Convenient genera or phylogenetic genera? Evidence from Callyspongiidae and Niphatidae (Haplosclerida)

16 Pages·1999·4 MB·

by  Ruth Desqueyroux-Faúndez

fVENIENTGENERA ORPHYL0GENET1C GENER DENCI ROM
CALLYSPONGHDAH AND NIPHATIDAE (HAPU\ K'5IC\LI Rli I
RUTH DESQUriYROtJX-l Al'NCI /
DcsqucjnroUx-Fatfmdez, R. 1994 06 30: Convenient genera or phylogenetii gn nera ? Evi-
dence Irom Call>spongiid;ic and Nlplutidac (Ilapioscletidu). Memoirs ofthe Queewl
l&S MM44 131-146. Lhisbanc. ISSN 0079-8S35.
\ tavonomic revision of all nominal genera m the haplosclcrid Caltyspongiidac and
NlphaXid^(PonTew;DwnospoTffii8W) Lsbasedexclusively Mtypospedusanddiscussesthe
taxonowic value ofuadhional characters. Of27 available nominal genera in both famili
only 19available genera are recognised. Forsomeofthem tentatively proposesubgenera
I
(of (\illvspon£hi), or wnonymise Ihcui with other genera fag; Ctednchulino) i .k
tea 01 6* a.halinid' yeneta in iht* early literature or' I.endenfeld 1686-1888 afO
comprehensively revised and their l.ixonomic statusconfirmed, as previously i ted b>
Burton in 1934, or changed, and some are illustrated for the firsi time. MtfrphOTOCtric
l aracters important in defining a species group {genus or subgenus) include specific
modificationstoaspecialisedectosomal skeleton,structureanddistiilunionofchoanosornal
fibres, presence and width ofthe spongin sheath in the fibres, presence oi foreign material
and free spicules in the skeleton, and presence and amount of tree spongin intheskeleton.
General characters, onh useful as a reference for identification ol a speciesgroup, but not
O
icntiaJtoestablishtheirtaxonomicalstatusarealsoindicated. Porifcn/, Demospoftgiaei
fhtpt'wcterida, Callyspongiidac, Niphatidac, generic rpvi&tott, taxonomy, morphoh
,
Rnauttuhre!D!e,s.tj<i'u(ywroc/pao-sftuanki/6k4k3'4r. (CeHma-i1l:2HrutGhunfiasnvnade6.zUSiwmithzte'rlianftd^ WefFt)ebrtufattrsyeti{to99d9'hibfoirc
The taxonomy of Haplosclerida is .still (HaliclonKlae, Cullyspongiidae, Adocndae,
conlrovertial as tar as recognition, interpretation Ncpheliospongiidac and < iceanapiidac Ipro
and definition ofgenera, subgenera and species Phloeodiclyidae).
groups are concerned. One reason for this is the The monophyly of Haplosclerida was
smallnumberofunequivocal taxonomiccharacters
available (including secondary metabolite supported byde Weerdt ( 1985, 1986, 1989), in '
structures).Therecognitionof"reliable'characters, ssctluedryidoaf:thOrceeeafnaampiliiiedsaoefE(apsrtoerPnhlAoteloadnitiectvIildaapel)o.-
which are discrete and consistent for a genus Chaliiiidae and Petrosiidae De Weerdt (1985,
group, isa firstconditionfortheconstructionofa 1986, 1989) based her phylogeny principally on
classification based on natural affinities- synapomorphics of skeletal arvhitccnire Van
RecentrevisionsofIlaploscleridaproddedsome Socsi (1990) claimed that Bcrgquist (1980)
new insights to the taxonomy ofthis group. A emphasised sonic ofthe apomorphic characters
study of West Indian Haplosclerida, notably shared by Nephchosponuida and Haplosclerida,
re-examinalion ofIheDuehassaing & iVIiehelotti while at the same time recognising
collection, lead Van Soest (1980) to propose a Nepheliospongida (pro Petrosida) as a distinct
newclassification of families and genera, and to order. Van Soest (199(1) proposed to keep
erect three new families: Niphatidae, Petrosiidae Nepheliospongida (pro Petrosida) within the
and Oceanapiulne (pro I'hloeodictyidae). A Haplosclerida, as suborder or superfamily.
