Coronal Mass Ejections

293 Pages·33.798 MB·English

Geophysical Monograph Series
Including
IUGG Volumes
Maurice Ewing Volumes
Mineral Physics Volumes
GEOPHYSICAL MONOGRAPH SERIES
Geophysical Monograph Volumes 22 Derivation, Meaning, and Use of Geomagnetic
Indices P. N. Mayaud
1 Antarctica in the International Geophysical
23 The Tectonic and Geologic Evolution of Southeast
Year A. P. Crcmj, L. M. Gould, E. O. Hulburt,
Asian Seas and Islands Dennis E. Hayes (Ed.)
Hugh Odislmw, and Waldo E. Smith (Eds.)
24 Mechanical Behavior of Crustal Rocks: The Handin
2 Geophysics and the IGY Hugh Odislmw and
Volume N. L. Carter, M. Friedman, J. M. Logan, and
Stanley Ruttenberg (Eds.)
D. W. Stearns (Eds.)
3 Atmospheric Chemistry of Chlorine and Sulfur
25 Physics of Auroral Arc Formation S.-I. Akasofu and
Compounds James P. Lodge, Jr. (Ed.)
J. R. Kan (Eds.)
4 Contemporary Geodesy Charles A. Whit ten and
26 Heterogeneous Atmospheric Chemistry
Kenneth H. Drummond (Eds.)
David R. Schryer (Ed.)
5 Physics of Precipitation Helmut Weickmann (Ed.)
27 The Tectonic and Geologic Evolution of Southeast
6 The Crust of the Pacific Basin Asian Seas and Islands: Part 2 Dennis E. Hayes (Ed.)
Cordon A. Macdonald and Hisashi Kuno (Eds.) 28 Magnetospheric Currents Tliomas A. Potemra (Ed.)
7 Antarctic Research: The Matthew Fontaine 29 Climate Processes and Climate Sensitivity
Maury Memorial Symposium H. Wexler, M. J. (Maurice Ewing Volume 5) James E. Hansen and
Rubin, and J. E. Caskey, Jr. (Eds.) Taw Takahashi (Eds.)
8 Terrestrial Heat Flow William H. K. Lee (Ed.) 30 Magnetic Reconnection in Space and Laboratory
9 Gravity Anomalies: Unsurveyed Areas Hyman Plasmas Edward W. Hones, Jr. (Ed.)
Orlin (Ed.) 31 Point Defects in Minerals (Mineral Physics
10 The Earth Beneath the Continents: A Volume of Volume 1) Robert N. Scltoek (Ed.)
Geophysical Studies in Honor of Merle A. 32 The Carbon Cycle and Atmospheric C0 : Natural
2
Tuve John S. Steinhart and T. Jejferson Smith (Eds.) Variations Archean to Present E. T. Sundquist and
11 Isotope Techniques in the Hydrologic Cycle W. S. Broecker (Eds.)
Glenn E. Stout (Ed.) 33 Greenland Ice Core: Geophysics, Geochemistry,
12 The Crust and Upper Mantle of the Pacific Area and the Environment C. C. Langway, Jr.,
Leon Knopojf, Charles L. Drake, and H. Oeschger, and W. Dansgaard (Eds.)
Pembroke J. Hart (Eds.) 34 Collisionless Shocks in the Heliosphere: A Tutorial
13 The Earth's Crust and Upper Mantle Review Robert G. Stone and Bruce T. Tsurutani (Eds.)
Pembroke J. Hart (Ed.) 35 Collisionless Shocks in the Heliosphere: Reviews of
14 The Structure and Physical Properties of the Current Research Bruce T. Tsurutani and
Earth's Crust John G. Heacock (Ed.) Robert G. Stone (Eds.)
15 The Use of Artificial Satellites for Geodesy 36 Mineral and Rock Deformation: Laboratory Studies
Soren W. Henricksen, Armando Mancini, and —The Paterson Volume B. E. Hobbs and
Bernard H. Chovitz (Eds.) H. C. Heard (Eds.)
