Controversies about Law's Ontology

83 Pages·1991·9.398 MB·English

by  Neil MacCormick, Paul Amselek

vi Contents
LAW GENERATING ITSELF
9 TheA utopoieTthieco royf L aw:A utonomoyf L aw
andC ontextTuraaln serf
HemlutW illke 108
1O LegaSly steamn dR ealiAt yD:i scussoifot nh eA utopoietic
Theoroyf L aw
ChripshteGo rzgeorczyk 120
A FinaWlo rd Forewotrodt hEen gliEsdhi tion
EnriPcaot taro 142
Iti sp ossibtlhea 'tO ntoloigys'n oti ncludbeydn amea mongt hec hief
consciopurse occupatoifol nasw yerosre, v eno fl egatlh eoriisntt sh,e ir
workadaryo undY.e tt hec ommonesotf t heq uestiotnhsa tp erplex
lawyearnsd t heoriosftl sa wd oa lhla vea no ntologieclaelm enFto.r t he
questioofno ntoloigsyW: h atd oese xisatn dw hatc ane xisWth?a ti st he
essenocfet hingasn,d w hatt hec onditioofnt sh eierx istenIcnle a?w t,h e
questioofwn h ethetrh eriesl awg overninagp articuploairno tr n ote asily
ramifieisn ttoh eq uestioofnw hati ti st herteo ' bel'a wa ta llB.e hind
'whatt'hsel awo nt hisl?i'es si mpl'yw hatt'hsel aw?A'n dt he' whatta'k es
uso nt oa 'where-?w'h erien t hew orlddo esl awb elonIgn?t hew orlodr
inh umane xperieonncley .
Int hibso oko fc ontroveristii see sx,a ctolvye rt he' whereq?u'e stion
thatth efi rstc ontrovebrrseya kosu t,b etweetnh eb rillidaonyte no f
modemF rencnha turlaalwt heortyh,el atMei cheVli lleayn,dh iesq ually
brill-iabnuttn otj usnatur-asluicscte sastotr h eC entrdee P hilosophie
duD roiPta,u Alm seleIkn.t woe ffervescpeanpte rtsh,e saeu thocrasn vass
theq uestioofnl aw'bse in'gi nt hingass'p arto ft hefu rnituroef t he
univerosre' ,i mni ndsa's,a m odaliotfyh umanb eingrse's pontsoet heir
worldN.e xtfo llowas c loserleyl atceodn troveorvseydr,i fferewnaty so f
theorisaibnogu tth ee xisteonfcle a wI.n a somewhaKte lsenisatny le,
Michel Troopfte hre U niversoiftP ya ris-Nantpeurtrsfe o rwarad c ase
ratheark int oA mselek'asr,g uinfogr a voluntaraipsptr oactho t he
existeanncdev alidoiftl ya wl:a wi sa si ti sb ecausheu mansw iltlh aittb e
soO.n theo ther hawnhdi,lw ei lmlasy fi xt hec onteonftl awi,ts eems that
the lmaawdse c ans urvitvheem aking wiHlelncse.i, n a d ifferednets cent
from the' purteh eortyr'a ditiinoj nu risprudtehnecrehe a vea ppeared
theoriwehsi csht reisnss titutriaotnhatelhr a nv oluntacroinscte ptioofn s
law'esx istenHceer.eO ,t aW einbergoefrG rasze tosu ta visioofnl aaws
institutifoounnadleldy, a nda ccounfotrs thed ifferenocfea pproach
betweehni sn eo-institutitohneaolraiyns dt priovre rsioonfs l egal
instiitountalismmo,s to fw hicho weds omea llegiatnoct eh eorioefs
naturlaalw o rs uspefocrtm so fv italiAsnmd. t henA ndre-JeArnaanu d
viii Forewotrotd h Een gleisdhi tion Forewotrotd h Een gliesdhi tion ix
proceead lsa r echedrecl eh'te pr ee rdiuns, e arcohf t'hleo bseti ngo'fl aw, theo peninsgh otosfV illaenyd A mseleAks.P attarpoa'pse sru ggestthse,
througah d iscussoifov na riofoursm so fs tructurailnli esgmat lh eory. presenwto rkc anfa irlcyl aitmo p resenat c leapri ctuorfet he most
Thesec ontrovergsoir eisg htto t heb einogf l awt;h efo llowinogn es characterviisetwioscn law's ontionlt ohgeWy e sternw orladt p resent,
concerni tsc ompleteneMsys .o wn piecseh areass sumptiownist h elaborabtyea d p articuldairsltyi nguiasnhdde idv erse interntaetaimo nal
Weinbergeirn't sa,k inagn i nstitutiovniaelwoi fts hte e xisteonfcl ee gal ofc ontributTohrecs o.n trovertshiedeyis s cuasnsd d ebatceo vesro meo f
ruleosr,' rule-tebxuttts h'e,nm oveso nt ot heq uestioofwn h ethetrh ere them ostp rofoundi ssuiensl egatlh eorTyh.e standpoifrnotms w hich
canb ea nyl aww herteh er uleosrt het extasr es ilevnatg,u oer a mbiguous; thewyr itaen dt hec asetsh epyu tr epresseonmte o ft hem osts ignificant
hereI,t rtyo c asat l ittdloeu botn s omeo ft het hesoefsR onalDdw orkin approachteocs o ntemportahreyo risaibnogu tth el aw.
ofO xforadn dN ew Yorkl,e adicnogn temporlaergyap lh ilosopohfte hre Itg ivemse vergyr eaptl easutroje o imny co-editPoaru,lA mseleikn,
English-spewaokrilndBg.u tt hiast traacnti sm mediactoeu nterbfrloams t presenttihnigs volTuom deo.s oi st ob er emindeodft woe nthraldlaiynsg
Dworkihni mseilnfa ,r estatemoefhn itfas m oust hestihsa tth efa ctosf law inP ariisnl atMea yo f1 98I8n.m e rep rinitti sh artdo c aptutrheez esatn d
arei nterprefatcitvsne,o tj usitn stitutionaanld t ohnaietns t,e rpretiast ion immediaocfyt hes pokedne bataen,d y eto new ouldw ish rteoc ortdh aats
ricehn ough tog eneraatne e ssentigaalpllye vsiss ioonfl aw.H isi sa welals w riting ehleergea natnldyl ucidallytl,h es peakewresr et heant t he
chaptwehri chha sa ltlh ev ividnoefst sh es pokewno rdb,e inagv erlyi ghtly topo ft her hetorifocraml i np resentaotfit ohnep aperIsf.t h eriesa high
editetdr anscroiftp htea uthorc'hsa racterisgtriicpaplialnnygd e loquent poinitn m y memoryo ft heP aricso lloquiiutim s,t hee xtempotrrea ns­
unscripatdeddr estsot heP aricso lloquiwuhme ncet hep resewnotr k latioonff erebdy M icheTlr opeorf t hee xtempoarded resbsy R onald
emergeAd .d ifferevnetr sioofna s imilianrq uicroym esi nt hee ssaoyft he DworkinT.h et hriolfhl e arian gp ersowno rko uta compleaxr gument
latJee rzWyr oblewsokfiL odzfo,r emosatn,d m uchl amenteadm,o ngt he quitwei thosuctr iwpats m atchebdy t het hriolfwl a tchianngo thsetrr iving
analytijcuarli sotfms o dern PolandG.i vent halta wi st ob et akeans theraen dt hent ow orko utle s mjoutssfot re ist Fsr encvhe rsion.