phylogeny ofHaploscleridawasproposed, based Presently, the taxonornic position ofPetrosida [g
principally on featuresol (heectosomal skeleton, still unresolved.
and nearly completely disregarding micro-
Sponge secondary metabolites also appear to
scleres.
be useful in characterising different groups of
A rival classification based on live descriptive sponges(e.g. reviewsby Bcrgquist& Wells, t983'J|
criteria (colour, growth form, consistency, Van Soest & Braekman, 1999, this volume)., ami
spiculesandskeleton) waspublished bv Bcrgquisl based on an analysts ofsterols in Ilaplosclerida
(1980) and Bcrgquist & Warnc (1980)." who and Petrosida there is no chemotaxonomic
distinguished two orders (Haplosclerida and support lor a cii\isi:»u of f laplosclerida mlo lv\n
Ncpheliospongida)., and five families orders (FrOKtomt el ai., 1994). A phylogeny of
.
32 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM
TABLE I - Call)spongiidae genera and theirtaxonomic assignments.
CrOCUS Typespecie 'i.i .r .1 assignment \cluaJ assignment ':.....iiis.'d inebmgenu aanynfy
( .,,'ivhattnaCarter, i
cttatitiB i nfel.,d,Ji1i8i8t7in,a
CMaicthhexlptoitntxf,n1}864 C fyttax D1uch(u.--f.,todnfMit.icqLt1'8fGt4 C fCaftiftyliytprrngfa} '.....,'n,-..h'.t.is.tcp/ou'.thu, il.'L'-'ndLc1-hneakr-lalomd.cali1EaSsf8pi7ei,rw,
Ettfilacelta
..''I'-W/a
Lendenfeld, 1887
TRiodxloecyh.al1h8t8a4 T fbiioides Bowetbank, [S75 C iT{tbilxioacifdjtaMlttw)
Spmaseda C (Spmosefla/ CiauachuliHa
Vosmaer, 1885 S- suro'Li MDiuclhJeil.o-tti, 1864 wrarfa -. timidt, 1870
Lendenfeld, 1887 C- ivpicu Lendenfeld. 188^ 1 tChtaytplitcioapttfa) Lendenfeld, 1887
'' leyochatim
Schmidt, 1868.
Stohon&chaitntt S Coruwt'ti $tpba$Q€{iahtta .<hanefla
Schmidt. I868 ! Schmidt. 18G8 rfocec Lendenfeld. 1887_
Tuhnhdi^Uu.sCartel
,:•::
!CaJrutlert,fc1it8f8u2 P procumbent Carter. 1882 C.p(rPoicUuumh.bvecnusla)
Lendenfeld. 18h7 6 -,.._?/.•'.•, LenEdenaufseilrda.tis1887 C (Evphceilai
PuliKCr-Pmali, 1982 A. Adft/D Pulittc1r-fFffgafaitUi,i !^82 .4 heron
ChalU''.
DCaarcttevrf.ia1885 U cttalimftrrmis /_''.Ca:rtheMr,•u1l8rSn5nis D- {-haiiiiitnr>tns LeCndheanlfienlopds,il1l8a86
Lendenfeld. 1888
iiaplosclerida based on molecules of the In this paper, therefore, I am constrained to
3-alkylpiperidine alkaloid types appears ineong- using to relatively few 'reliable' morphometric
ruent with the phylogenetie tree ofhaplosclerid characters traditionally described for Haplo-
families, probably because ofthe uncertainty in sclerida, but this raises three problems. 1)
identification of species analyzed and also Superficially al least, some of these 'reliable'
ignorance ofmetabolite occurrence throughout a morphological characters appear to be lackingin
lange of taxa (Andersen et al., 1996) some tax*included in the five recognisedfamilies
Straight-chain acetylene compounds of Haplo- of Iiaplosclerida: Chalinidae, Niphatidae,
sclcridaarcefficientmarkers Torthewholeorder, Callysponghdae. PhloeodictyidaeandPetrosidae.
