Corona- and Related Viruses: Current Concepts in Molecular Biology and Pathogenesis

591 Pages·1995·21.24 MB·English

by  Ellen Buschman

CORONA- AND RELATED
VIRUSES
Current Concepts in Molecular Biology
and Pathogenesis
ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY
Editorial Board:
NATHAN BACK, State University of New York at Buffalo
IRUN R. COHEN, The Weizmann Institute of Science
DAVID KRITCHEVSKY, Wistar Institute
ABEL LAJTHA, N. S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research
RODOLFO PAOLETTI, University of Milan
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CORONA- AND RELATED
VIRUSES
Current Concepts in Molecular Biology
and Pathogenesis
Edited by
Pierre J. Talbot
Annand Frappier Institute
University ofQuebec
Laval, Quebec, Canada
and
Gary A. Levy
The Toronto Hospital
University ofToronto
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC
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Cerenl-- an~ rel.tld Vl~uslS curr.nt concepts In .cl.cul.r blolog~
Ind p.thogBnlsls I '~Ited bV Plerre J. T.lbet Ind G,ry ~. Levy.
p. CI. -- (Advlnces In e.perl.ent.l .,dlclnB .nd blclogy . v.
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Includes blbllegraphlc.l references ,nd ,nd ••.
ISBN 978-1-4613-5775-9 ISBN 978-1-4615-1899-0 (eBook)
DOI 10..1007/978-1-4615-1899-0
1. Coron.vlrus lnfectlons--Congr,ssu. 2. Coron,vlruslS-
-Congressis. I. Talbet, PI,rre, 1956- 11. Levy, Gary ~.
Uz. S,"In.
!:A399. C65 1995
616' .OI94--dc20 95-37889
Cl'
Proceedlngs of thc S,xth International Symposmm on Corona and Related V,ruscs.
held August 27--5cptcmber 1. 1994, In Quebec City. Quebcc. Canada
ISßN 978-1-4613-5775-9
0 1995 Springer Seicnce+8usincss Media New York
Originally published by Plenum Press, New York in 1995
Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 1S I edition 1995
10987654321
All nghts reserved
No parI of lh,s book may be rcproduced, slored In a retneval system. ur transmllled In any form or by any
means. eleetrome. meehamcal, photocopYlng. m,crof,lm,ng. reeordmg, or OthCrwlse, wllhout wTll1cn
permissIon from the Pubhsher
PREFACE
Corona- and related viruses are important human and animal pathogens that also
serve as models for other viral-mediated diseases. Interest in these pathogens has grown
tremendously since the First International Symposium was held at the Institute of Virology
and Immunobiology of the University of Wiirzburg, Germany. The Sixth International
Symposium was held in Quebec City from August 27 to September I, 1994, and provided
further understanding of the molecular biology, immunology, and pathogenesis of corona-,
toro-, and arterivirus infections. Lectures were given on the molecular biology, pathogenesis,
immune responses, and development of vaccines. Studies on the pathogenesis of coronavirus
infections have been focused mainly on murine coronavirus, and mouse hepatitis virus.
Neurotropic strains ofMHV (e.g., JHM, A59) cause a demyelinating disease that has served
as an animal model for human multiple sclerosis. Dr. Samuel Dales, of the University of
Western Ontario, London, Canada, gave a state-of-the-art lecture on our current under
standing of the pathogenesis of JHM-induced disease.
Exciting new work with the identification of cellular receptors has proceeded in a
number oflaboratories around the world. This has resulted in the identification of the MHV
receptor as members of the carcinoembryonic antigen family; the aminopeptidase-N for the
229E for the human coronavirus and porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus and 9-0-ace
tylated neuraminic acid for bovine coronavirus. The counterpart domains on the viruses are
now beginning to be identified. Work on coronavirus attachment and penetration is proceed
ing and should provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in cell entry.
It has become apparent, however, that virus binding to receptor alone is not sufficient for
entry of the virus into the cell.
Dr. Kathryn Holmes, Uniformed Services of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, USA
provided new insights into the binding domains on viral proteins, demonstrating that the
presence of cellular receptors is not always sufficient to allow for infection.