16 Flow and Fracture of Rocks H. C. Heard, 37 Earthquake Source Mechanics (Maurice Ewing
I. Y. Borg, N. L. Carter, and C. B. Raleigh (Eds.) Volume 6) Shamita Das, John Boahvright, and
17 Man-Made Lakes: Their Problems and Christopher H. Scholz (Eds.)
Environmental Effects William C. Ackennann, 38 Ion Acceleration in the Magnetosphere and
Gilbert F. White, and E. B. Worthington (Eds.) Ionosphere Tom Cluing (Ed.)
18 The Upper Atmosphere in Motion: A Selection 39 High Pressure Research in Mineral Physics
of Papers With Annotation C. O. Hines and (Mineral Physics Volume 2) Murli H. Manghnani and
Colleagues Yasuhiko Syono (Eds.)
19 The Geophysics of the Pacific Ocean Basin and 40 Gondwana Six: Structure, Tectonics, and Geophysics
Its Margin: A Volume in Honor of George P. Gary D. McKenzie (Ed.)
Woollard George H. Sutton, Murli H. Manghnani, 41 Gondwana Six: Stratigraphy, Sedimentology, and
and Ralph Moberly (Eds.) Paleontology Garry D. McKenzie (Ed.)
20 The Earth's Crust: Its Nature and Physical 42 Flow and Transport Through Unsaturated Fractured
Properties John C. Heacock (Ed.) Rock Daniel D. Evans and Tliomas J. Nicholson (Eds.)
21 Quantitative Modeling of Magnetospheric 43 Seamounts, Islands, and Atolls Barbara H. Keating,
Processes W. P. Olson (Ed.) Patricia Fryer, Rodey Batiza, and George W. Bochlcrt (Eds)
85 The Polar Oceans and Their Role in Shaping the IUGG Volumes
Global Environment O. M. Johannessen, R. D. Muench,
1 Structure and Dynamics of Earth's Deep Interior
and J. E. Overland (Eds.)
D. E. Smylie and Raymond Hide (Eds.)
86 Space Plasmas: Coupling Between Small and
2 Hydrological Regimes and Their Subsurface
Medium Scale Processes Maha Ashour-Abdalla, Tom
Thermal Effects Alan E. Beck, Grant Garven, and
Chang, and Paul Dusenbery (Eds.)
Lajos Stegena (Eds.)
87 The Upper Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere: A
3 Origin and Evolution of Sedimentary Basins and
Review of Experiment and Theory R. M. Johnson and
Their Energy and Mineral Resources
T. L. Killeen (Eds.)
Raymond A. Price (Ed.)
88 Active Margins and Marginal Basins of the Western
4 Slow Deformation and Transmission of Stress
Pacific Brian Taylor and James Natland (Eds.) in the Earth Steven C. Cohen and Petr Vaniiek (Eds)
89 Natural and Anthropogenic Influences in Fluvial 5 Deep Structure and Past Kinematics of Accreted
Geomorphology John E. Costa, Andrew J. Miller, Terrances John W. Hilllwuse (Ed.)
Kenneth W. Potter, and Peter R. Wilcock (Eds.) 6 Properties and Processes of Earth's Lower Crust
90 Physics of the Magnetopause Paul Song, B.U.O. Robeii F. Mereu, Stephan Mueller, and David M. Fountain
Sonnerup, and M.F. Tliomsen (Eds.) (Eds.)
91 Seafloor Hydrothermal Systems: Physical, Chemical, 7 Understanding Climate Change Andre L. Berger,
Biological, and Geological Interactions Susan E. Robert E. Dickinson, and J. Kidson (Eds.)
Humphrb, Robert A. Zierenberg, Lauren S. Mullineaux, and 8 Evolution of Mid Ocean Ridges John M. Sinton (Ed)
Richard E. Thomson (Eds.) 9 Variations in Earth Rotation Dennis D. McCarthy
92 Mauna Loa Revealed: Structure, Composition, and William E. Carter (Eds.)
History, and Hazards /. M. Rhodes and ]ohn P. 10 Quo Vadimus Geophysics for the Next Generation
George D. Garland and John R. Apel (Eds.)
Lockwood (Eds.)