and in somecasescanbecharacteristic ofcertain 2) Conversely there are a number of nominal
genera and families (Van Soest et al.. 1997), but
taxa, doubtfully available orpresently considered
these compounds are found among species 01
assynonyms, which areclearly distinct from each
otherorders, and their presence orabsence is not
other in their respective 'reliable' characters. 3)
an absolute indicator of phylogenetie relation-
Frequently characters have been difficult to
ships
differentiate because their variability occurred
Moreover, difficulties encountered in the within very narrow bounds, especially related to
application ofbiochemical methods can also be the structure offibres.
attributed to the diversity of other organisms
living within sponges (e.g. symbiotic cyano- In order to clarify the status of these taxa I
bacteria), makingitarduous to identifythe origin undertook a thorough analysis ofthe structural
Of chemical compounds in some instances characters, especially at the skeletal level, in two
(Bergquist & Wells, 19S3). Consequently, families of Iiaplosclerida; Callysponghdae and
chemotaxonomicdatamust betreatedwithcaution, Niphatidae. I focused on the use of shared
and these data are not considered in this present morphological characters as determinanttoolsto
paper. establish the taxonomic position of genera.
TAXONOMY OF CALLYSPONGIIDAE & NIPHATIDAF 133
PIG. I. Callyspongia and Toxochalina. A, B, Callyspongia Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864. Type species
Callyspongia fallax Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864. St. Thomas. Schizolectotype BMNH1928:1 1:12:5. A.
Eetosomal network. Large, triangular to polygonal meshes, subdivided in smaller secondary and teriiaiy
meshes.B,Choanosomal regularmeshes, longitudinalprincipal andtransversal connectingFibres.(Scalesbars
A =200urn; B = 8.2fim). C, D, Toxochalina Ridlev, 1884. Tvpe species Desmacidon fbfioides Bowerbank.
1875, StraitsofMalacca, ^Bowerbank Collection'. Lectotype BMNH1887:5:21:2()34.C, Lctosomal network,
threetypesofmeshes. D, Choanosomal network. (Scale bars C = OOum; D= 20um)-
1
subgenera and/or groups of species in Haplo- Queensland Museum, Brisbane; MHNG.
sclerida. Museum d'histoire naturelle. Geneva
.
I present here morphological evidence Described characters, and laxonomic
obtained exclusively from the study of type relationshipsbasedonthem,refleetmyowncritical
species ofeach nominal genus. observations. Consequently, character analyses
were completed with the inclusion of remarks
MATERIALS AND MHTHODS from the original author's descriptions.