Dr. Hubert Laude, Institut Nationale de la Recherche Agronomique, Jouy-en-Josas,
France, provided a stimulating lecture on the structure and function of the structural and
non-structural proteins of coronaviruses. The nonstructural proteins have been recently
identified and one of these proteins, sM, has been discovered to be present on the virion.
However, at present its function is unknown, but it may act as a channel protein similar to
the influenza M2 protein.
Dr. Emil Skamene, Montreal General Hospital, Canada, gave an introductory lecture
into the genetics and immunobiology of viral host interactions. Although at present the
genetic basis for susceptibility and resistance to coronavirus infection is not clearly estab
lished, work in this area will provide important new insights into the mechanisms of viral
immunopathogenesis. A number of additional lectures provided insights into the role of
cellular and humoral immune mechanisms in the resistance and pathogenesis of disease.
v
vi Preface
Dr. Michael Buchmeier from La Jolla, California, USA, provided new information
on the role of cytokines in the pathogenesis ofMHV-induced disease.
Dr. Willy Spaan from Leiden, The Netherlands, gave a lecture on the common and
distinctive features about corona-, toro-, and arteriviruses. The complete genomic sequences of
four coronavirus species are now known and further sequence data was provided for porcine
transmissible gastroenteritis virus. Dr. Michael Lai from the Departments of Microbiology and
Virology at the University of Southern California, USA, provided new important information
on the transcription, replication, recombination and engineering of coronavirus genes. A great
deal of research activity has proceeded on characterization of the complex of proteins encoded
by the 5'-end of the coronavirus genome which is involved in forming the RNA-dependent
RNA polymerase complex. The mechanisms of RNA transcription and its regulation in
particular, and of discontinuous transcription of subgenomic mRNAs are still not completely
understood; however, a number of lectures provided new insights into these areas of research.
Dr. Luis Enjuanes of Madrid, Spain, discussed the development of vaccines against
corona- and related virus diseases. These groups of viruses are of major economical
importance and thus the development of vaccines is a priority. Various biotechnological
approaches are now being explored, including the use of transgenic methodology.
The meeting was attended by over 140 scientists and was the largest meeting devoted
to this topic to date.
The book is organized into eight sections covering pathogenesis, immune responses,
vaccine development, viral proteins, cellular receptors, characterization of viral replicase,
transcription and replication of viral RNA, recombination and mutation of viral RNA. The
book includes proceedings of both podium and poster presentations.
The organizers of the meeting wish to thank all ofthose individuals who worked tirelessly
to make the meeting a great success. We are especially grateful to Nathalie Arbour, Fanny
Chagnon, Charmaine Mohamed, Mathilde Yu, Aurelio Bonavia, Robert Fingerote, Laisum Fung,
Alain Lamarre and Vannie Salvas. We also wish to thank the members of the Scientific Advisory
Committee for their help in preparing the scientific program: Robert Anderson, Lome Babiuk,
Samuel Dales, Serge Dea, 1. Brian Derbyshire, Youssef Elazhary, Lucie Lamontagne and Peter
Tijssen. We also wish to take the opportunity to acknowledge the financial support of Sandoz
Canada, Inc., SmithKline Beecham Animal Health, Multiple Sclerosis Society of Canada,
Universite du Quebec, Institut Armand-Frappier, Medical Research Council of Canada, Rhone
Merieux, International Union of Microbiological Societies, Connaught Laboratories Ltd., Na
tional Multiple Sclerosis Society (USA), Fort Dodge Laboratories, Ministere de I'Education du
Quebec, Biochem Therapeutique, Langford Laboratories, Vetrepharm Canada, Inc., Boehringer
Mannheim Canada, and Societe de Promotion Economique du Quebec Metropolitain, without
which this meeting would have not been possible.
During the banquet that was held during the meeting, a special award and a plaque
were presented to Professor Samuel Dales, Department of Microbiology and Immunology,
University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, for his invaluable lifetime scien
tific contributions to this field of research. On behalf of all of us, we wish to express to him
our appreciation, gratitude, and pride.