11 Sea Level Changes: Determinations and Effects
93 Cross-Scale Coupling in Space Plasmas James L.
Philip L. Woodworth, David T. Pugh, John G. DeRonde,
Horwitz, Nagendra Singh, and James L. Burch (Eds.)
Richard G. Warrick, and John Hannah (Eds.)
94 Double-Diffusive Convection Alan Brandt and H.J.S.
12 Dynamics of Earth's Deep Interior and Earth Rotation
Fernando (Eds.)
Jean-Louis Le Mouel, D.E. Smylie, and
95 Earth Processes: Reading the Isotopic Code Asish
Thomas Herring (Eds.)
Basil and Stan Hart (Eds.)
13 Environmental Effects on Spacecraft Positioning and
96 Subduction Top to Bottom Gray E. Bebout, David
Trajectories A. Vallance Jones (Ed.)
Scholl, Stephen Kirby, and John Piatt (Eds.)
14 Evolution of the Earth and Planets E. Takahashi,
97 Radiation Belts—Models and Standards /. F.
Raymond Jeanloz, and David Rubie (Eds.)
Lemaire, D. Heynderkkx, and D. N. Baker (Eds.)
15 Interactions Between Global Climate Subsystems:
98 Magnetic Storms Bruce T. Tsurutani, Walter D. The Legacy of Hann G. A. McBean and
Gonzalez, Yolisuke Kamide, and John K. Arballo (Eds.) M. Hantel (Eds.)
16 Relating Geophysical Structures and Processes:
Maurice Ewing Volumes The Jeffreys Volume K. Aki and R. Dmowska (Eds.)
17 Gravimetry and Space Techniques Applied to
Geodynamics and Ocean Dynamics Bob E. Schutz,
1 Island Arcs, Deep Sea Trenches, and Back-Arc
Allen Anderson, Claude Froidevaux, and Michael Parke
Basins Manik Talwani and Walter C. Pitman UI (Eds.)
(Eds.)
2 Deep Drilling Results in the Atlantic Ocean:
18 Nonlinear Dynamics and Predictability of
Ocean Crust Manik Talwani, Christopher G. Harrison,
Geophysical Phenomena William I. Newman, Andrei
and Dennis E. Hayes (Eds.)
Gabrielov, and Donald L. Turcotte (Eds.)
3 Deep Drilling Results in the Atlantic Ocean:
Continental Margins and Paleoenvironment
Mineral Physics Volumes
Manik Talwani, William Hay, and William B. F. Ryan (Eds.)
4 Earthquake Prediction—An International Review 1 Point Defects in Minerals Robert N. Schock (Ed.)
David W. Simpson and Paul G. Riclmrds (Eds.) 2 High Pressure Research in Mineral Physics
5 Climate Processes and Climate Sensitivity Murli H. Manghnani and Yasuhiko Syona (Eds.)
James E. Hansen and Taro Takaliashi (Eds.) 3 High Pressure Research: Application to Earth and
6 Earthquake Source Mechanics Shamita Das, John Planetary Sciences Yasuhiko Syono and
Boatwright, and Christopher H. Scholz (Eds.) Murli H. Manghnani (Eds.)
Geophysical Monograph 99
Coronal Mass Ejections
Nancy Crooker
Jo Ann Joselyn
Joan Feynman
Editors
American Geophysical Union
Published under the aegis of the AGU Books Board
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Coronal mass ejections / Nancy Crooker, Jo Ann Joselyn, Joan Feynman,
editors
p. cm. - (Geophysical Monograph ; 99)
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 0-87590-081-X
1. Sun-Corona. I. Crooker, Nancy, 1944-. II. Joselyn, J. A.
III. Feynman, Joan. IV. Series
QB529.C68.1997
523.7'5-DC21 97-26277
CIP
ISBN 0-87590-081-X
ISSN 0065-8448
Copyright 1997 by the American Geophysical Union
2000 Florida Avenue, N.W.
Washington, DC 20009
Figures, tables, and short excerpts may be reprinted in scientific books and journals if the source
is properly cited.