SpecimenswerestudiedbylightandSFM micro-
Type material from the following Institutions scopy. Listsofstructuralcharactersandcharacter
was studied: BMNH, The Natural History states ofgenera were established by comparing
Museum, London; MNHN, Museum National differences between genera. The following
d'Histoirc Naturelle, Paris; fRSNB, Institul characters were used to compare genera 1)
Royal de Sciences naturelles de Belgique, variations in external morphology; 2) surface
Brussels; ZMA, Zoological Museum, features; 3) type ofectosomal and choanosomal
Amsterdam; MSNG, Museo de Storia Naturalle, skeletons; 4) fibrestructure and width variations
Genova;AM, Australian Museum, Sydney;QM, ofthesponginsheath; 5 presenceoffreespicules
)
134 MHMOIRS 01' THfc QUEENSLAND MUSEUM
FIG, 2. Spinoscila {^Cladochaiina) and Chalinopora (-Euchalina). A, C, Spina$ella Vosra&er, 1X85. Type
species TuhawroriaDuchassa!ng&Michelotti, 1864.St. Thomas.Paralectotype.MUS. TORINOPORI 18.A,
Longitudinal section through conular Tascicle, surface at both sides ofthe figure. C, Three different sizes of
triangulartopolygonalcctosomal meshesand fasciculated subeetosmal longitudinal fibres. (Scale barsA, C -
8.2um). B, D, Chalinopora (=Euchalitta) Lendenfeld, 1887. Type species Chalinopora frpica Lendenfeld,
1887. PortJackson, NSW. Syntype BMNH1886:8:27:41 1 (AMG3408, slide). B, Simple ectosomal network,
one Size offine triangularto rectangular meshes. Connies not visible. D, Choanosomal network, fasciculated
underlying longitudinal primary fibres, fragmentofsurfaceon top. (Scale bars B =200um; D=500um).
in fibre meshes; and 6) amount offree spongin Whenever a character used in an original
andtypeofspicules. Each characterwaschecked description was not sufficiently informative for
for its presence or absence; and when present, the present work, a detailed description from a
each character was scored objectively as to the larger haplosclerid study was used (Desqueyroux-
expresion of the character, with at least three Faundez. in prep.). In some cases, re-examin-
different stales recognised per character. In the ationoftypespecimensdidnotcloselyfollowthe
present work only the three most significant published description, or there was mistaken
('reliable') characters are presented. Other identification of type material by the original
author, with the consequence that the actual
allegedly 'inconsistent' or *unreliable' characters,
deemed by previous authors to have little or no concept ofsome genera had to be changed (e.g.
Hemigellius).
laxonomic value at the supraspecilie level (e.g.
external morphology), are omitted from this Taxonomy and classification of families and
work. Amorecomplete,phylogcneticanalysisof genera are based on the most recently accepted
these taxa will is in progress (Desqueyroux- classification of Porifera: Ilaploselerida of
Faundez, in prep.). Wiedenmayer,inHooper& Wiedenmayer(1994).
TAXONOMY OF CALLYSPONG1IDAE & NTPHAT1DAl 135
FIG. 3. Ceraochatina f=Chalffwllc0 and TubulodlgttHS. A, C. Ceraochalma Lendenfeid, 1887. Tvpe species
Ceraochulinulypivu Lendenfeid, LSS7. Port Phillip, Victoria. Holotype BMNHI886:8:27:439- A,"Transverse
sectionofectosomal networkwithonesi/eoftriangularmeshes,subectosomal longitudinal fibres, intercalate
short longitudinal fibres, small meshes and transverse fibres (arrow). C, Longitudinal section of surface,
intercalatefibresandtransversal fibreswithechinatingoxea.(ScalebarsA=500um;C=8.2um).B,D. Tubuio-
digitus Carter. 1881. Type species Tubuludigitus communis Carter, 1881. Bass Strait. Ncotype BMNH-
1889:1:21:1. B, Longitudinal section through ecto and choanosomal skeleton. D, Transverse section of
ectosomal skeleton, with onesize ofmeshes. (Scale bars B, D = 20p.rn).
Modification ofthis classification in this work, ectosomal network). Inconspicuous conules
and actual taxonomie assignments are indicated formed by free end of only one longitudinal
in each case (Table 1). Terminology for primary fibre (Callyspongia, Fig. A;
I
descriptive morphological characters is taken Toxoc/w/ttKu Fig. IC). 1(2). Tangential regular
from Boury-Esnault & Rlitzler (1997). New network around a conspicuous central conule,
morphomctrietermswereintroducedanddefined, with three sizes of large triangular to polygonal
when necessary. meshes subdivided in smaller secondary and
tertiary meshes (triple ectosomal network).