comprisibnogt he xpresssltya tendo rmsa nda lsos omei mpliciotrl y The presentte xits t heE nglisvhe rsioonf C ontrovaeurtsoedeus r
unstatperdo visions, Wroebslseaawym ssek tia theoreticali ntitonhq eu iry lO'ntooglideuD roiputb,l ishien1d 9 8b9yP ressUensi versitdaeiF rreasn ce
essenacned n aturoef' thuen statiendl 'a w. ande ditebdyP aulA mseleakn dC hristoGprhzee gorczTyhke.s eminar
Allt hespeh ilosophaipcparlo achteols a w'osn tolomgayy ,h owevebre, from whicthh avto lumoer iginawtaesjd o intolryg anisientd h eU niversity
opent ot hec ritictihsamtt h eya ree ithepori ntloersc si rculIafrt h.e ofP ariIsIb yt heC entrdee P hilosopdhui Der oiatn db yt heC entrfeo r
philosophlya wso tfa ndosu tsildaew i,tr iskcso ntribuntoitnhgi ntogo ur Criminoloagnyd t heS ociaaln dP hilosophSitcuadlyo fL aw oft he
reauln derstanodfilnegg aplr oblembsu;ti fi ts tandisn siidtet, h emi,n t he UniversoiftE yd inburgThh.e h appy collabowrhaitcihhoa nse xistfoerd
verayc to ft heorisiitrn igs,bk esc ominag p arotf t hew holsey steomfl aw somey earbse tweeEnd inburagnhd P ariisst huwse lelx emplifibeydt he
asa workinegn terprainsdet ,h uisn capabolfge r oundiintgT. h isi si,n presewnotr k.
effectt,h ec ritiqaudeva ncebdyH elmutW illkweh,o arguetsh aotn lya Itb ehovemse howevetro s ayt hatth el ion's sohfoa rrgea nistihneg
system-theoraectciocuanoltfl awa sa n' autopoiseotciiscay ls temi'nt, h e 198c8o lloquiaunmd,o fp uttitnogg ethtehrib so oki ni tosr igifonraml,
sensper oposbeydh iBsi elefceolldl eaNgiukel as Luhmcaannng ,i vues a n feltloA mseleakn dG rzegorczIyw ka.r mly acknowmlye gdrgaet ittuod e
insigihnttt oh ew ayl awe xisatnsd w orksa,so nea mongs eversayls teomfs themfo r thata,sw elals fo r organisoinnt gh iosc casitohne t ranslations
socicaolm municatiaolnlo, f w hich hatvheep roperotfy beisnegl f­ oft hep aperbsy t hemselvVeisl,l eTyr,o pearn dArn aud; alsmoy sincere
referentainadtl h uisn a s enscei rcu-lbaurtn otv icioussolW.yh ethetrh is, thanktsoK arimRao udesolfti h eD epartmeonftF rencahn dI taliaattn h e
ifa cceptabilsae w,a yo uto fo ntoloogrys implay n ewo ntologtihceaolr y UniversoiftT ye xaast A ustiwnh,o p reparsepdl endfiirds dtr aftfosr the
ins ociologgiuciasalen ,d w hetheirn deelda wc ans erioubselt yh ougohtf present tranosflt ahteci hoanpst ebrysW einbergWerro,b lewsWkiil,l ke
asa ctuaslellyf -maidste h,e fi naplo inotf c ontroveirnts hye b ookt,a ken andP atta(rtoh ougImh u sta cknowledmgye o wnr esponsibfoirlt ihteyi r
up int hew ittryi posbtyeC hristoGprhzee gorcozfyP ka ris-Nantteor re finalf ormh ereI)a .m alsgor ateftout lh eD eana ndL aw Schooolf t he
Willke's equally treTnhcehc aanstfoe r p oinetcoel.o mgayy r emaiann UniversoiftT ye xasat A ustifonr materiaanldm oraals sistawnictemh y
openo nea fter all. parotf t hee ditorwioarlkd urinags tianstV isitPirnogfe ssor tihn1e 9re9 0.
Thew holveo lumies fi nallryo undeodff witha reflecotvievrev ibeyw I shalnlo tt akeu p spacbey a dding furtthote hre e xcelloevnetr all
EnricPoa ttaorfoB olognwah,o s uggesats sp ectroufmp ositioonnw sh ich resumeosft heb ook'tsh emegsi veinnA mselekF'osr eworadn dP attaro's
tom apt heo pinioonfts h ev arioauust horass ,p ectrudme fineidn t ermosf concludsiunmgm aryW.h ati so fe speciinatle rheesrte I,b elieivset ,os ee
x Forewtoort dhE en gliesdhi tion
thec ontraosfts st ylaen da pproaacshb etweetnh ed iffereanutt hoarnsd
traditiroenpsr esenAtse wde. m ovet owaredv egrr eatienrt egraatnido n
harmonisatoiflo anw b,o thi nt heE uropean Communitiienos t haenrd
internatiosneatlt inigtgs r,o wsmo rea ndm orei mportatnotc reatteh e
conditiofonrs t ruei nter-communicaamtoinognl awyerfsr omm any
traditiIo bnesl.i etvhea otn ev itapla rotf t hitsa siks t ob egitno m ake
genuicnoen taacttt hel evoeflt hem ostfu ndamentiasls uoefst heor-yt he
verpyr esupposiotfia olnllse gatlh oughIta .m prouodf t hec ontribution Forewotrodt hFer encEhd ition
whicmhy colleagiuneP sa riasn dE dinburhgahv eb eena blteo m aket o
thipsr ocesIsh .o pei tw illle atdo m uchm orei nt hefu tureT.h isb ooki s
a tokeonf p rogretsods a te.