The VIIth International Symposium on Corona- and Related Viruses will be held in
Spain in 1997 and will be hosted by Dr. Luis Enjuanes.
Pierre Talbot Gary A. Levy
Professor of Virology Professor of Medicine
The Virology Research Centre University of Toronto
Institut Armand-Frappier
Universite du Quebec
CONTENTS
Pathogenesis
1. Genetic Resistance to Coronavirus Infection: A Review .................... .
Ellen Buschman and Emil Skamene
2. Factors Controlling Coronavirus Infections and Disease of the Central Nervous
System: A Review .............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 13
S. Dales
3. Characterization of the S Protein of Enterotropic Murine Coronavirus Strain-Y .. 23
Susan R. Compton and Satoshi Kunita
4. Biological and Molecular Differentiation between Coronaviruses Associated
with Neonatal Calf Diarrhoea and Winter Dysentery in Adult Cattle 29
G. Millane, L. Michaud, and S. Dea
5. Molecular Differentiation of Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus and Porcine
Respiratory Coronavirus Strains: Correlation with Antigenicity and
Pathogenicity ............................................... " 35
D. J. Jackwood, H. M. Kwon, and L. J. Saif
6. Organ Specific Endothelial Cell Heterogeneity Influences Differential
Replication and Cytopathogenecity ofMHV-3 and MHV-4: Implications
in Viral Tropism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 43
J. Joseph, R. Kim, K.Siebert, F.D. Lublin, C. Offenbach, and R.L. Knobler
vii
viii
7. Genomic Regions Associated with Neurotropism Identified in MHV by
RNA-RNA Recombination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 51
Ehud Lavi, Qian Wang, Susan T. Hingley, and Susan R. Weiss
8. Involvement of Microtubules and the Microtubule-Associated Protein Tau in
Trafficking of JHM Virus and Components within Neurons ............ 57
Kishna Kalicharran and Samuel Dales
9. Evolution and Persistence Mechanisms of Mouse Hepatitis Virus ............. 63
Wan Chen and Ralph S. Baric
10. Spread of MHV-JHM from Nasal Cavity to White Matter of Spinal Cord:
Transneuronal Movement and Involvement of Astrocytes ............. 73
S. Perlman, N. Sun, and E. M. Barnett
11. In Vitro Interaction of Coronaviruses with Primate and Human Brain
Microvascular Endothelial Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 79
G. F. Cabirac, R. S. Murray, 1. B. McLaughlin, D. M. Skolnick, B. Hogue,
K. Dorovini-Zis, and P. 1. Didier
12. Treatment of Resistant AlJ Mice with Methylprednisolone (MP) Results in Loss
of Resistance to Murine Hepatitis Strain 3 (MHV-3) and Induction of
Macrophage Procoagulant Activity (PCA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 89
R. J. Fingerote, J. L. Leibowitz, Y. S. Rao, and G. A. Levy
13. Ultrastructural Characteristics and Morphogenesis of Porcine Reproductive and
Respiratory Syndrome Virus Propagated in the Highly Permissive
MARC-I45 Cell Clone ......................................... 95
S. Dea, N. Sawyer, R. Alain, and R. Athanassious
14. Antigenic and Genomic Variations among Cytopathic and Non-Cytopathic
Strains of Bovine Enteric Coronavirus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 99
S. Dea, 1. Michaud, and R. Rekik
15. Fragmentation and Rearrangement of the Golgi Apparatus during MHV
Infection ofL-2 Cells .......................................... 103
Ehud Lavi, Qian Wang, Anna Stieber, Youjun Chen, Susan Weiss, and
Nicholas K. Gonatas
16. Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) Mouse Hepatitis Experimentally
Induced with Low Virulence Mouse Hepatitis Virus .................. 105
Koji Uetsuka, Hiroyuki Nakayama, Naoaki Goto, and Kosaku Fujiwara
Contents ix
17. Mouse Hepatitis Virus-Specific CD8+ Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes Induce