SYSTEMATICS
Central conspicuous conule produced by ends of
A list of the major 'reliable1 characters and the fascicle branches of longitudinal primary
fibres(Spinosella(= Cladochalina),Figs2A,C).
theircharacter states is presented as follows. 1(3). One size of fine triangular to rectangular
CHARACTER 1. Ectosomal skeleton 1(1). meshes (simple ectosomal network) over
Tangential, regular network, three sizes oflarge confusely fasciculated underlying longitudinal
triangular to polygonal meshes subdivided in primaryfibres. Conulesnotvisible(Chafinopora
smaller secondary and tertiary meshes (triple \=Eitchalina\ Fig.2B,D). 1(4).Onesizetriangular
)
36 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM
TABLE2. Niphatidae generaand theirtaxonomic assignments.
Proposedsubgenus
Genus Typespecies Originalassignment Actualassignment Synonymy
arrangement
G1e8l8l4iodesRidley, G.jlbulata Axosfibu1l8a8t1usCarter, Gelliodesfibulata
M1i9c1r6oxinaTopsent, M. charcoti M. charc1o9t1i6Topsent, Microxinacharcoti
Niphates N. erecta
Duchassaing& N.erecta Duchassaing& Niphateserecta
Michelotti,1864 Michelotti, 1864
D&aDsevncdhayl,in1a88R7idley D.fragilis D.fDraegnidliys,R1i8d8le6y& (DasPvacchhalyicnhaa)lifrnaagilis Dasvchalina
PScahcmhivdcth,al18i6m8 P. rustica P. rusti1c8a6S8chmidt, Pachychalinarustica
ADMimuccphhhealisomstetaidi,nogn18&64 A, compressa MDiAuc,chehclaoosmtsptair,iens1gs8a&6.4 Amcopmhpirmeesdsoan Hemihtaolni,c1l9o3n7aBur-
HemigelliusBurton, G Gelliusrudis
1932 rudis Topsent, 1901 Hemigelliusrudis
CSrcihbmriodcth,al1i8n7a0 C, infundibuhim CS.cihnmfiudntd,ib1u8h7i0m Cirnifburnodcihhaulliunma
HaliclonissaBurton, H verrucosaBurton, Haliclonissa
H.verrucosa
1932 1932 verrucosa
meshes (simple ectosomal network); isolated uniform tangential network ofpoorly delimited
underlying longitudinal fibres connected by 2-3 unispicularfibres{Patuloscula,Fig. 5A,B). 1(6),
transverse fibres with echinating brushes of One size rounded meshes (simple ectosomal
oxeas. Intercalate longitudinal fibres present to network); ends of longitudinal primary fibres
formsmallsubectosomalmeshes(Ceraochalina, connected by three tangential successive layers
Fig. 3A, C (= Chalinella); Siphonochalina, Fig. ofparallel fibres,echinatedbynumerous surface
4A (= Sclerochalina, Fig. 4B, D; Siphonella; spicularbrushesofoxeas. Inlongitudinal section
Tubulodigitus, Fig. 3B, D). 1(5), One size subectosomalmeshes appearsmallerthanchoano-
rounded meshes (simple ectosomal network); somal (peripheral condensation) {Euplacella, Fig.