Iti sn owo vert woh undreyde arssi ncKea nto bserviendh isC ritioqfu e
NeiMla cCormicEkd,i nburgh PurRee astohna 'tJ uriasrtess t iilnsl e arcohfa definitiooftn h eicro ncept
ofl aw'T.h iss earcwho ulds eemt op resednitffi cultoifea s s ingularly
overwhelmcihnagr actseirn cwee ares tiflele lionugr w ayi nt hiasr ea.
GustavFel aubeervto ketdh iisd eai nh iso wn particuwlaayrw henh e
notedu,n detrh ew ord' Lawi'n h iDs icntaioryo Rfe ceiIvdaeesdt, h es imple
formula':L aw( TheL aw)w:e d on ot knwohwa ti ti sT'h.u sl awp utuss i n
mindo fs ome kionfdU .F.O-. an unidentiflfiyeidn go bjecitn o ur
cultusrkaile yse;ti ,n t his ctahseae b,s enocefi dentificaitsti hoern e suolft
as tranpgaer adoExa.c ho fu s,i nf acits,i nvolvientd h el egaelx perience,
whichi,n deepdl,a yas c onsiderraobllteeh roughoouutrl iveTsh.u sw e
havea certaiinnt uitaipvper oatcohl aw whiicsmh o reo rl ess vague but
whichi,np ractiicsse u,ffi cienjtu,sa tsi nd ay-to-ldiafwyee haven on eed
ofe xtenstihveeo retkincoawll edigneo rdetro u sea televissieoton r a
telephoYneet.i nt hesdeo mainst,h eraer ee xperwtist hv ercyl eaarn d
precivsiee wosf t heisru bjecOtn. t heo thehra ndi,n t hel egadlo main
experatnsd l egatlh eorihsatvseg readti fficulitnys eeintgh eiwra yc learly,
ing oinbge yontdh eu suamlo reo rl esmse aninglcelsisc hteosr ,e acthh e
ligohfta profouanndd v igorous knowtlheiadstg tee:m pitn,d eeadp,p ears
ash elpleassts h atto s quarteh ec ircle.
Suchp ersistreensti staonnct eh ep arotf t hee ssenocfel awi na llowing
itsetlobf e e ncompassiesdp ,r obabtlhyer esuolftt wop rincifapcatlo rs.
Thefi rsitsc ontainweidt hitnh ee ssenocfel awi tsewlhfi,c ihss os ingularly
difficulotf a ccessso, s ingulasrulbyt laen dc omplexw,h osed iverse
elemenittis s n ote astyo h unto utt,o u nravaenld a rranngeea tlwyh,i ch
defietsh ei nroaadnsd a ttempattss ystematismaatdieob nyj uriaslttlsh e
morefo rcefulsliyn cteh esaet tempctasn nobte b aseodn s olifodu ndations
whichm ighth aveb eene stablisihnpe rdo ximittoyt hel egadlo main,
througthh eg enertahle oroyfe thicIsn.d eetdh,i tsh eoriyt sehlafsn oty et
emergefrdo m darknessso,t halta w,e veni nw hati sn otp articularly
specitfioci ta,p peaqrusi taeso bscuarset hroutghh awth icpha rticularises
itess sencTeo. t hifisr sfatc torm ay be addeda seconodn e,i .e. the
xii ForewortdhF eret noc ehd ition
Forewotrotd h Fer enecdhi tion xiii
handiccoanps tibtyuo tuerpd r ejudoiucrie nsc,l inaotuiproa tnripssri, s ,
doinsgo- yeatt t hvee rlye aistct o,n stiatsuH teeisd,e gwgoeurlh da ve
ouri deoloignti heeas r eoaf e thiicngs e neraanldi, n t haotfl awi n
sa,ia dni ni'tcilaela irnthi ene gn't anagnldoe vde r-gtreorwrnwa hiincw he
particIuntl haiprsr. o vimnocrete,h ainna noyt hewrea, r teh per isoners
habtiualelnyc oundtuerrio nugrp eregrintahtriooutnghshle e g-aaln d
ofaw holheo rdoefm entraels ervaotfair oenasr,g oufai rddea assi, wt e re,
alsiona,m orgee newraayle, t hi-cjuanlg lTeh.is sy stoefbm e acons which
whicthe ntdoe ncumbaenrdd istoourvrti eowft hinpgrse,s enutswi intgh
indictahtpeeo si notfos n tolodgiisccawolir tdwh h icthh ilsa ndsciasp e
at runcaitmeadgo efr ealThiitsyc .i rcumsitsta hnmeco er sei gnificant
mottdls ehoufalcdi litthapetr eo ducotfti homeno rdee taislteudda ineds
sinicnep ,r actiiitcls ei ,n kweidtt hh deu aplr obleenmc ountbeytr heods e
synthwehsiecsah sy, e tw,el ack.
whou,p t ot hper esehnatvi,en teretshteemds eilntv henesa tuorfle a -w
PauAlm selPeakr,i s
thaotfr emaintiondogi stfraonmtt hteh iLnagw a,s i st hcea swei tthh e
'generpahliilsots'o wphhoesarens a lyasnedrs e flecrteiloanttsoil veeg al
PosStc prtiumW e werdee epmloyv eadn ds addenteold e aornf t he
affairasro eft ehni ghsluyp erfibceiiainlnga, m oroer l esasr tifiwcaiya,l
deatohn,2 4tJhu l1y9 88o,fM ichVeill lTehyer. e adweirlfi ln di nt he
useidnt he seorfmv oircgeee nesryaslt oefmi sd eaosre, l soent, h oet her
pagefosl lowtihnigis n troduhcitcsio onnt ribwuhtiicoahn s, h otritm e
hantdh,a otfr emaintiocnolg o tsote h seu bjaesci tts,h cea swei tjhu rists
beforhea,do pentehdce o lloqiuniM uamyA . l assytn thoefhs iiessn tire
engagienad d ogmaatpipcr otaocl ha ww,h ofi ndi th artdo d istance
thinkointn hgse u bjoeftc htoe n tolooflg ayw t,h itse- xwth ictha ktehse
themsefrlovmte hspe r actoiflcaeww ,i twhh icthh eayrc el osbeoluynu dp ,
formo fa 'defenacnedi llustr-ahteiroena'aft sesru mtehse pathetic
tor itsoet hdee tacheetdh,e rleeavolefp l u roen tology.
charaocfta pe hri losotpehsitcaamle nt.