Authorization to photocopy items For internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of
specific clients, is granted by the American Geophysical Union for libraries and other users
registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) Transactional Reporting Service, provided
that the base fee of $1.50 per copy plus $0.35 per page is paid directly to CCC, 222 Rosewood Dr.,
Danvers, MA 01923. 0065-8448/97/$01.50+0.35.
This consent does not extend to other kinds of copying, such as copying for creating new
collective works or for resale. The reproduction of multiple copies and the use of full articles or the
use of extracts, including figures and tables, for commercial purposes requires permission from
AGU.
Printed in the United States of America.
Preface
Nancy Crooker, Jo Ann Joselyn, Joan Feynman ix
An Introduction
A. J. Hundhausen 1
Coronal Mass Ejections: An Overview
J. T. Gosling 9
Solar Views
Observations of CMEs from SOHO/LASCO
R. A. Howard, G.E. Brueckner, 0. C. St. Cyr, D. A.. Biesecker, K.P. Dere, M. J. Koomen,
C. M. Korendyke, P. L. Lamy, A. Llebaria, M. V. Bout, D. J. Michels, J. D. Moses, S. E. Paswaters,
S. P. Plunkett, R. Schwenn, G. M. Simnett, D. G. Socker, S. J. Tappin, and D. Wang 17
Soft X-Ray Signatures of Coronal Ejections
Hugh S. Hudson and David F. Webb 27
Initiation
The Role of Coronal Mass Ejections in Solar Activity
B. C. Low 39
Evolving Magnetic Structures and Their Relation to Coronal Mass Ejections
Joan Feynman 49
The Initiation of Coronal Mass Ejections by Magnetic Shear
Zoran Mikic and Jon A. Linker 57
Coronal Mass Ejections: Causes and Consequences—A Theoretical View
James Chen 65
A Self-Consistent Numerical Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Model of Helmet Streamer and
Flux-Rope Interactions: Initiation and Propagation of Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs)
S. T. Wu and W. P. Guo 83
Solar and Interplanetary Topology
Solar Magnetic Topologies and Reconnection
P. Demoulin 91
Opening Solar Magnetic Fields: Some Analytical and Numerical MHD Aspects
T. Amari, J. F. Luciani, J. J. Aly, and Z. Mikic 101
The Topology and Instability of Complex Magnetic Fields
Aaron William Longbottom 111
Helicity Conservation
D. M. Rust 119
Predicting the Sign of Magnetic Helicity in Erupting Filaments and Coronal Mass Ejections
S. F. Martin and A. H. McAllister 127
CONTENTS
The Field Configuration of Magnetic Clouds and the Solar Cycle
V. Bothmer and D. M. Rust 137
Interplanetary Magnetic Flux Ropes and Solar Filaments
K. Mambashi 147
Magnetic Clouds
Vladimir Osherovich and L. F. Burlaga 157
Flux Ropes and Spheromaks: A Numerical Study
M. Vandas, S. Fischer, D. Odstrcil, M. Dryer, Z. Smith, and T. Detman 169
Recent Work on Modelling the Global Field Line Topology of Interplanetary Magnetic Clouds
C. J. Farrugia 111
Using Energetic Particles to Probe the Magnetic Topology of Ejecta
/. G. Richardson 189
Using Charged Particles to Trace Interplanetary Magnetic Field Topology
S. W. Kahler 197
Energetic Particle Acceleration
The Current Status in Our Understanding of Energetic Particles, Coronal Mass Ejections, and
Flares
H. V. Cane 205
Energetic Particles and the Structure of Coronal Mass Ejections
Donald V. Reames 111
Particle Acceleration and Transport at CME-Driven Shocks
Martin A. Lee 227
Interplanetary Views and Effects at Earth
Mass Ejections Observed in Radio Propagation Measurements Through the Solar Corona
Ricliard Woo 235
Particle and Field Signatures of Coronal Mass Ejections in the Solar Wind
Marcia Neugebauer and Raymond Goldstein 245
Minor Ion Composition in CME-Related Solar Wind
A. B. Galvin 253
Global Modeling of CME Propagation in the Solar Wind
V. J. Pizzo 261
Extending Coronal Models to Earth Orbit
Jon A. Linker and Zoran Mikic 269
Coronal Mass Ejections, Corotating Interaction Regions, and Geomagnetic Storms
A. H. McAllister and N. U. Crooker 279
CMEs and Space Weather
J. G. Luhman 291
PREFACE
The early 1970 's can be said to mark the beginning of The papers are based on material presented at the 1996
The Enlightenment in the history of the Space Age, literally Chapman Conference in Bozeman, Montana, entitled
as well as by analogy to European history. Instruments "Coronal Mass Ejections: Causes and Consequences." The
blinded by Earth's atmosphere were lifted above and, for Editors are indebted to Lorcn Acton at Montana State
the first time, saw clearly and continuously the ethereal University, whose local arrangements helped foster lively
white light and sparkling x-rays from the solar corona. scientific exchange, and to keynote speaker Art Hundhausen
From these two bands of the light spectrum came images of and program committee member Jack Gosling, both out­
coronal mass ejections and coronal holes, respectively. But standing leaders in the field since its inception, who kindly
whereas coronal holes were immediately identified as the provided an introduction and overview for this volume.