isolatedunderlyingsubectosomal ends oflongit- 5D). 1(7), Tangential irregular network of
udinal primary fibres profusely divided to form fragmentary unispicular fine fibres, one size
rounded meshes (simple ectosomal
network); string of foreign material
TABLE 3. Presence ofectosomal and choanosomal characters (Arenosclera,Figs 6A). 1(8), Tangential
and theirdistribution amongstgeneraofCallyspongiidae. irregular meshes; fine aspicular fibres
finely cored by foreign material. No
Longitudinal
Genus Ectosomal Subectosomal intercalate Pairnaglleecltcoosnonmeaclt- distinction between primary and
meshes fibres ectosomal fibres secondary fibres (Dactylia, Figs 6C, D;
fibres
Chalinopsilla, Fig. 7A). 1(9), Tangential
Callyspongia threesizes isolated absent absent
irregular fibre network of secondary
ToxochaUina threesizes isolated absent absent multispicularfibres, interruptedbyendsof
Spinosella threesizes fasciculated absent absent longitudinal primary fibres (ramified
(C=eCrhaaolcihnaellilnaa) onesize isolated present absent spines orconules); free oxeas and sigmas
Chalinopora abundant (Gelliodes, Fig. 7B). 1(10),
{=Euchalina) onesize fasciculated absent absent Strong free unordered oxea network,
Siphonochalina interrupted by ends of longitudinal
{=Sclerochalina,
Siphonella, onesize isolated absent absent primary fibres (brushes of spicules or
Tubulodigitus) strong spines); microscleres (sigma or
Patuloscula onesize isolated absent present microxea) abundant or scarce
Euplacella onesize isolated absent present(3 layers) (Microxina,Fig. $A;Niphates,Fig.8C).
Arenosclera onesize absent absent absent 1(11), Tangential irregular network of
{D=aCchtav/liinaopsilIa onesize absent absent absent abundantfreeoxeasandfibresinterrupted
by strong ends of longitudinal primary
TAXONOMY OF CALLYSPONGIIDAE & NIPIIATIDAC 137
VlGA.Sip/tatiochalinaand<-Slcrovhulinul AX\Siphuti(>chuItnaS':\m\\dU 1868,TypespeciesSiphonochu/ina
coriacea Schmidt, [868, La Calle, Xacaze-DutMar- collection. Syntype MN1IN L.B1M DT77. A. Den:,
tangential network offine unispicular fibres with uniform meshes ofonly one type. C, Longitudinal section
through choanosomal and ectosomal networks. Parallel, strong primary fibres with large spoiigin sheath.
EctosoraaJ skeletonatthebaseofthe figure(Scalebars A 8.2pm; C 20.0um). B,D,SclerochaltnaSchmidt,
186S. Type species Sclerochaltnaasterigena Schmidt, 1X68. La Calle, "Lacaz.e-Duthier' collection. Ilolotype
MNFINLBIM DT89-I I. B.Simpleectosomal networkwithonesi/_eoftriangulartorectangularsmallmeshes.
D, longitudinalsectionthroughsubeetosonial andsurfaceregions. Isolatedparallel,stronglongitudinal Rbi
abundant spongin, surface below. (Scale bars B 500pm; D = lOOum).
fibres (aculcations, prickles or slings) Perpendicularendsoflongitudinal primary fibres
(Dasychalina, Fig. °-A). 1(12), Tangential regular expandedtoformwart-likeelevations(verrucose
fibrenetwork with uniform roundedmeshes. Ends surface), abundant free oxeas in between
o( longitudinal primary fibres barely protruding (Halicionissa).
{Amphimedon Fig, 9C). 1(13), Perpendicular
y
ill-defined extremely irregular network of CHARACTER 2_ Choanosomal skeleton. 2(1).
spicule brushes in between the ends ofprimary Regular network of longitudinal parallel strong
fibres, riddled by aquiferous orifices primary fibres, regularly connected by short
(Pachychalina). 1( 14). Tangential dense irregular secondary fibres to form empty rectangular very
network of free oxeas and sigmas forming regular meshes. Large spongin sheath present
continuous layer over ends of primary fibres (Callyspongia Fig, B; Cefaochalirta (-
I
(Hemigel/iuw Fig. 10B). 1(15), Perpendicular Chalindh), Fig. 3C; Siphonothaliw, Fig. 4C).
ends oflongitudinal primary fibres expanded as 2(2). Strong irregular network with large
strongcontinuous palisade offree oxeas (strongly- triangular to irregular meshes, poorly oriented;
hispid crust) (Crihrochalifta, Fig. 10D). 1(16). compact multispicular primary fibres irregularly
138 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM
FIG. 5. Patidoscula and Euplacella. A, B, Patuloscula Carter, 1882. Type species Patulosculaprocumbens
Carter, 1882, Grenada, West Indies. Syntypes BMNH:1845:5:12:13, 15, 16. A, Longitudinal section,
choanosomalregion,isolatedparallelsubectosomalendsofprimary'longitudinalfibresatthebaseofthefigure.
