Coronal Mass Ejections

485 Pages·2006·9.283 MB·English

by  H. Kunow, N. U. Crooker, J. A. Linker, R. Schwenn, R. Von Steiger (auth.)

CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS
Coverillustration:
Drawing of the corona as it appeared to Temple at Torreblanca, Spain during the
totalsolareclipseof18July1860showingwhatmaybethefirstobservationofa
CME(seeEddy,J.A.:1974,Astron.Astrophys.34,235).
SpaceSciencesSeriesofISSI
Volume21
The International Space Science Institute is organized as a foundation under Swiss law.
It is funded through recurrent contributions from the European Space Agency, the Swiss
Confederation, the Swiss National Science Foundation, and the University of Bern. For
moreinformation,seethehomepageathttp://www.issi.unibe.ch/.
CORONALMASSEJECTIONS
Editedby
H.KUNOW
Christian-Albrechts-UniversitätzuKiel,
Kiel,Germany
N.U.CROOKER
BostonUniversity,
BostonMA,USA
J.A.LINKER
ScienceApplicationsMSC2,
InternationalCorporation,
SanDiegoCA,USA
R.SCHWENN
Max-PlanckInstitutfürSonnensystemforschung,
Katlenburg-Lindau,Germany
R.VONSTEIGER
InternationalSpaceScienceInstitute(ISSI),
Bern,Switzerland
ReprintedfromSpaceScienceReviews,Volume123,Nos.1–3,2006
A.C.I.P.CataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress
ISBN:978-0-387-45086-5
PublishedbySpringer
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TABLEOFCONTENTS
H.KUNOW,N.U.CROOKER,J.A.LINKER,R.SCHWENNandR.VON
STEIGER/Foreword 1–2
DAVID ALEXANDER, IAN G. RICHARDSON and THOMAS H.
ZURBUCHEN/ABriefHistoryofCMEScience 3–11
H. S. HUDSON, J.-L. BOUGERET and J. BURKEPILE / Coronal Mass
Ejections:OverviewofObservations 13–30
THOMAS H. ZURBUCHEN and IAN G. RICHARDSON / In-Situ Solar
Wind and Magnetic Field Signatures of Interplanetary Coronal Mass
Ejections 31–43
H. V. CANE and D. LARIO / An Introduction to CMEs and Energetic
Particles 45–56
Z.MIKIC´ andM.A.LEE/AnIntroductiontoTheoryandModelsofCMEs,
Shocks,andSolarEnergeticParticles 57–80
DAVIDALEXANDER/AnIntroductiontothePre-CMECorona 81–92
N. U. CROOKER and T. S. HORBURY / Solar Imprint on ICMEs, their
MagneticConnectivity,andHeliosphericEvolution 93–109
R. VON STEIGER and J. D. RICHARDSON / ICMEs in the Outer
HeliosphereandatHighLatitudes:AnIntroduction 111–126
R.SCHWENN,J.C.RAYMOND,D.ALEXANDER,A.CIARAVELLA,
N. GOPALSWAMY, R. HOWARD, H. HUDSON, P. KAUFMANN,
A. KLASSEN, D. MAIA, G. MUNOZ-MARTINEZ, M. PICK, M.
REINER, N. SRIVASTAVA, D. TRIPATHI, A. VOURLIDAS, Y.-M.
WANG and J. ZHANG / Coronal Observations of CMEs: Report of
WorkingGroupA 127–176
R. F. WIMMER-SCHWEINGRUBER, N. U. CROOKER, A. BALOGH,
V. BOTHMER, R. J. FORSYTH, P. GAZIS, J. T. GOSLING, T.
HORBURY, A. KILCHENMANN, I. G. RICHARDSON, J. D.
