Cooperative and Cognitive Satellite Systems PDF
Preview Cooperative and Cognitive Satellite Systems
Cooperative and Cognitive Satellite Systems Cooperative and Cognitive Satellite Systems Edited by Symeon Chatzinotas Björn Ottersten Riccardo De Gaudenzi AMSTERDAM (cid:129) BOSTON (cid:129) HEIDELBERG (cid:129) LONDON NEW YORK (cid:129) OXFORD (cid:129) PARIS (cid:129) SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO (cid:129) SINGAPORE (cid:129) SYDNEY (cid:129) TOKYO Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier 125LondonWall,London,EC2Y5AS,UK 525BStreet,Suite1800,SanDiego,CA92101-4495,USA 225WymanStreet,Waltham,MA02451,USA TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UK ©2015ElsevierLtd.Allrightsreserved. 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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN:978-0-12-799948-7 ForinformationonallAcademicPresspublications visitourwebsiteathttp://store.elsevier.com/ Publisher:ToddGreen AcquisitionEditor:TimPitts EditorialProjectManager:CharlotteKent ProductionProjectManager:NickyCarter Designer:GregHarris PrintedintheUK List of contributors NaderAlagha ESTEC,ESA,Netherlands RicardAlegre-Godoy UniversitatAutònomadeBarcelona,Spain PieroAngeletti ESTEC,ESA,Netherlands Pantelis-DanielArapoglou ESTEC,ESA,Netherlands JesúsArnau SignalTheoryandCommunicationsDepartment,UniversityofVigo,Spain AaronByman ElektrobitWirelessCommunications,Finland ClaudioCampa SpaceEngineering,Italy EnzoCandreva Mavigex,Italy FilippoDiCecca SpaceEngineering,Italy SymeonChatzinotas UniversityofLuxembourg,Luxembourg XianfuChen VTT,Finland DimitriosChristopoulos UniversityofLuxembourg,Luxembourg NicolasChuberre ThalesAleniaSpace,France StefanoCioni ESTEC,ESA,Netherlands GiuseppeCocco GermanAerospaceCenter(DLR),Germany BarryEvans UniversityofSurrey,UK GennaroGallinaro SpaceEngineering,Italy xiii xiv List of contributors RiccardoDeGaudenzi ESTEC,ESA,Netherlands AlbertoGinesi ESTEC,ESA,Netherlands JoelGrotz NewTec,Belgium AlessandroGuidotti UniversityofBologna,Italy SmratiGupta UniversitatAutònomadeBarcelona,Spain MarkoHöyhtyä VTT,Finland AriHulkkonen ElektrobitWirelessCommunications,Finland ChristianIbars CTTC,Spain JanneJanhunen CentreforWirelessCommunications,Finland RodrigodeLamare CETUC,PUC-Rio,Brazil MarkoLeinonen ElektrobitWirelessCommunications,Finland KonstantinosLiolis SESTechCom,Luxembourg MiguelLopez-Benitez UniversityofSurrey,UK DanielE.Lucani UniversityofAalborg,Denmark AarneMämmelä VTT,Finland SinaMaleki UniversityofLuxembourg,Luxembourg CarlosMosquera SignalTheoryandCommunicationsDepartment,UniversityofVigo,Spain BjörnOttersten UniversityofLuxembourg,Luxembourg AnaPérez-Neira CTTC,Spain List of contributors xv RobertoPiazza UniversityofLuxembourg,Luxembourg RobertoPrieto-Cerdeira ESTEC,ESA,Netherlands ElisabettaPrimo Mavigex,Italy OscardelRíoHerrero ESTEC,ESA,Netherlands AnttiRoivainen CentreforWirelessCommunications,Finland EugenioRossini SpaceEngineering,Italy BhavaniShankarM.R. UniversityofLuxembourg,Luxembourg ShreeKrishnaSharma UniversityofLuxembourg,Luxembourg RosalbaSuffritti Mavigex,Italy WuchenTang UniversityofSurrey,UK DanieleTarchi UniversityofBologna,Italy GiorgioTaricco PolitecnicodiTorino,Italy JeromeTronc ASTRIUM,France AlessandroVanelli-Coralli UniversityofBologna,Italy AngelesVázquez-Castro UniversitatAutònomadeBarcelona,Spain MiguelAngelVázquez CTTC,Spain FaustoVieira ECSAT,ESA,UK JuhaYlitalo ElektrobitWirelessCommunications,Finland Preface Satellite systems provide researchers with a unique set of challenges that are quite distinct from their terrestrial counterparts. During the past decades, the single- usersatellitelinkwasgraduallyoptimized,reachingclose-to-Shannonperformances throughstate-of-the-artstandards,suchasDVB-S,DVB-SH,andDVB-RCSfamilies. This process is well documented in current literature, and further improvements usually provide limited performance increments. Taking this into account, current SatCom research has shifted toward multiuser communication techniques, which havealreadyshowngreatpromiseinthecontextofterrestrialsystems.Inthisdirec- tion,cooperativeandcognitivecommunicationsaretwomajorgroupsoftechniques thatwillinspirethenextgenerationofsatellitestandards.Thisbookbringstogether thelatestcontributionsincooperativeandcognitiveSatComsinordertodisseminate state-of-the-artresultsandinspirefutureresearchinthisfield. The editors would like to express their gratitude to all the contributors for their full cooperation during the entire authoring and production process and their patience through the reviewing rounds and specifically to Alberto Ginesi, Aarne Mämmelä, Aaron Byman, Alessandro Guidotti, Alessandro Vanelli-Coralli, Ana Perez-Neira,AngelesVazquez-Castro,AnttiRoivainen,AriHulkkonen,BarryEvans, M.R. Bhavani Shankar, Carlos Mosquera, Christian Ibars, Claudio Campa, Daniel E. Lucani, Daniele Tarchi, Dimitrios Christopoulos, Elisabetta Primo, Enzo