B, Transverse section, continuous ectosomal layer, one size rounded meshes ofpoorly delimited unispicular
fibres(simplenetwork). (ScalebarsA=20|itn; B=500um).C, D,EuplacellaLendenfeld, 1887.Typespecies
Euplacellaaustj-alisLendenfeld, 1887.TorresStraits,Qld. Lectotype BMNH1886:8:27:591.C,Choanosomal
network,paucispicularprimaryfibreswithlargesponginsheath,surfaceatleft.D,Longitudinalsectionthrough
triple ectosomal layer or 'peripheral condensation', with surface brushes ofoxea, three layers indicated by
arrows. (Scalebars C ~ 8.2um; D =200um).
splituptoformconnectivefibres. Sponginsheath fibresgatheredtoformfibrofasciclesandsplitup
absent from all types of fibres, present only at to form free secondary fibres. Irregularly
fibre nodes. (Toxochalina, Fig. ID). 2(3), elongate to roundish meshes, always subdivided
Irregular confused network of multispicular by tertiary finer fibres (Spinosella (=
fasciculated longitudinal primary fibres, Cladochalina),Fig.2C).2(6),Aspicularnetwork
irregularlysplituptoformshortconnective fibres. of longitudinal divergent primary fibres and
Empty meshes ofonly one type but ofdifferent perpendicularconnectingfibres,abundantlycored
sizes. All fibreswithnarrowsponginsheath(one byforeignmaterial.Irregulartorectangularempty
25 % of fibre diameter) (Chalinopora (= meshes (Dactylia (= Chalinopsilla ), Fig. 7C).
Euchalma ), Fig. 2D). 2(4), Strong network of 2(7), Intricate network of undifferentiated
stout longitudinal paucispicular, primary fibres meshes and fibres withno preferential direction,
and irregular short connecting fibres, irregular not clearly distinguishable,abundantly cored by
empty meshes. Fibres with large spongin sheath foreign material (Arenosclera, Fig. 6B). 2(8),
(Euplacella, Fig. 5C; Patuloscula, 5A). 2(5), Regular network of longitudinal primary fibres
Strong dense network of longitudinal primary andshortconnecting fibres, isotropicto elongate
TAXONOMY OF CALLYSPONGIIDAE & NIPHATTDAl 13<>
FIG. 6. Arenosclera and Ductvlia. A, B, Arenosclera Pultizer-Finali, 1983. Type species Arenosclera heroni
Pultizer-Finaii, 1982. Heron'island. GBR, Qld. Holotype MSNG 46949. A, tangential irregular network of
string o\' foreign material, one size rounded meshes (simple ectosomal network). B, Longitudinal section
through ectosomal and choanosomal networks. (Scale bars A = 200um; B = H.2um). C, D, Dachliu Charter,
BMMl
1<S85. Type species Dctctylia chaliniformis Carter, 1885. Port Phillip Heads, Victoria. Holotype
1886:12:15:196. C. Ectosomal network, abundant foreign material. D, Fineaspicularectosomal fibres, finely
cored by foreign material. (Scale bars: C = 20um; D = 50um).