RICHARDSON, P. RILEY, L. RODRIGUEZ, R. VON STEIGER,
P. WURZ and T. H. ZURBUCHEN / Understanding Interplanetary
CoronalMassEjectionSignatures:ReportofWorkingGroupB 177–216
B. KLECKER, H. KUNOW, H. V. CANE, S. DALLA, B. HEBER,
K. KECSKEMETY, K.-L. KLEIN, J. KOTA, H. KUCHAREK, D.
LARIO,M.A.LEE,M.A.POPECKI,A.POSNER,J.RODRIGUEZ-
PACHECO,T.SANDERSON,G.M.SIMNETTandE.C.ROELOF/
EnergeticParticleObservations:ReportofWorkingGroupC 217–250
T. G. FORBES, J. A. LINKER, J. CHEN, C. CID, J. KO´TA, M. A. LEE,
G. MANN, Z. MIKIC´, M. S. POTGIETER, J. M. SCHMIDT, G. L.
SISCOE,R.VAINIO,S.K.ANTIOCHOSandP.RILEY/CMETheory
andModels:ReportofWorkingGroupD 251–302
N. GOPALSWAMY, Z. MIKIC´, D. MAIA, D. ALEXANDER, H.
CREMADES,P.KAUFMANN,D.TRIPATHIandY.-M.WANG/The
Pre-CMESun:ReportofWorkingGroupE 303–339
M. PICK, T. G. FORBES, G. MANN, H. V. CANE, J. CHEN, A.
CIARAVELLA, H. CREMADES, R. A. HOWARD, H. S. HUDSON,
A. KLASSEN, K. L. KLEIN, M. A. LEE, J. A. LINKER, D. MAIA,
Z. MIKIC, J. C. RAYMOND, M. J. REINER, G. M. SIMNETT,
N. SRIVASTAVA, D. TRIPATHI, R. VAINIO, A. VOURLIDAS, J.
ZHANG, T. H. ZURBUCHEN, N. R. SHEELEY and C. MARQUE´ /
Multi-Wavelength Observations of CMEs and Associated Phenomena:
ReportofWorkingGroupF 341–382
R. J. FORSYTH, V. BOTHMER, C. CID, N. U. CROOKER, T. S.
HORBURY, K. KECSKEMETY, B. KLECKER, J. A. LINKER, D.
ODSTRCIL, M. J. REINER, I. G. RICHARDSON, J. RODRIGUEZ-
PACHECO,J.M.SCHMIDTandR.F.WIMMER-SCHWEINGRUBER
/ ICMEs in the Inner Heliosphere: Origin, Evolution and Propagation
Effects:ReportofWorkingGroupG 383–416
P. R. GAZIS, A. BALOGH, S. DALLA, R. DECKER, B. HEBER, T.
HORBURY, A. KILCHENMANN, J. KOTA, H. KUCHAREK, H.
KUNOW, D. LARIO, M. S. POTGIETER, J. D. RICHARDSON, P.
RILEY,L.RODRIGUEZ,G.SISCOEandR.VONSTEIGER/ICMEs
at High Latitudes and in the Outer Heliosphere: Report of Working
GroupH 417–451
G.SISCOEandR.SCHWENN/CMEDisturbanceForecasting 453–470
R.F.WIMMER-SCHWEINGRUBER/CoronalMassEjections:APersonal
WorkshopSummary 471–480
Glossary 481–484
FOREWORD
CoronalMassEjectionsareaspectacularanviolentphenomenonofthesolaratmo-
spherewithrepercussionsthroughouttheentireheliosphere.Theyareaspectacular
sightwhenseentoeruptfromtheSunwiththeaidofacoronagraphsuchasLASCO
ontheSolarandHeliosphericObservatorySoHO.Theyareaviolentphenomenon
whenarrivingatEarth,poundingonourmagnetosphere,andsometimesdisrupting
all kinds of achievements of the industrial and information age. CMEs have been
with us ever since the existence of the solar system, yet only in the past century
andahalftheymakethemselvesknowntousinthatway.Theyareacontinuously
observablephenomenononlysincetheSkylabandSoHOera,saveforsomevery
briefperiodsofsolareclipses,oneofwhichispicturedonthefrontcover.Theflare
that was observed live through the telescope by Lord Carrington in 1859 led to a
giganticCMEthat,wouldithappentoday,couldeasilycauseaglobalblackout.Un-
derstandingCMEsisthusafirststepinprotectingourselvesfromtheirpotentially
devastatingeffects.