Ata lelv entthsle,e atshtac ta bne s aiidts h aattt, h per esteinmtte h,e re
Anothsearld o swsh,i tlheEe n gleidsiht wiaosin n p reparactaimoen ,
isn oc ommoangr eemeanstt o w haitst hnea tuorfle a wo:n tological
witthh dee aotfhJ erWzryo blewisnSk wii tzeirnlJ aunn1de9 9B0u.t fo,r
positoifoa n hsi ghcloyn tracshtairnagc stoemre,t iemxepsl iocr-i t,
himt,h per esent conwtarsni obhtui ltsai wsootnr d.
freque-ntpluyr eilmyp liccoietx,ii nts htfie e lodfl egtahlo ugIhtwt a.s
witthh ep recaiismeo fh ighligshotmieon ftg h em osfutn damental
manifestoaftt hieodsniesv ergeonfoc piiensti hoanact o lloquwihuimc,h
brougthotg etshoemroe f t hmeo setm ineEnutr opesapne ciailnti hset s
fielodft hpeh ilosooflp ahwyw, a so rganiinsP eadro ins2 6th-2M7atyh
198b8y,t hCee ntdreeP hilosodupD hrioeio tft hUen iverosfLi atwy,
EconomaincdSs o ciSacli enPcaersia,sn ,dt hCee ntforreC riminology
andt heS ociaanldP hilosopShtiudcoyafL l a wo ft heU niverosfi ty
Edinbuornght ,h teh emCeo:n trovaebrosLuiatew s'O sn tolTohgyep resent
volurmeep rodtuhcpee asp eprrse senattte hdac to lloquTihuesm i.g ­
nificaonftc hee ssteu dciaensn faoittl ob ea pparIetln itne.os ot n liynt he
qualitdye patnohdft haen alywsheisct hh esye otu tb,u ta lsiont he
geneariamul n derltyhienTmgh. e r eadweirnl olt fiinntd h,pe a gwehsi ch
folloawfr ,e saht temaptat s ystemaantdmi ocn olidtehfiinci toifto hne
thiLnagw T.h eo rganiosfte hrceso lloqhuaivupemr efetromr aeidn taa in
'perspeacptpirvoi-asictnht' h Nei etzscsheenaosnfet htee r-mt ot he
ontolooflg aywa m, u ltifacetedb aapspeordnto hadeci hff erpeonitno tfs
viefrwo mw hich thisi sdoe nrtiovilenopd gr,ya c tIitic sper .e cifrsoeml y
thevsaer iaendg ltehsa,-t i na g enewraay-l divergceancto,p honous
conceepvtoslT vheei. n tereasstpieoncftgt h iwso rikst h aitbt o tahc tass
ane choof t hicsa cophobnryi,n giitin ngt roe liaenfda, l soop enas
dialogcuoen,fr oan tbaettiwoente hnve a riaorugsu mepnrtess ented.
Thec olleocftr ieoflne ctwihoincmsha yb er eahde rper obadbolenyso t
compleetleulcyi tdhaoetn et olooftg hyte h iLnagw - indeieitdfas ,r fr om
Lawi nt hings 3
mindbse,i ansgO ckhasma iodfu niverasnadrl esl atioenxschliupssi,v ely
menttahli ngs.
Wherlea -wt hseu bjoefco utrc onfer-eincsco en cernIea dm,a fraid
thatthc ea shea asl rebaedeyn juadtlg eeaidsof,tn geo ebsyt hdee finitions
1
inu sien t hifasc ulwthyi cmho,r eovaerrme,a nifaonldcd o ntradictory.
Whati sl awA?s o ftena sn oto,u rs tudeanrttes a ugthhtal ta wi s' a
colleocftr iuolonef cs o nduscatn'c,t iboysn teadat uet hortihsteuy m,o f
allla wosrd ecreaedsm,i nistcriartciuevlteaLc ra.sw ,as r teh per oduocft
Lawi nT hings
theh uman mind. Sintcheew oKredinl fa ssehni,oi nno urg eneral
MICHEL VILLEY theoroifle asiw ns o rmsa ndP auAlm selheakws r itt'eIintso: n ltyh rough
EmeriPrtoufse sastto hrUe n iveirtoysf L awE,c onomaincSdso ciSacli enPcaersi,s Mant haotu rw orlidsa nimabtyei dn tentbiyov naslj,uu ed gem.e.n'.t s
andb yn orms.
Orp erhatphwseo rlda ewv okfoersy oua,si td oeisnt hsep eecohfe s
electcoarnadli d'attheResi ,g hotfMs a n't,h rei ghttol ifteoh, e alttoh ,
AsI u nderstthaen dat sasski gtnoe dm e imno rnintgh'isms e etiIna gm, worakn dt o culKtiunrderl.ey*f ltehcattth Rei ghotfMs a na ried eals,
tod efeannda pparaebnstu rdtihtatyth- eirsel aawi nt hin(gasnw dh at desitrhesese ,l f-fulfitlowm heincethv eirnyd iviadsupaialrn edos fw hich
arteh ingIas m?d) o.i tnhgai tst hree quoefms ytfr ienAdm selwehkow, i ll hed reamTsh.er ye siidnoe u irm aginaatnidIao mno blitgoec do ncede
afterwarrdesd rtehsbesa lawnicteth h veo iocfge o osde nsteh,ai tts o s ay, thatth ehya vneo r ealFirtoyme. v eproyi onftv iemwy c asiesd oomed.
witthh meo swti dehleylo dp inioontn h seu bject. YeIta mr eatdoyp leiaatdn dt od efetnhde tsweoc onclusFiiornsst.,
Welli,ts oh appetnhsad te fendainan pgp araebnstu rsduiitmtyes thatth erreea ilsll yaa iw n t hinsgesc;o ntdhlatyto,r ecogtnhipesr ee sence
rathweerlI lw .i allll moyws etloaf d dafe ww ordtsot h(eh igflhaltyt ering!) ofl aiwn t hinigssm uas fotr a ljlu rists.
introduwchtiicoohun rc onfercehnacier hmaasjn u sgti vmeen. H ere,
indeieasdd ,e credpiistc,r eodliddtr eidv ewlhlohe arbs e esnt ruocfftk h e
lisatnsdw how asn evcearp aobflfo el lowtihntegr eonfdn ewi deaHse. Firosfat l Ilw ,i nlolht a vteo mou chd ifficuilngt eyt tyionutg oa dmitth e
hatsh aed ditidoenfaeolcfb t e lontgoit nhHgei stoofrL ya wD epartment, existoefan l caeiw n t hree aleixttye rntaool u rc onsciouTshniiessos ns .
ofb eisnagt uriantR eodm aLna wi,n A ristoMteltpeah'yss aincdsi nt he onec onditoifco onu,r -steh awte a bandtohne defiwnhiitcjihuo,sn ts
SummaTh eoloag.Ii h caveev elne ittb es aitdh ahteh adn omto vehdi s nowI,w ronglya smt yop ooki onftd epartsuirmepb,le yc autsheea yr teo
clofocrwka rfrdo mt htei moefT homaAsq uinas. befo undi no udri ctionaraisIes sa.itBdhu,et s,e defianrvieat riiaoenndds
Andi tq'su ittreu Ie c!o nfeIs dson otb eliienvt eh ep rogroefs s contradicntoonroeyft haenhmdo lwdast er.
