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COPPER ALLOYS – EARLY APPLICATIONS AND CURRENT PERFORMANCE – ENHANCING PROCESSES Edited by Luca Collini www.iran-mavad.com داﻮﻣ ﻰﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ ﻰﻤﻠﻋ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ Copper Alloys – Early Applications and Current Performance – Enhancing Processes Edited by Luca Collini Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Iva Simcic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published February, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected] Copper Alloys – Early Applications and Current Performance – Enhancing Processes, Edited by Luca Collini p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0160-4 www.iran-mavad.com داﻮﻣ ﻰﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ ﻰﻤﻠﻋ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ www.iran-mavad.com داﻮﻣ ﻰﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ ﻰﻤﻠﻋ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ www.iran-mavad.com داﻮﻣ ﻰﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ ﻰﻤﻠﻋ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ Contents Preface VII Part 1 Introduction to the Copper Alloys 1 Chapter 1 Copper and Copper Alloys: Casting, Classification and Characteristic Microstructures 3 Radomila Konečná and Stanislava Fintová Chapter 2 Interaction of Copper Alloys with Hydrogen 31 I. Peñalva, G. Alberro, F. Legarda, G. A. Esteban and B. Riccardi Part 2 Development of High-Performance Current Copper Alloys 49 Chapter 3 Properties of High Performance Alloys for Electromechanical Connectors 51 H.-A. Kuhn, I. Altenberger, A. Käufler, H. Hölzl and M. Fünfer Chapter 4 Lead-Free Wrought Copper Alloys for Bushings and Sliding Elements 69 Kai Weber and H.-A. Kuhn Chapter 5 Mechanical Properties of Copper Processed by Severe Plastic Deformation 93 Ludvík Kunz Chapter 6 Fatigue Crack Resistance of Ultrafine-Grained Copper Structures 127 Luca Collini Part 3 Archaeometallurgy of Copper Alloys 151 Chapter 7 Bronze in Archaeology: A Review of the Archaeometallurgy of Bronze in Ancient Iran 153 Omid Oudbashi, S. Mohammadamin Emami and Parviz Davami www.iran-mavad.com داﻮﻣ ﻰﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ ﻰﻤﻠﻋ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ www.iran-mavad.com داﻮﻣ ﻰﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ ﻰﻤﻠﻋ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ Preface The use of copper and its alloys by humans goes back thousands of years. Probably copper is the most ancient metal extracted and processed by mankind. With good strength and ductility, ease of processing and good availability, copper has been for millennia an excellent material for creating objects, jewelry and tools of daily use or components with high technological content. Nowadays, copper is used in its pure state mostly in applications that require high heat or electric conductivity, while its alloys (bronzes and brasses) are widely used in several fields thanks to their excellent corrosion and wear resistance. Copper and its alloys have been and still are a great natural resource for the growth of mankind. This book collects, without the claim to be exhaustive, the most recent contributions of engineers and scientists who perform research on this material. These contributions cover two main topics: the development and application of advanced techniques of analysis of ancient relics made of copper, and the application of recently studied alloys, enhanced in mechanical and environmental performances. In my opinion the contrast of this two topics is fascinating in its own way. In order to facilitate its reading, the book has been rationally divided into three distinct sections. The first section contains two papers, the first on the classification of copper and its alloys according to the modern systems, the second on the basic mechanism of interaction of copper with hydrogen. The second section includes four contributions, two on the properties of alloys specifically developed for high-performance electromechanical connectors and for sliding elements, and two on the study of static and fatigue properties of copper subjected to a severe plastic deformation process. The third section includes two very interesting contributions on the archaeometallurgy of copper. Sure that all these high-level contributions are of interest, I would like now to extend my sincere thanks to all those who contributed to the drafting of this book, and in particular to prof. R. Konecna and dr. L. Kunz for their kind assistance. Dr. Luca Collini, Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Parma Italy www.iran-mavad.com داﻮﻣ ﻰﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ ﻰﻤﻠﻋ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ www.iran-mavad.com داﻮﻣ ﻰﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ ﻰﻤﻠﻋ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ Part 1 Introduction to the Copper Alloys www.iran-mavad.com داﻮﻣ ﻰﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ ﻰﻤﻠﻋ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ
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