source of high-speed solar wind streams, at first coronal The Editors thank the following referees for their con­
mass ejections were greeted only by a sense of wonder. It structive and timely reviews: D. Alexander, S. Antiochos,
took years of research to identify their signatures in the T. Armstrong, A. Bhattacharjee, J. Bieber, V. Bothmer, S
solar wind before the fastest ones could be identified with Bravo, J. Burkepile, L. Burlaga, R. Canfield, P. Cargill, J.
the well-known shock disturbances that cause the most Chen, E. Cliver, R. Dahlburg, P. Demoulin, T. Detman, T
violent space storms. Forbes, K. Harvey, M. Heinemann, A.Hewish, S. Kahler,
This volume marks a turning point in coronal mass J. Karpen, J. Klimchuk, M. Kojima, J. Kota, R. Lepping,
ejection research. It marks the culmination of that initial P. Liewer, R. Lin, J. Linker, R. Marsden, K. Mambashi,
research, based on data from OSO-7, Skylab, Solwind, P. Martens, S. Martin, J. Mazur, A. McAllister, Z. Mikic,
SMM, ISEE 3, Helios 1 and 2, Pioneer-Venus Orbiter, and M. Moldwin, M. Neugebauer, A. Otto, S. Plunkett, P
IMP 8, and the begirining of intensive studies with data from Riley, C. Russell, D. Rust, A. Ruzmaikin, J. Ryan, B.
the more recent Yohkoh, SOHO, Ulysses, and Wind Sanahuja, T. Sanderson, J, Scudder, R. Sheldon, J.
missions. With these newer data, we are making major Steinberg, S. Suess, M. Vandas, D. Webb, L. Weiss, R.
advances in understanding the physics of coronal mass Wolfson, and R. Zwickl.
ejection formation on the Sun, propagation in the interplan­
etary medium, and impact at Earth. This is the first volume
ever that is wholly devoted to the subject, thus celebrating Nancy Crooker
its maturation as an exciting new subfield of space physics, Center for Space Physics
spanning the areas from solar to heliospheric to Boston University
magnetospheric physics. Boston, Massachusetts
Nearly all aspects of observational and theoretical re­
search on coronal mass ejections are covered, primarily in Jo Ann Joselyn
review format. These include their x-ray, white-light, Space Environment Center
interplanetary scintillation, and solar wind signatures and the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration
relationships between them, their ion composition, their Boulder, Colorado
magnetic topology, the particles energized by their shocks,
mechanisms for lift-off from the Sun, models of their form Joan Feynman
and propagation in the solar wind, and their impact on Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Earth's magnetosphere. The papers have been sorted into California Institute of Technology
five topics ordered by distance from the Sun. The sorting Pasadena, California
and ordering could only be done in an approximate way,
however, since many papers cover several topics and wide
ranges of space.