Thisvolumeistheresultofaseriesofworkshopsduringtheyears2000–2004to
studyindetailorigin,development,andeffectsofcoronalmassejections(CMEs).
An international team of about sixty experimenters, ground observers, and theo-
reticians worked on interpreting the observations and developing new models for
CME initiations, development, and interplanetary propagation. Under investiga-
tion were also effects on charged particles and related phenomena like energetic
particleacceleration,interactionwithambientsolarwindandotherCMEs,aswell
as the internal structure of CMEs and its time variation. Fundamental questions
concerning CMEs (e.g., CME initiation) and many detailed observations are still
not understood. The workshops helped to jointly investigate these questions with
scientistsfromallscientificareasinvolved.
The workshops were subdivided into eight working groups with always four
of them held in parallel. Each participant attended two different working groups.
Whileinthefirstfourworkinggroups(A-D)scientistsfromthesamefielddiscussed
and described the topics from their own point of view, the second four (E-H)
weretopic-orientedwithparticipantsfromallrelevantareasattending.Theirgoal
was to investigate all aspects of the phenomenon and to present a comprehensive
interpretation. Occasionally this working scheme led to duplications in different
workinggroups,however,thiswasintendedandhelpedtofurtherclarifythetopic,
especiallyinthecaseofconflictingstatements.
Theeightworkinggroupreportsconstitutethemainbodyofthebook.Inaddi-
tion, seven introductory chapters describe the state of knowledge prior to the first
workshopandserveasintroductiontothetopicsdiscussedlaterinmoredetail.The
SpaceScienceReviews(2006)123:1–2
DOI:10.1007/s11214-006-9007-z (cid:2)C Springer2006
2
volumeisroundedoffwithahistoricaloverviewtostartwithandwithapaperon
geoeffectivenessandasummarytoconclude.
WearehappytocomplementwiththisvolumeanearlierISSIbookthathasbeen
conceivedandcompiledinaverysimilarmanner.Volume7intheSpaceSciences
Series of ISSI was dealing with Corotating Interaction Regions (CIRs), which are
shapingtheheliosphereattimesofsolarminimumactivity.CMEs,conversely,are
animportantphenomenonmainlyatsolarmaximumactivity.Thusthetwovolumes
nowformanicepaircoveringtheentiresolarcycle.
Itisapleasuretothankallthosewhohavecontributedtothisvolumeandtothe
workshopsingeneral.Firstofall,wethanktheauthorsforwritinguptheircontri-
butions,inparticulartheWorkingGroupco-chairsforcompilingthemassiveWG
reports.Allpaperswerepeerreviewedbyreferees,andwethankthereviewersfor
theircriticalreports.WealsothankthedirectorateandstaffofISSIforselectingthis
topicforaworkshopandfortheirsupportinmakingithappen,inparticularRoger
M.Bonnet,BrigitteFasler,VittorioManno,SalibaF.Saliba,IrmelaSchweizer,and
SilviaWenger.
July2006
H.Kunow,N.U.Crooker,J.A.Linker,R.SchwennandR.vonSteiger
ISSI,Hallerstrasse6
CH-3012Bern,Switzerland
ABRIEFHISTORYOFCMESCIENCE
DAVIDALEXANDER1,∗,IANG.RICHARDSON2andTHOMASH.ZURBUCHEN3
1DepartmentofPhysicsandAstronomy,RiceUniversity,6100MainSt.,Houston,TX77005,USA
2TheAstroparticlePhysicsLaboratory,NASAGSFC,Greenbelt,MD20771,USA
3DepartmentofAOSS,UniversityofMichigan,AnnArbor,MI48109,USA
∗
( Authorforcorrespondence:E-mail:[email protected])
(Received15July2004;Acceptedinfinalform5May2005)
Abstract. We present here a brief summary of the rich heritage of observational and theoretical
research leading to the development of our current understanding of the initiation, structure, and
evolutionofCoronalMassEjections.