Can- dreva,EugenioRossini,FaustoVieira,FilippoDiCecca,GennaroGallinaro,Giorgio Taricco, Giuseppe Cocco, Janne Janhunen, Jerome Tronc, Jesús Arnau, Joel Grotz, JuhaYlitalo,KonstantinosLiolis,MarkoHöyhtyä,MarkoLeinonen,MiguelAngel Vazquez, Miguel Lopez-Benitez, Nader Alagha, Nicolas Chuberre, Oscar del Rio Herrero,Pantelis-DanielArapoglou,PieroAngeletti,RicardAlegre-Godoy,Roberto Piazza,RobertoPrieto-Cerdeira,RodrigodeLamare,RosalbaSuffritti,ShreeKrishna Sharma, Sina Maleki, Smrati Gupta, Stefano Cioni, Wuchen Tang, and Xianfu Chen. Furthermore, a special thanks goes out to the reviewing team for providing constructive feedback and improving the quality of the content. Finally, the editors wouldliketothankCharlotteKentandNickyCarterfromElsevierfortheirsupport inbringingthisbooktocompletion. xvii Cooperative and cognitive satellite systems 1 INTRODUCTION Thehistoryofsatellitecommunicationstodatehasbeenquiteshortbutextraordinary. It has been just about 50 years since the first Geostationary (GEO) earth satellite waslaunchedtorelaycommunicationdata(Telstar1962).Afewyearslater(1969), thefirstglobalcommercialsatellitesprovidingbroadcastingandtelephonetrunking services were successfully launched by Intelsat, starting a new era for satellite communications(satcom).Inthesameyearthisglobalsatellitenetworktransmitted inrealtimetelevisionimagesofthemoonlandingaroundtheworld.Arecord500 milliontelevisionviewersworldwidesawNeilArmstrong’sfirststepsonthemoon. Theevolutionofsatcomsystemswasrapidandinacoupleofdecadesthecreation of Inmarsat (1979) allowed the development of a system with worldwide mobile satellitecoverageinitiallyservingshipsandairplanesaswellnomadicusers. During this time, technological advances in satcom systems have always been motivatedbyservicedemand.Ononehand,thedemandforsomeservicetypes,e.g., telephonetrunkingacrosscontinentsandmobiletelephonygraduallyattenuatedwith the advent of underwater telephone cables and terrestrial cellular systems. On the other hand, some service types persisted since the dawn of satcoms and have been increasingly supporting the technological progress of satellite systems. The most prominent example in this context is television broadcasting, which still represents themosteconomicallyrelevantapplicationforthesatelliteindustry.Inthemeantime, new services such as broadband internet have surfaced creating new challenges in designing and implementing satcom systems. Nowadays, the demand for fixed and mobile broadband access is ever increasing with various applications in business, education,andentertainment.Theprojectionsfortheincreaseofbroadbanddemand are exponential and all telecom sectors have been struggling to accommodate the needsthroughviabletechnicalsolutionsandsustainablebusinessmodes.Themain cause behind this trend has been the advent of new demanding traffic applications originating in social networking, on-demand multimedia consumption, and cloud computing. The explosion of machine-to-machine applications in the Internet of Things era is also opening new perspectives to satellite in extending the terrestrial networkscoverageforthesekindsofapplications. However, the available frequency resources are becoming scarce due to the spectrum segmentation and the dedicated frequency allocation of the standardized wireless systems. This has become evident during the last decades through the fiercebattlesintheWorldRadioConferenceforsecuringrightstoprimefrequency allocations. In addition, the power consumed by current communications systems xix xx Cooperative and cognitive satellite systems hasbecomealimitingfactorinthefaceofglobalwarming,leadingtotheconceptof greenandsustainableradio.Therefore,itbecomescrucial todefineandinvestigate newnetworkarchitectureswhichhavetheabilitytosupporthighersystemthroughput andenergyefficiency,whileprovidinglarge-scalecoverageandavailability. Inthisdirection,cooperativeandcognitivesatellitesystemsconstituteinnovative and promising network architectures, which can improve the desired performance metrics. Cooperative satellite networks operate by jointly processing multiple data streamswhichmightbelongtomultipleusersororiginatingfrommultipleradiating elements.Inthiscontext,advancedencodinganddecodingtechniquescanbeutilized tomaximizethespectralandenergyefficiency.Inessence,thisisachievedbyemploy- ingmoreaggressivefrequencyreusewhileminimizingtheintrasysteminterference amongthedatastreamsofusers.Ideally,theadditionalsignalprocessingrequiredfor thosetechniquesshouldbeimplementedonthegroundstationinordertomaximize the satellite lifetime and reliability, while minimizing the mass. On the other hand, cognitive satellite systems are based on the coexistence of satellite system with another incumbent system over a common frequency band. This concept is mainly motivated by spectrum scarcity and the underutilization of assigned frequencies. Focusingonaterrestrialincumbentservice,hybridcognitivenetworkscancombine a ground and a satellite component operating over the same frequency bandwidth. Based on cognitive techniques, both ground and satellite components can commu- nicate simultaneously with users without the need of (Frequency Division) orthog- onalization,minimizingadditionalbandwidthrequirements.Furthermore,cognitive satellitenetworkscanbeevenenvisagedontopofanincumbentsatelliteservicein ordertoaddresstheorbitalslotscarcity. This book attempts to provide an overview of recent R&D results and open issues related to cooperative and cognitive satellite systems. We believe that the developmentandexploitationofthesetechniquesmaygreatlyhelpinmakingsatellite networksmoreattractiveandcompetitiveinthenearfuture. 