An Introduction
A. J. Hundhausen
High Altitude Observatory, NCAR1, P. 0. Box 3000, Boulder, Colorado
Coronal mass ejections have been a topic of exten­ 1. WHAT "WHITE LIGHT" OBSERVATIONS
sive study since they were first identified in observations TELL US
made with space-borne coronagraphs in the 1970s. The
mass ejection phenomenon has proven scientifically in­ The observations made with conventional "white light"
teresting from many different points of view; for exam­ coronagraphs are the historical and empirical founda­
ple, as a form of solar activity unrecognized by most so­ tions of our present knowledge of coronal mass ejections
lar physicists until just 25 years ago, as a massive expul­ These instruments record the photospheric radiation (or
sion of plasma from an atmosphere that is, in the main, white light) scattered by electrons in the ionized coional
gravitationally and magnetically bound, or as a major plasma; they thus offer a direct diagnostic for coronal
source of transient interplanetary disturbances that, in density that is independent of other physical character­
turn, have significant terrestrial effects. This interest istics of that plasma (such as its temperature). Corona­
from a broad spectrum of the solar, interplanetary, and graph images reveal the density structure of the corona.
geomagnetic research communities led to a workshop on Time sequences of such images reveal temporal changes
the causes and consequences of coronal mass ejections. in that structure, and in particular the transient expul­
This monograph is an outgrowth of that conference. sion of coronal plasma from the gravitational field of
Research on coronal mass ejections has been reviewed the Sun that is the essence of the mass ejection phe­
many times since the 1970s; e.g., [Gosling, 1975; Hild­ nomenon.
ner, 1977; MacQueen, 1980; Rust and Hildner, 1980; This essence is illustrated in a time sequence of im­
Dryer, 1982; Fisher, 1984; Hundhausen et al, 1984a; ages in Plate 1. A coronal mass ejection observed on
Wagner, 1984; Hildner, 1986; Kahler, 1987; Hund­ 14 April 1980, with the coronagraph on the Solar Maxi­
hausen, 1987; Webb, 1992; Gosling, 1990, 1992, 1993a; mum Mission Spacecraft has been displayed many times
Dryer, 1994; Hundhausen, 1997a, 1997b]. Another re­ in research papers and the review papers cited above
view by this author is neither appropriate or necessary. In Plate 1 a pre-event coronagraph image has been sub­
Rather, I will limit myself here to a few introductory tracted from a sequence of four images from that day to
remarks. These remarks are intended as a reminder of show the temporal development of the mass ejection In
the sources of our empirical knowledge of coronal mass this color display of the resulting "difference images,"
ejections. They will also reveal a few personal opinions the hot colors (red and orange) denote an increase in
on the high (and low) points attained in our attempts to the scattered radiation (and therefore an increase in the
density) with respect to the pre-event corona, while cool
understand this interesting but complex phenomenon.
colors (blues) denote a decrease in that radiation (and
in the density). The outward passage of two "loop-like"
regions of enhanced brightness (red in color) in this time
sequence demonstrates the expulsion of material fiom
Coronal Mass Ejections the Sun. The outermost of these features has a diffuse
Geophysical Monograph 99
appearance and is interpreted as a shell of dense coronal
Copyright 1997 by the American Geophysical Union
2 AN INTRODUCTION
07:0-90 2:23V .T. 08:4-70 2:23V .T.
Plat1e. A times equenocfed ifferenbceetsw eefno uri magetsa kewni tht heS olar MaximMuims sion
coronagradpuhr inag c oronamla sse jectioonn 1 4A pri1l9 80a nda singl"ep re-eveinmta"g e.P ositive
differen(cbersi ghtenoifnt ghsec oronsai ncteh ep re-eveinmta gea)r es howni nr eda ndo rangnee,g ative
differenicneb sl ueA. paiorf b righ(tr edl)o opmso vedo utwartdh rougthh ec oronbae twee0n5 44a nd0 709
UT ont hidsa tel,e avian wge dgeo fd eplet(ebdl uec)o ronbae hintdh em( asa t0 847U T).C oronafle atures
tot hes ideosf t hel oopwse rep rogressipvueslhye adw ayf romt hee jectidounr inigt psa ssagteh rougthh e
coronagrfiapehl do fv iewa,n da ret husv isibolnet hesdei fferenicmea ges.