PhilosLoipkheeyv .e ryeolnsIeae m,fa scinabtype rdo griencs osm puting Wherteh mee anionftg h weo r'dl aiwcs'o ncernIew do,u lldi tkoes how
andi nv itfreor tilibsuaItdt oin oonct,o nclfruodmet hitsh aJte an-Paul thawtew oulddow eltlofo llotwht er adiitnihoenrfr iotmeR do mea,sd id
Sartirisen a nwya ya heaodfP laotnot hper obloeftm h eex istoefGn ocde generaotfij ounrsia sslt osn,ag sR omaLna wfo rmetdh foeu ndatoifo n
oro nt hoen tolooflg ayw I.ti sa lstor uteh awti,ta hg eIa, m g rowitnogo thesitru diOensca.en dfo ra llle,ut ss tocpo nfusitnhLgea wa ndl aws,
laztyor eaadlt lh mea terwihailct hhp eo stmpauns htehsr oumgylh e tter whicahrp er oposiwthiiocsnhpes a ko fl awa nda boulta wL.a wi tsiesl fa
boxa,n dt haIt a dmitrheew onderofuple n-mindoefdt nhees s1 3th thinWgh.a ts orotft hinAg t?y poeft hitnogw hicwhe n ol ongpeary
centsucrhyo lastics. sufficiaetntte ntion.
Now,p leansoet teh atth es ubjseecottu ti no urp rogramtmhei s Originaanldfol rya ,v erlyo ntgi miet,h asb eedne fineadst hjeu st
morninigst ypically Isnct hhoeSl cahsotooilfcts .h e1 3tahn d1 4th thinthga,tw hichi sj us(idt q uodujstuems, t' )thoeb jeocfjt u stiicte ';
centuarc ieerst,ta yipnoe fq uestionfr erqeuceunratsstl oyw ,h ethtehre beiunngd erstthoajotud s tiiascs eo cviiarlt auiema,stt hmea intenoafn ce
objeucntdsed ri scus(sfoitro hnet rhee eyx erctihsaeer dot fc ontroversy), afa ibra lainncs eo criealla tioansfos rhe ixpasm,p bleet,w ecerne diantdo r
imti ghbteu nive-rMsaanlo srH uman-itoryr elatio-npsahtieprn-si ty debtboert,w eaeb ons asn dh iwso rkebrest,w etehrnee specptoiwevorefs
werien trheai,tts o s apya rotft hree aleixttye rntaool u cro nsciouosrn ess, theP rimMei nisatnedrt heP residoeftn hteR epublTihcii.ss w hat
onliyni nteecltblue,i pnrgo ducotushr u omfa rne asonsiintgu,ai tnoe udr
*Tranosrl'nasot tteh:Fe r endcrho hiatts h mee anionfbg o t'hl aawn'd' right'.
4 MichViellly e Lawi nt hings 5
constiltauwit:ite ms sa duep o ft hree latbieotnwse enL amwefa nl.li sn to
ina t rujluyr idsiecnasloe ft, h ceo mmercriealla tioannsdth hiopossfe
thoen tolocgaitceagloof rr eyl atpiso.n shi propinbqeutiwteye n faTmaiklaeic elsa.se sxiacm pwlhee:an fa rmehra s
Sintchege r enaotm inarleivsotl uithtia obsne ,c omdei fficufolrut s t o
leanp ti cokra s patdoeh inse ighbtohulera ,ti tgsee rn erbaolulntydo g ive
gratshp irse alfiotoryn ,eo ft hceo ntribouftW iiolnlsio afOm c kham,
ibta cokre lseex percett aliaantdti hobines,fo raen hyu malne gislhaatsu re
foundoeftr h vei a modaettrn habe e ginnoiftn hg1e 4 tche ntuwrayst, o
intervteoin nesdt itthuirtsee l atioofn' sohbilpi gation'.
dentyh ree aloifrt eyl atioFnosWrhi ilplsio.afO m c khaamn,dfo ra ltlh ose
Andi nG reecteh,e arrece i tipeolsi,t ciocmamlu niwtiitethsh ediirf ­
whoc amuen dehrii sn fluerneclea,t iownesrahep i rposd uocftt hh eu man
fereonrtd e-rdsi effrencbeest wetehneg overnoarnsdt heg overned,
mindah, u maind eAal.tl h amti ghbtes aitdoe xiisnrt e,a lwiatsayh ,e ap
betweseonl diaenrdcs i vilbieatnwse,se onc icalla ssaensdI, d on ot
ofa tomosro fi ndiviFdoureax lasm.p thleeF ,r anciOsrcdaewnro ulbde ,
beliienvs ep,io tfwe h atth peo emtisg hsta yt,h atth eciorn stitwuetrieo ns
notth oer detrhs,et ructthuoerr eg,a nisoaftt hiapotan r tigcruoluabpru, t
thweo rokfT heseouros ft hgeo ddeAstshe naan,my o rteh atnh meo dem
the soufF mr ancimsocnakns , SainSta iFCnrltaa niocrfAie ss s,iR soig,e r
staotfeF sr anacnedE ngladnedr itvhees itrr ucfrtoumra se u ppossoecdi al
BacoFnr,a rn;:ois Rabelais ...
conatcrItd .o n otth itnhkaa tn yohneer e eiimtahgeitrnh eseso ccioanlt ract
FranJcaicsq uheajssu isntf orumset dh acto ntemploorgaiirsicy nt he
toh avbee eanh istoervieconartlb elieivnte hsHe o bbesmiyatnoh f t he
procoefsr se stotroir negl atiotnhsehoiilrpmd se aniAnsgfo .r t hpeh i­
indiuvaildissttaiotcfne a tuLreeut.s n ostu ppotsheat th e consotfi tution
losopohfear nsc iGernete (cbewy h icIhm eant hmeo sctl assical ones
the Frpeenocphdl eer ifrvoemst heel ectporroaglr aomfmo en eo ro ther
which excludeosn eoE fpt ihceuirru sf)a,v ouwraistt heat tht ehiresem es
politpiacratNlyo .!E ssentliaaiwlsg l iyv,te onu si nn atuirnte h,ne a ture
realalny oridnte hrwe o rld and oner ewahdibiceloh yb scearnv ed,
oft hings.
beginnwiinttghh set aarnsdp lanwehtoss meo vemeanrtoesr deraendd,
Fori nt hceo mmonplwahciecIsah m n owt rototuitnIa,g m o nl-ya s
goionngt or especptoisviet- itohnoesr doefrt heen tciorsem oisnw, h ich
Id rivoen-l g ointgh roufogrht hnet ht imteh AeB Co ft hteh eoorfy
youh avaelt lh aitse vokbeydt htee rcmo smaincdfr; o mc osmiosds e rived
NaturLaalw .
thweo r'dc osmetthiseco 'u,ro cfaef lourishinTgh iiosnr dduetsrht,ir sy !