Keywords: CMEs,corona,history
1. Introduction
The key to understanding solar activity lies in the Sun’s ever-changing magnetic
field. The potential role played by the magnetic field in the solar atmosphere was
firstsuggestedbyFrankBigelowin1889afternotingthatthestructureofthesolar
minimum corona seen during the eclipse of 1878 displayed marked equatorial
extensions, called ‘streamers’. Bigelow (1890) noted that the coronal streamers
had a strong resemblance to magnetic lines of force and proposed that the Sun
must,infact,bealargemagnet.Subsequently,HenriDeslandres(1893)suggested
thattheformsandmotionsofprominencesseenduringsolareclipsesappearedtobe
influencedbyasolarmagneticfield.Thelinkbetweenmagneticfieldsandplasma
emittedbytheSunwasbeginningtotakeshapebytheturnofthe20thCentury.The
epochaldiscoveryofmagneticfieldsontheSunbyAmericanastronomerGeorge
ElleryHale(1908)signalledthebirthofmodernsolarphysics.Thisrealizationled
tothemodernemphasisonsolartransientactivityanditsrelationshiptothesolar
magneticfieldanditsreconfiguration.
2. HistoricalObservations
Thefirstterrestrialphenomenarecognizedtobeofsolaroriginweregeomagnetic
disturbances. Colonel Sabine, in the middle of the 19th century (Sabine, 1852),
noted that the frequencies of both geomagnetic storms and sunspots followed an
11-yearcycle.Thefirststepinassociatinggeomagneticstormswithtransientsolar
activity – what later became known as solar flares – rather than simply with the
associatedspotregions,wasthememorableobservationsin1859byBritishamateur
SpaceScienceReviews(2006)123:3–11
DOI:10.1007/s11214-006-9008-y (cid:2)C Springer2006
4 D.ALEXANDERETAL.
astronomers Richard Carrington and Richard Hodgson (Carrington, 1860). They
independently witnessed a rapid intense flash of two bright ribbons on the Sun in
visiblelightaccompanied,essentiallysimultaneously,byamarkeddisturbanceof
theEarth’smagneticfielddetectedatKewObservatoryinLondon.Some17.5hours
later,oneofthelargestmagneticstormsonrecordoccurred.WhileCarringtonwas
reluctanttosuggestaphysicalconnectionbetweenthevisibleeventattheSunand
thegeomagneticstorm,BalfourStewart,theDirectorofKewObservatory,claimed
that they had caught the Sun in the act of producing a terrestrial event. The first
systematic evidence for a flare-storm connection, however, didn’t come until the
work of Hale (1931) (see Cliver, 1994a,b, 1995 for a detailed history). Over a
century and a half later, solar and space physicists are revisiting the remarkable
event of 1859 in a concerted effort to apply 21st Century tools to model its solar
andterrestrialeffects(e.g.Tsurutanietal.,2003).
The importance of the “chromospheric eruptions”, as the early flares were
known, for the Earth’s space environment came through the study of these events
and their apparent association with geomagnetic storms. Lindemann (1919) sug-
gested that geomagnetic storms were caused by ejections of magnetically neutral
matterfromtheSunimpactingtheEarth’smagneticfieldseveraldaysafterwards,as
illustratedinthetoppanelofFigure1.Thestatisticalassociationoflargeflaresand
Figure1. EarlyconceptsofthestructureofICMEs,showing(fromthetop):unmagnetizedmaterial;
aplasmacloudincludingfrozen-inmagneticfieldloops;plasmaincludingturbulentmagneticfields;
a“tongue”ofmagneticfieldloopsrootedattheSun;adisconnected“plasmoid”or“bubble”;anda
shockwaveaheadofaregionofenhancedturbulence(Burlaga,1991).