ConversationsonQuantumGravity Theholygrailoftheoreticalphysicsistofindthetheoryofeverythingthatcombinesalltheforces ofnature,includinggravity.Thisbookaddressesthequestion:Howfararewefromsuchdiscovery? Overthelastfewdecades,multipleroadstofindingaquantumtheoryofgravityhavebeenproposed butnoobviousdescriptionofnaturehasemergedinthisdomain.Whatistobemadeofthissituation? This volume probes the state of the art in this daunting quest of theoretical physics by collecting criticalinterviewswithnearlyfortyleadingtheoristsinthisfield.Thesebroad-rangingconversations giveimportantinsightsandcandidopinionsonthevariousapproachestoquantumgravity,including stringtheory,loopquantumgravity,causalsettheoryandasymptoticsafety.Thisunique,readable overviewprovidesagatewayintocutting-edgeresearchforstudentsandotherswhowishtoengage withtheopenproblemofquantumgravity. Jácome (Jay) Armas is an assistant professor at the Institute of Physics and coordinator oftheDutchInstituteforEmergentPhenomena,UniversityofAmsterdam.HecompletedhisPhD attheNielsBohrInstituteandheldpostdoctoralpositionsattheUniversityofBernandUniversité LibredeBruxelles.Hisresearchinterestsspanfoundationalissuesinstringtheory,hydrodynamics and black holes, as well as emergent phenomena in quantum and soft matter. In addition to his researchactivities,heestablishedtheinternationalscienceoutreachplatformandeventseriesScience &Cocktails.Thisvolume,compiledovermorethantenyearsofmainlyin-personinterviews,ishis gifttothephysicscommunity. Conversations on Quantum Gravity Editedby JÁCOME (JAY) ARMAS UniversityofAmsterdam UniversityPrintingHouse,CambridgeCB28BS,UnitedKingdom OneLibertyPlaza,20thFloor,NewYork,NY10006,USA 477WilliamstownRoad,PortMelbourne,VIC3207,Australia 314–321,3rdFloor,Plot3,SplendorForum,JasolaDistrictCentre,NewDelhi–110025,India 103PenangRoad,#05–06/07,VisioncrestCommercial,Singapore238467 CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107168879 DOI:10.1017/9781316717639 ©CambridgeUniversityPress2021 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2021 PrintedintheUnitedKingdombyTJBooksLimited,PadstowCornwall AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. ISBN978-1-107-16887-9Hardback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyof URLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain, accurateorappropriate. Thisbookisdedicatedto: Signe,BertrandandMarguerite Myfamily MyfamilyinFabrikken,Christiania Myfamily-in-law Myclosestfriends Myclosestcolleagues Contents Preface:WhyThisBookandWhyDidItTakeSoLong? pageix Introduction 1 TheInterviews 11 1 JanAmbjørn 13 2 NimaArkani-Hamed 33 3 AbhayAshtekar 62 4 JandeBoer 101 5 StevenCarlip 122 6 AlainConnes 138 7 RobbertDijkgraaf 160 8 BiancaDittrich 177 9 FayDowker 193 10 LaurentFreidel 210 11 StevenGiddings 226 12 RajeshGopakumar 240 13 DavidJ.Gross 255 14 Gerard’tHooft 275 15 PetrHorˇava 297 16 RenateLoll 320 17 JuanMaldacena 338 vii viii Contents 18 ShirazMinwalla 351 19 HermannNicolai 373 20 RogerPenrose 391 21 JosephPolchinski 407 22 AlexanderPolyakov 428 23 MartinReuter 440 24 CarloRovelli 463 25 NathanSeiberg 481 26 AshokeSen 493 27 EvaSilverstein 513 28 LeeSmolin 531 29 RafaelSorkin 561 30 AndrewStrominger 588 31 LeonardSusskind 599 32 ThomasThiemann 614 33 CumrunVafa 636 34 ErikVerlinde 651 35 StevenWeinberg 671 36 FrankWilczek 682 37 EdwardWitten 698 Acknowledgements 699 Index 703