Coring Methods and Systems

260 Pages·2018·9.509 MB·English

by  Rahman Ashena, Gerhard Thonhauser

Rahman Ashena
Gerhard Thonhauser
Coring
Methods
and Systems
Coring Methods and Systems
Rahman Ashena Gerhard Thonhauser
(cid:129)
Coring Methods and Systems
123
Rahman Ashena Gerhard Thonhauser
Department ofPetroleum Engineering Department ofPetroleum Engineering
Montanuniversität Leoben Montanuniversität Leoben
Leoben Leoben
Austria Austria
ISBN978-3-319-77732-0 ISBN978-3-319-77733-7 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77733-7
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Acknowledgements
As Coring Methods and Systems has greatly benefited from technical consultation
contributions of several individuals, we would like to express special words of
appreciation to Mr. George Williamson and Mr. Audun Kvinnesland, from Baker
Hughes GE; Mr. Ian Ross (for his continuous sincere support) and also Mr. Corin
Lewsey from National Oilwell Varco; Mr. Rudolf Nikolaus Knezevic from OMV;
Mr.JonathanRylanceandMr.AlexSchellenbergfromReservoirGroup;Mr.Mike
BurnsfromHalliburton;Mr.ChrisDawsandMr.GeorgeTophinkefromSandvik,
Australia; Mr. Jos Nutbroek from Boart Longyear; Ms. Izaskun Zubizarreta from
LloydsRegister;Mr.TonyKennairdfromCoreLaboratoriesAustralia;Mr.Yuichi
ShinmotofromJAMSTEC;Prof.WalterVortischandProf.MichaelProhaskafrom
Montanuniversität Leoben; and Dr. Christian Koller from TDE Group. We kindly
appreciate Mr. Ian Ross for his help on preparation of some of the schematics.
Specialthanksgotothecompanieswhichpermittedustousesomeoftheirfigures
and tool specifications: Baker Hughes GE, National Oilwell Varco (NOV),
Reservoir Group (formerly ALS Corpro), Halliburton, Sandvik, and Boart
Longyear.
Finally, we appreciate Prof. Reza Rezaee from Curtin University for reviewing
the book and providing constructive comments.
Rahman Ashena
Gerhard Thonhauser
v
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 General Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 Justified Coring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1 Definition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2 Uncertainties and Challenges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.2.1 Validity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.2.2 Cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.3 Justification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.3.1 Brief Comparison of Exploration Techniques. . . . . . . . 11
2.3.2 Justified Coring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.3.3 Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3 Fundamental Coring Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.2 Conventional Coring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.3 Wireline Continuous Coring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.4 Sidewall Coring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4 Types and Components of Core Barrel Assemblies. . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.2 Core Barrel Types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.3 Components of Core Barrel Assembly (Petroleum Industry) . . . 24
4.3.1 Conventional Core Barrel Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.3.2 Wireline Continuous Core Barrel Assembly. . . . . . . . . 31
4.4 Components of Core Barrel Assembly (Mining Industry) . . . . . 55
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
vii
viii Contents
5 Conventional Coring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
5.2 Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
5.3 Procedure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
5.4 Challenges in Coring Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
6 Wireline Continuous Coring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
6.2 Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
6.3 Comparison with Other Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
6.3.1 Advantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
6.3.2 Disadvantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
6.4 Enclosed Ball and Seat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
6.5 Latching Mechanism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
6.5.1 Drilling Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
6.5.2 Coring Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
6.6 Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
6.6.1 Drilling Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
6.6.2 Coring Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
6.7 Navigated Wireline Coring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
7 Invasion–Mitigation Coring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
7.2 Invasion Areas and Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
7.3 Low-Invasion Coring System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
7.3.1 Optimized Core Bits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
7.3.2 Optimized Mud Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
7.3.3 High ROP Relative to Invasion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
7.4 Gel Coring System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
7.4.1 Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
7.4.2 Closed Inner Tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
7.5 Sponge Coring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
7.5.1 Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
7.5.2 Challenges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
8 Mechanical Core Damage Investigation and Mitigation . . . . . . . . . 123
8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
8.2 During Core-Drilling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
8.2.1 Induced Fractures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
8.2.2 Vibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Contents ix
8.3 During Tripping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
8.3.1 Tripping Rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
8.3.2 Core Barrel Length. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
8.3.3 Operational Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
9 Jam Mitigation Coring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
9.2 Operational Parameters and Jam Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
9.2.1 Rate of Penetration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
9.2.2 Standpipe Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
9.2.3 Mud Circulation Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
9.2.4 Weight on Bit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
9.2.5 Rotary Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
9.2.6 Torque. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
9.2.7 Observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
9.3 Antijamming Coring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
9.4 Full-Closure Coring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
10 Oriented Coring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
10.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
10.2 Description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
10.3 Tool Arrangement and Components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
10.4 Types of Survey Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
11 Pressure/In Situ Coring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
11.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
11.2 Original-Pressure Coring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
11.3 Pseudo-Pressure Coring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
11.4 Advantages and Disadvantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
11.5 Operating Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
12 Logging-While-Coring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
12.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
12.2 Methods of Downhole Logging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
12.3 LWC Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
12.4 RAB System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
12.4.1 DSS-RMM System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
12.5 Data Telemetry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
x Contents
13 Other Coring Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
13.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
13.2 Motor Coring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
13.3 Mini-Coring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
13.4 Coiled-Tubing Coring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
13.5 Underbalanced Coring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
14 Core Handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
14.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
14.2 Handling Tools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
14.3 Procedure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
14.4 Recommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
15 Coring Providers and Patents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
15.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
15.2 Coring Providers and Specifications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
15.2.1 Petroleum Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
15.2.2 Mining Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
15.3 Coring-Related Patents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Appendix. .... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 241
List of Figures
Fig. 3.1 Schematic of conventional coring assembly (http://www.
drillingdoc.com/coring-technology/, accessed on
January 1, 2016).... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 18
Fig. 3.2 A core bit example (http://image.china-ogpe.com/pimage/
2039/image/PDC_diamond_core_bit_Business2039.jpg,
accessed on September 26, 2015).... .... .... .... ..... .. 19
Fig. 3.3 Schematic of wireline continuous coring assembly... ..... .. 20
Fig. 3.4 a Percussion sidewall coring, and b rotary sidewall coring
with the circular diamond core bit (Schlumberger Coring
Services (2013) Rotary Sidewall Coring—Size Matters,
Winter 2013/2014) .. ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 22
Fig. 4.1 Long displacement adjustment, LDA (modified from
courtesy of Baker Hughes GE).. .... .... .... .... ..... .. 42
Fig. 4.2 Drop-ballsub,whichincludesaballkeptinplaceinfrontof
a restored spring and behind a wall (yellow), which can be
removed by a pressure surge. It is used with motor coring or
highly deviated wellbore where dropping the ball from the
surface is not possible..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 43
Fig. 4.3 Nonrotating inner tube stabilizer (NRITS). a Schematic of
two halves of NRITS, b using torque lock to break out the
inner tubes and core cuttingby the splitter, and c two halves
of NRITS at the end of breaking out (published courtesy of
Baker Hughes GE) .. ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .. 43
Fig. 4.4 Schematic of a typical conventional core barrel . .... ..... .. 44
Fig. 4.5 The drilling mode assembly for a common type of wireline
continuous method, a the overall assembly for the drilling
mode,bthedrillingBHAincludingtheoutertubeassembly,
andctheinnerdrillingassembly(inferredpartlyfromAhmed
et al. 2013 and Farese et al. 2013) ... .... .... .... ..... .. 52
xi