Leti tb eu nderstnoaotdul,ra aiwl sn owe xcommuniscianttcehede ,
systoefrm e latioinmsphliiipneis st stehlvefa loufeh armoonfyw ,h aits
adveonfpt o sititvhifaesm mo,u Nsa turrtepschhoboifte h mei ddolfet he
beautTihfuilvs.a luient, h ber oadseesntsi esa, l rejaudryi dical.
19tche ntuIrtiy ss. u ppodseeadad s,G odi ss uppodseeadbd u,wt r ongly
Therieso rdienra ltlh inignts h,te i nifelsotwi entr h pei nhka wthorn
soL.i ttmloeri esk nowonfi tn owadatyhsaa nc aricaTthuemr ies.t ake
whicehn rapttuhrece hdi Mladr cePlr ousTth.eb eauotfyt hep ink
madbey t hceu rrent doeftn raatcultraoa-wrlt s h Kee lsetnhsBe,o bbios,
hawthorn sfrpormit nhagers r angeomfie tpnsat r rtast htehrafr no mt hese
thHea r-tists o h avpei cktehdwe r onagd versAasri iste hsge.e nerrualle
parctosn sidienir seodl ation.
int hifsa culatlyat,sh ,e riera diinntg h iasr ehaa sb eelni miatnedd
Int hsem allseosutnt dh,ne o tCe,y omua yh eairth sa rmonEia ensGd ,
sporadic.
whictho getfohremar n h armoannyd;t hsea miest ruoefe vegreyn oef,
Is uppotsheet moh avseo mken owleodftg hepe h ilosoofKp ahnyat n d
eveartyo ma,st odapyh'yss iacnidsb tisol oagrirese tdsi scovering.
ofh iesa r1l8yt che ntudriys ciAptlt ehsa.st t agnea,t ulraalww asa
Whencceo metsh iosr deTrh?et heologainasnwisest'r h aittm usbte
Vernunftsrercahtntia,oll a ww,h icwha ss aitdob ed educseodl freolmyo ur
thweo rokfa na rchiGtoedco,tft he moifGn odd c reattihwneog r lTdh.i s
reasaonndi, it sn ol ongweorr thiyt nsoa fm eO.r a,t b estth,em ya yh ave
doenso gt euts v erfya ra,st hmei nodf G odi su nsearcWhiatbhloeu.t
reaadf ewo ft haeu thoofrt sh seo c all'eSdc hoofoN la turLaalww 'h o
goionugot f o uwra yw,e s impolbys etrvheio sr debre:fo rdei stinguishing
wervee rpyo pular tdhuEern ilnigg hteannmdwe enrtee s sentmioarl­ly
thpee tatlhspe,i sttihlle, e avoefts h pei nhka wthowrne,p erceiitvse
aliosrtp so liticalN o.wI rnoi uterey resns.a, t ulraaiwlss omethqiunigt e
strucittuforsre m,,i tGse stailtotsv, e roarlgla nisTahtiiisosp n r.e cisely
different.
whatth oosbes curainntt hi1es3 ttsch e ntduarryet dob elieve.
Ii nvyiotuet or esttootr hete e r'mN atuLraawli' t osr igmienaanli ng,
Thedya remdo reoveevreb,ne forree adDiunrgk heoirCm l auLdeev i­
thmee aniwnhgi cihn fluengceende raotfij ounrsi wshtisli,s tst t idlel­
Strautsocs l,a tihma atc omparoarbdlieespr e rceiivnaa nbilmeca olm ­
serveidtn sa meF.o rt hiissr eallalwya, s ystoefms ociraell atniootn s,
munit(itehsii sts h fier setx ampolfNe a turLaalwg iviennt hReo man
drawfrno mt hseu bjectiveo fre eaacishno dniivnibgdu ufrtao lmn, a teu,r
Digeasntdi) nh umacno mmuniitnfi aemsi,cl oimamlu niatsai lessco,i ted
naturrreau m.
byt hDei egsYto.u m usatd mitth antoc odiesn eedfoerda m ana nda
Asi sfu rthienrd icbayti etedst ymolioitgs my a,d uep o ft woc harac­
womatnoc opulaantdne o urtihsehoi ffrsr pinTgh.es amiess ot,h itsi me
terisatsfoi lclso,w s.
6 MichViellle y Lawi nt hings 7
philosoapnhyetrhasin ndsg i ntcheoe n layu dieIna cmeu setdoa rlea w
1.M obiliGtiyv:et nh aNta tu(rpeh usiisls i)af ned t hep rincoifp le
studeIn tsn,a tusrpaelailknay n ticipoaftt hireoe na ctoifto hnje u rists
movemelnetut,s d oa l itotnlteo lsoignytc,he a itst hseu bjoenco tu r
preseInk tn.o w otphien ioofmn y c olleacgounecse rnniantgu lraawl.
agenFdoatr. h Ger eetkhspe,r opeorfst oy- ca'lnlaetdut rhailnw'ga sts hat
Indemeadn,ay m ontgh ecml atihma tth viesn ernaobtlieco onn titnou es
thetye ndteodw aracd esr teanidfrn,o mw hicthh emyi ghbtem oroerl ess
beo fv alfourep hilosobpuhtteh rajstu, r ihsatvnseo u sfoer i tT.h elye ave
distTahnetp .r ototiystp hepe l awnhti cbhe giansas s eetdh,e gnr ows
itt ot hmeo raliasntdis nf, a cttoj, u dbgyea ppearagnecoten vs e,r wye ll
(phuetihne)fan,d easn dd ieOsr.t akaen otheexra mpmlaen:b egibnys
withnoauttu lraawhl,a vionbgs ertvheatdth kiisn odft heorestpieccaull a­
beibnogrn ( nasci-nbaetcuormaaed) s,e ligchhtifulgldr ,o wtsom aturity,
tioinso fn ou sien t hemiord eo fp ractice.
fallisn tsoe nialnidfit nya ldliye s.