1.1 COOPERATIVE SATELLITE SYSTEMS During the last decade, research in the area of cooperative communications has beenveryfruitful,producinginnovativeparadigmsbasedonoptimalcommunication strategies as dictated by Information Theory. The term cooperation has been used inawiderangeofcontexts,includingreceivercooperation,transmittercooperation, orcooperationthroughrelays.Inthisdirection,cooperationhasalsobeenexploited in satellite communications in order to push the boundaries of single-user link optimization.Morespecifically,noveltransceiverdesignapproacheshaveemployed multiuser, MIMO, and network coding models in order to reap the benefits of cooperation. In this context, a number of new techniques have been investigated in order to maximize frequency reuse while simultaneously mitigating intra- and intersystem interference. The following paragraphs summarize the contributions includedinthisbookandtheirinterconnection. Cooperative and cognitive satellite systems xxi Chapter1focusesonmultibeamjointdecoding,atechniquewhichisutilizedto mitigateinterbeaminterferenceonthereturnlinkoffullfrequencyreusemultibeam satellites. This work covers both fixed and mobile systems using a generic system model and studies the theoretical communication limits in terms of sum rate and outage capacity. Both linear and nonlinear detectors are considered, as well as the impact of practical aspects such as imperfect channel estimation, synchronization issues,andfeederlinklimitations. Chapter2continuesonthepathofChapter1bystudyingthereturnlink,butthis time random access (RA) schemes are motivated by the large terminal population, theburstytraffic,andtheneedforlowsignalingoverhead.Thesecharacteristicsmay apply to a large range of fixed and mobile services, such as consumer broadband access, machine-to-machine communications, supervisory control and data acqui- sition (SCADA), transaction, and safety of life applications. In this direction, this work reviews existing state-of-the-art RA schemes in the communication literature andexaminestheirapplicationtosatellitesystems.Furthermore,thecapacitybounds for spread-spectrum and non spread-spectrum RA schemes are investigated, while satellitesystemsandstandardswhichemployRAarereviewed. Chapter3complementsChapter1byexaminingtheforwardlinkoffullfrequency reusemultibeamsystems.Thistopichasreceivedattentionrecently,whentheDVB (digital video broadcasting) issued the DVB-S2 extension (DVB-S2X) with an optional specification that provides the necessary framing and signaling support to interferencemanagementtechniques.Inthiscontext,state-of-the-artprecodingand userschedulingtechniquesarereviewedandcompared,whileconsideringtheimpact of nonideal system aspects, such as channel phase offsets and imperfect/outdated channel estimates. In addition, practical constraints are discussed, such as frame- basedalgorithms,multiplegatewaysystems,andfeederlinklimitations. Chapter4considersthejointprocessingofmultiplecarriersinsteadofmultiple beams. Toenabletheefficient utilizationofsatellitetransponders,multiplecarriers have to be relayed through a single High-Power Amplifier (HPA). However, the nonlinearnatureoftheHPAresultresultsinadjacentchannelinterferenceandpeak toaveragepowerratio,whichlimittheexpectedperformancegains.Inthiscontext, this work studies signal processing techniques, i.e., predistortion at the gateway and equalization at the user terminal, which can mitigate the intercarrier nonlinear interferenceandimprovethesystemperformance. Chapter 5 investigates on-ground beamforming techniques for the forward and the return link of multibeam mobile satellite systems and is closely related to the conceptsofChapters1and3.Theuseofsuchtechniquesismotivatedbythereduction of the payload complexity, as well as the exploitation of advanced interference mitigation techniques. On the other hand, additional feeder link bandwidth and complexcalibrationprocessesarerequiredtoimplementsuchsystems.Thischapter investigatestheperformanceofon-groundbeamformingtechniquesforbothforward and return link and discusses the related trade-offs, including on-board payload complexityandcalibrationissues.
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