meshes. Abundant free spicules (Cribrochulinn, Pig. 7D). 2(13), Confused compact lormed by
Fig. IOC). 2(9), Diffuse longitudinal primary abundant unordered strong spicules, no clear
fibres, tight and ill-defined meshes, abundant fibres or meshes. No visible spongin. Abundant
free spicules. Spongin abundant: free and coring sigmas{Ifemigellius). 2(14), Confused, irregular
the fibres (Amphimcdon. Fig. 9D. 2(10), Poorly lacuna with thick longitudinal primary fibres
defined meshes with numerous free spicules m repeatedly divided to form isolated finer tree
between the fibres; longitudinal primary fibres
ramifications, abundant free spicules, no clear
divergent, inlermingled. Spongin inconspicuous
meshes (Pachyehalincii Fig. 10A). 2(15),
{Huliclonissti). 2(11), Strong compact,
Abundantly ramified with long thicknon oriented
mullispicularprimary fibres split up to form non
connecting Secondary fibres lacking orientation. fibres, large meshes and free spicules, novisible
irregular meshes, scattered spicules spongin,abundantmicroxea(Microxina*Fig. SB).
(Dasychattna, Fig. 9B). 2( 12), Open and loose, 2( 16), Radiating longitudinal fasciculate primary
formed by compact longitudinal primary fibres fibres, connecting secondary fibres regularly
and abundant free secondary fibres, oxeas and distributed to form rounded to irregular meshes.
sigmas, irregularmeshes, lreespicules (Gelliodes Free spicules abundant (Niphaies. Fig. SD)
140 MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENSLAND MUSEUM
FIG. 1- Chalinopsiila and Gelliodes* A. I. Chalinopsilia Lendenfeld. 1888. Type species Challnop&tlla
dtchotoma Lendenfeld, 1886, West Coast of Australia. Lectotype BMNIlIS8o':8:27:62. Schizolectotype:
AM-G8%0(MNHNLBIMDCL206I }.A.Fineaspicularectosomal fibres,abundantly coredbyforeignmaterial.
C, Aspicular network abundantly cored by foreign material, divergent primary longitudinal fibres, and
perpendicularconnectingfibres.(ScalebarsA=S.Zunr.C 2(Jum). B,D.GelliodesRidley, i884.Typespecies
4x03 iibutatus Carter, 1881. Bass Strait. Victoria. Syntype BMNIl: 1882:2:23:202. B, langential view of
surface, protruding eetosomal spines, from ends of longitudinal primary fibres (conules). D. Choanosomal
skeletonofcompactprimary fibresand freesecondary fibres. Freespiculesabundant(ScalebarsB=500um;D
=
20|itn).
CHARACTER 3. Primary fibre structure. MM secondary fibres of the same type. Unispieular
Strong longitudinal, pauei tomultispicularprimary tertiary fibres with very scanty spongin
fibres (5-15 or more spicules), parallel to diver- {Toxochuiinu). 3(4), Ascending parallel radially
gent, regular in width, isolated, not ramified or distributedprimary' fibresextendingfrom internal
moderately ramified, not fasciculate. Spicules to external sponge wall. Fibres paucispicular(3-5
sparsely distributed at center of fibre. Large spicules ). not ramified. Subectosomal
%
spongin slicath, at least 66 of fibre diameter longitudinal intercalate fibres present
Callyspongia; PatulosCula\ Ceraochalina Siphonochalina =SclerochaIinn; Siphone/la:
( ( (
{=Chaii)ieila). 3(2).Strong large irregularspongin TttbylocHgitus). 3(5), Aspicular to paucispicular
sheathcored by 3-5 spicules, some ofthemfused primary fibres radiating from the sponge base to
as observed by the presence of 2 or 3 central form fibrofascieles. surface conuies and finer
spicule rows; short, slender secondary fibres secondary and tertiary fibres. Large spongin
regularly split up from primaries (Euplacella). sheath (Spftoosella {=CIuck>chalina)). 3(6), Multi-
3(3), Multispicularprimary fibresdenselycored; spicularprimary fibreswith verynarrow spongin
%
spongin sheath absent, only with nodal spongin: sheath, lessthan33 offibrediameter,orabsent;