Leuts s ploiutar n swienrtt ow op arIts sh:a rlelp ilnty h fier sitn stance
A fortiotrih,ii sst hcea swei tjhu ridsioccarilae ll atNiaotnusrl.aa liw s
thaitti sw rontgoc laitmh ajtu ridpircaacltd ioceneso tm akeu seo f
noftac t-factuma,l remaaddye b,u atl waiynts h per ocoefsm sa kianngd
natulraawol n a d ay-tob-adsaiOysn t. h ipso iintwt i lbles ufficiteon t
remakiitnsgAe tlt fh.be e ginnoiftn hgic se ntuSrtya,m mltehro ughhet
consturlatd itdioocntarli ne.
hadm adaeg redaits coivneu rnyv eitlhitene gr 'mv arinaabtluelr aawl' .
Yetu,pt inlolw w,e h avsec arcseelehyna lofft hqeu estWihoanht.a ve
Yeta,si st hcea swei tmha ny2 0tche ntuprhyi losohpehw earsos n,l y
wefo rgottWeenh ?a vfoer gotttheamnte na raels poa rto fn atuarnedt hat
rediscowvhearwtia nsag l rebaediytn agu ghttw ot housaynedaasrg so .
thavte rsya mpeh ilosdoepfihnyme asn a sa r atioannailm Tahle.w ord
2.D iversJiutysa:ts n ature prao wdiudcveea sr ioefta yn imaanld
'reasiosan m'b iguIotwu so.u lbdeb ettteosr a tyh amte na rgei ftewdi th
vegetable spoeftc hiNeeo sr,tP hot lbheeo isqneug i dtieeff refrnotm t hose
ac ertianitngee llnicea m arvelgliooftuf ws h ich dtohn eooytft emna ke
int hTer opiocnses, h ounlodbt e s urpriascecdo,r dtioAn rgi stiotfth lee , -
us-ea sa lswoi tihm agaitnioann,dt hatth easrete h mee anwsi twhh ictho
naturriaglho tfts h Aet heniaarndesi ffeenrfrto mt hoisneP ersOinae.
operattheel aww hicehx isitnts h inognsc ,o ndittihoaintth asfi rst
shounlodbt e s urprtiosfi enddd ieffretnytp oefsfa milgyr oupionrtg os ,
undergaod noueb lper ocnegs.s i
findt hacti teimeesr igneG reeacnedn oatm ontgh Bea rbaroirat nhsa,t
A.I nt hfier sptl acaene ,ff oorftu ndersitnagTn.hd en ecesfosrit thyii ss
amontgh eGsree ecki titheesar,re se om andyi effretnytp oefcs o nstitution
evideyneltta, iw n t hinsgusc,ah sw eh ave jupsrte sneoinwtt s,eu dff ers
-oligardcehmioecsr,a acuiteosc,r aancdmi iexse rde gimWehsys. hould
fromt hmea jodre feocfbt e inpgr,e ciisnet hliyn,ag nsdn oitn o umri nds.
onei magitnhean ta tusrheo uplrdo dutchese a mfreu ietvse rywhere?
Iti ns oti,n itipaalroltfoy u,cr o nsciouIsntn heSesu sm.m aTh eologSitc.a ,
Theo ddt hiingst hastom anyp eoptlher outghhce e ntuhraivees
Thomawsr ittehsam ta nye lemeonftn sa tulraawal r uen knotwonu s
belietvheatdth ecyo ulbda steh erierfu tatoifto hnee x istoefnn caet ural
Justietoiruaml atTehte. rye maliant ecnotn,c eailnte hdi nIgnsi .t self,
lawon t hivse rfayc tI.nS ocrattiemste'h, Se o phidsitsdso i;n m odern
natulraalwi sn ota toowlh icmha yb eu sesdp ontaneuonulsilkye,
timeMso,n taiagnndeP ascwahlo,m oreovweerr,te h inkmionrgeo f
legisldaotciuvmee nwthsi,cm ha nyr egaarsdt hes oloeb jeocftt sh e
natulraawtlsh an of ringhattNsuo.rw aald atyhsse,a mceo mmonphlaasce
philosooflp ahwy.
beetna kuepnb yt hpeo sitivistbsyt hodebi ssecsosveoedfhr iisetso rians,
Yeti,tf heirsen aat ulraawtl,hp er imfuanrcyt ioofjn u riissbt,yts h ues e
geograpahneder tsh nograbpyht ehraesc ,c eleroafht iisotnao nrdty h e
oft heiinrt ellitgode inscceae,smrn u cha st hecya onf t hilsac wo ncealed
progroefts esc hno.l.o.g y
int hinTghsii.sws h yS tT homa(sw hoImq uofrtoem p referbeenccaeu se
StT.h omafosl,l owAirnigs tcootnltee,n htiemds weiltfrh e plyiinn g
oft hcel aroifht iyis d eacso)m,m entointn hgde e finiotfti hoReno sm an
thrleien teots h iksi nodfa rgumesnaty,it nhgad ti verosfni attyu rriaglh ts
juriCsetlssa unsdP aulwuhsi,ca hrs ee otu att t hbee ginoniftn hDgei gest,
iesv idaenndst h ounlodct o maes a s urprSiusceih.ts h leo otfa lnla tural
nottehsat thw eo rdjsuisg nififiresastn dfo remojsutrs etl atiimomnasn ent
thinhgesrb ee loSwt.T. h omaisn,h iCso mmentoantr hyNe i comachean
int hen atuorfet hinbgust,t haittt akeas s econd dearnidv ative
Ethiwcrsi,t tehsa' tt hdiosen so cto nstiatq uutees tiaonndt' h;ac to nse­
metonymmeiacn iin.gae r.cs o ngosceqnudijidu steusmta ,ni ntellectual
quenttlhyeo bjectiiswo int hofouutn datiOonnem. u scto nclbuyd e
occupawthiiocsnhe etkosg ralsapiw n t hings.
upholdtihneegx istoefnn acteu lraawtl,h aitst os aayl aiwn t hings.
Whakti nodfk nowlecdagnwe e o btacionn cerntihniogsb jeIctct a?n
QED Ih avceo mteo t he oeftn hde firosftm yp acrfoatrst eh dee fence.
- ben odte duc(toinvceea onn ldye dutchei nfrgosmd ocumenntosir!is )t ,
II scienotrci efirct Ianit nhD.ee j udiocfti ohS eu mmaThe oolgicIar ,e afidr st
that jud(gJeiumcdmei)nui tts h aec otft hjeu dwgheoj udsi cwihto,d eclares
UnfortunIan toewl yh,ta ovo ev ercaosm eec opnrdo blwehmi,cI wh i ll
whahte c onsitdoec rosn stitthlueat wea, n dt haattt, h sea mtei mteh,i s
havmeo rdei fficuilngt eyt trionugn Sdi.n Icd eo n optr etteont de atchhe
8 MichVielll ey Lawi nt hings 9
actiosnp rinfrgosm a loveo fj ustiacne i,n tellecfatcuuallto yr v irtus traditwihoinc fh ormetdh emt,h emyi sundersttahnetd e rmN.o wadays,
intellewchtiicvhhaa p,p enisnt hiisn stantcobe e p rudence. jusatsi nf ormetri mesg,o odj udgemsa keu seo fn aturlaalw e verdya y.
