN Milwaukee, WI
Cristina Basso, M.D., Ph.D. David G. Harrison, M.D.
Associate Professor, Pathological Anatomy Betty and Jack Bailey Professor of Medicine
Consultant, Cardiology and Pharmacology
Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Director of Clinical Pharmacology
Sciences Nashville, TN
Pathological Anatomy-Cardiovascular Pathology
University of Padua Medical School
Padova, Italy
Christine M. Blaumueller, Ph.D. Edward G. Lakatta, M.D., Senior Investigator
Scienti fi c Editor and Writing Consultant Chief, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science
The University of Iowa, Roy J. and Lucille A. and Cardiovascular Function Section
Carver College of Medicine National Institute on Aging
Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology Baltimore, MD
Department of Molecular Physiology and
Biophysics
Iowa City, IA
John M. Canty, Jr., M.D. M. Harold Laughlin, Ph.D.
Albert and Elizabeth Rekate Professor of Medicine Curators’ Professor and Chair
and Chief, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Department of Biomedical Sciences
University at Buffalo College of Veterinary Medicine, and
Buffalo, NY Department of Medical Pharmacology and
Physiology, and DCRC
University of Missouri
Columbia, MO
William M. Chilian, Ph.D. Mark W. Majesky, Ph.D.
Professor of Physiology Professor of Pediatrics and Pathology
Chair, Integrative Medical Sciences Seattle Children’s Research Institute
College of Medicine University of Washington
Northeast Ohio Medical University Seattle, WA
Rootstown, OH
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