Apoptosis in Their Target Cells .................................. 109
Shinwa Shibata, Shigeru Kyuwa, Kosaku Fujiwara, Yutaka Toyoda, and
Naoaki Goto
18. Echocardiographic Changes following Rabbit Coronavirus Infection .......... 113
Lorraine K. Alexander, Bruce W. Keene, and Ralph S. Baric
19. Neuronal Spread of Swine Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virus (HEV)
67N Strain in 4-Week-Old Rats .................................. 117
N. Hirano, R. Nomura, T. Tawara, K. Ono, and Y. Iwasaki
20. Characterization of Human T Cell Clones Specific for Coronavirus 229E ....... 121
1. S. Spencer, G. P. Cabirac, C. Best, L. McLaughlin, and R. S. Murray
21. Studies on the in Vitro and in Vivo Host Range of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhoea
Virus ........................................................ 131
Anna Utiger, Annekathi Frei, Ana Carvajal, and Mathias Ackermann
22. Coronaviruses in Polarized Epithelial Cells ............................... 135
J.w.A. Rossen, C.PJ. Bekker, w.P. Voorhout, M.C. Horzinek, A. Van Der
Ende, G.1.A.M. Strous, and PJ.M. Rottier
23. Isolation and Experimental Oral Transmission in Pigs of a Porcine
Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Isolate ................ 139
R. Magar, Y. Robinson, C. Dubuc, and R. Larochelle
Immune Responses
24. The Protective Role of Cytotoxic T Cells and Interferon against Coronavirus
Invasion of the Brain ........................................... 145
Ehud Lavi and Qian Wang
25. MHV-3 Induced Prothrombinase Is Encoded by Musfiblp ................... 151
Rebecca L. Parr, Laisum Fung, Jeffrey Reneker, Nancy Myers- Mason,
Julian L. Leibowitz, and Gary Levy
26. Demyelination Induced by Murine Coronavirus JHM Infection of Congenitally
Immunodeficient Mice ......................................... 159
J. J. Houtman, H. C. Hinze, and J. O. Fleming
x
27. Induction of a Protective Immune Response to Murine Coronavirus with
Non-Internal Image Anti-Idiotypic Antibodies ...................... 165
Mathilde Yu and Pierre J. Talbot
28. Transcription and Translation ofProinfiammatory Cytokines following JHMV
Infection ..................................................... 173
Stephen A. Stohlman Qin Yao, Cornelia C. Bergmann, Stanley M. Tahara
Shigeru Kyuwa, and David R. Hinton
29. Pathology ofMHV-A59 Infection in B2 Microglobulin Negative Mice ......... 179
Ehud Lavi, Qian Wang, James Gombold, Robyn Sutherland, Yvonne
Paterson, and Susan Weiss
30. Primary Murine Coronavirus Infection in Mice: A Flow Cytometric Analysis ... 183
S. Kyuwa, K. Machii, A. Okumura, and Y. Toyoda
31. Neurovirulence for Rats of the JHMV Variants Escaped From Neutralization
with the S I-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies ........................ 185
Fumihiro Taguchi, Hideka Suzuki, Hiromi Takahashi, and Hideyuki Kubo
32. T Cell Immunodeficiency Involved in Pathogenicity of Attenuated MHV3
Mutants ..................................................... 189
L. Lamontagne, C. Page, and J. P. Martin
33. Impairment of Bone Marrow Pre-B and B Cells in MHV3 Chronically-Infected
Mice ........................................................ 193
P. Jolicoeur and L. Lamontagne
Vaccine Development
34. Development of Protection against Coronavirus Induced Diseases: A Review ... 197
Luis Enjuanes, Cristian Smerdou, Joaquin Castilla, Ines M. Anton, Juan M.
Torres, Isabel Sola, Jose Golvano, Jose M. Sanchez, and Belen Pintado
35. Production and Immunogenicity of Multiple Antigenic Peptide (MAP)
Constructs Derived from the S 1 Glycoprotein of Infectious Bronchitis
Virus (IBV) .................................................. 213
Mark W. Jackwood and Deborah A. Hilt