Prudencae w,o rdw hichh asa cquirbeodu rgeociosn notatiaonnds B.L etu sa lstoa kien taoc countth es econpdr ocetsosw hicmhe nm ay
whoset rumee aninhga sn ow been lost, at vheerny hpardes ciigsnei fi­ submilta wu,s intgh eitre chniocraa lr tisfatciucl tiaesst heiirn ventive
catioWnh.y shoultdh ej uriwshto m we supposteob ep rimariinls ye arch abilitnioetts h,i tsi mei no rdetro u nderstaintbd,u tt oi mplemeinttt, o
ofl awi nt hingesm,p loyp articultahrilcsyo gnitifavceu ltkyn owna s contribtuobt rei ngiinttg ofr uitioTnh.i sp roceissns o l esnse cessary than
prudencBee?c ausaec,c orditnoAg r istotdlees'csr iptoifio tnp, r udence the fiIrs satij.du snto wt hat natluarwia snl o ta fact,a sw ithal nla tural
mayb ed efineads h avintgh redei stinccthiavrea cterwihsitcirhce sn deirt thingisti, sa lwayisnt hep roceosfsfo rmingi tsealsfw ,i thp lantwsh,i ch
singulaarpltfoy r thipsu rpose. growa ndt hend isintegarnadto efw, h icthh em ajorimtoyr,e ovenre,v er
1.A s ith ast hes pecifufincc tioonf a idinugs i nfo llowintgh er ight managet ob lossofmu llIyn.t hes amew ay,w e findf ewn aturhaulm an
conducitti, m plitehsa wte havew ithiunst hen otioonfr igth,wh ato ne communitiwehsi cahr es uccesswfuel fi:n dm oreu njussti tuatimoonrse,
oughtto d o,a ndw ronwgh,a to neo ughnto tt od o (afi rsptr inciopfl e 'siccki't itehsa nh ealtohnye sT.h eyn eedd octotrost reatth em.
reasonO)rm. o res peciatlhleny o,t ioonfj usatn du njusAtn.d w ea lalg ree An examplcei tebdyA ristoitstl hea tw,i tthh ep roliferwaittihoinon u r
thaat j udgweh op ayns oh eedt oj ustiicsde o inag b adj ob. citioefsc rimessu cha sa dultehroyl,d -uptsa,k inogfh ostagewse, a re
2.I readi nt heS ummaT hoelogaincdai n A ristotElteh'sit chsapt r u­ obligteodi nvenpte naltaineds crimpirnoacle dutroet sr yto r e-establish
dencseh oulndo tb ee xerciisnei ds olatBieofno.rt ea kiand ge cisiiontn h e an aturoarld ewrh ichha sb eend isturboerpd o ssibnleyv eerv ena ttained.
practiacffaailr osf l ifwee, s eetkh ea dvicoefo therassS: tT homass aysi,t Thisi sw herep ubliacu thorciotmye si n,e xercistihnelg e gislafrtoimo n
isn ecesstaorty a ltkh inogvseT rh.u si ti si nm atteorfsl awl:a wi sa s ystem whicph ositliavwce o mesT.h e term' positliavwe'h a ss,i ncmee dieval
ofr elationsbheitpwse ean g roupo fm en.N o individpuaarlt icipias nt timerse,p lactehdeG reeDk ikainoonm ikaos ny:s teomfl aww hichha si ts
alonree sponsifobrl fien dintgh ej usstol utiTohne. first orfju ulrei dical sourcienp ositwirviet tleanw ( nomolasi)dd o wnb yp ubliacu thoriOtfy .
practiicste o h earb oths idetso,g ethweirt ht hep leaosf t heirre spective coursnee,i ther ArniosrtS ottT lheo masfa iletdo r ecogntihseee xistence
counsealnsd ,i fn eedb e,t oc onsual jtu risconsult. ofp ositliavweT. h ea rticilnte h eS ummaT heloogiwchiac dhi scustshees
3.A ccorditnogt hea nalysgiisv ebny t hespeh ilosophtehress p,e cial meaninogf t hew ordju-st hem eaninogfw ordasl svoa rifoelsl owitnhge
aimo fp rudenciesa ,b ovael lt,ofi ndi twsa ya mongt hec oinntegnatn d naturmaolv emenotf t hing-ss tiplalr aphrastihnesg a met exfrto m the
uniqsuiet uaitniw ohnicsho ura ctiotnask ep laceO.u rr easodno esn ot RomanD iegsnto tetsh ajtu sthr,o ugha furthedre rivatoirmv eet onymic
dictarteea dmya des olutiohnesr:ei ta ppearrsa thearsa na ptitufodre applicatcioomne,s t om eana posititveex ctr eatbeyd them agistrate
discernriignhgotr w rongi nt hese situaantdit ohnisis,s w herpe rudence chargewdi tdhi spensjiunsgt ice.
playist psa rtI.h ave said tahbaontva et urlaalw , liantw h ingissa, l ways Anda tt himso mentP auAlm selewkh,o w ilalr guaeg ainmset l atoenr,
mobialnedd ievrsIetm. u stb ea menablteop rudence. must- ifh ei sl isten-ibnegr ubbinhgi sh andsw ithg lees,i ncIe r eally
Wellt,h eriess ucha thinagsj uripsrudentcheep, r eciosbej eocftw hich seemt ob el osimnyg case.
ist ot reaitn dividcuaasle bsy,m eanso fa tentatdiivael ecptriocc edure Nota biotf i tB!u to net hinIgw ilclo ncedieth: a ppentsh alta wa,s i t
bringitnogg ethtehrep oinotfsv ieowf t heo pposipnagr tiweist,ah v ietwo evolvteask,e osn t hefo rm ofd ocumenwthsi cahr et hew orko ft heh uman
finditnhge j ussto lutiTohne. R omanj urisattst ributed to ap rudencem indH.o wevert,h ese documaerneot nsl jyu satc,c eptabtlheai,ts t os ay
primordrioallie n t heg enesoifst heilra wT.h erei sa texitn t heD igset legianla ,sfa r ast heeyx rpetshseu nderstanodifln agwi nt hintgosw hich
whicshp ecifitehsa ti,nt heb eginni'nigtn,h ea bsencoefa nyw rittleanw ', weh aveat tainoerds ,e rvet op romotietr se alisaitnia osfn a,ar s t hehya ve
itrse aalu thowresr ee xperitnsj urisprudence. thifsou ndation.
Fort heR omansj,u risprudiestn hceec radolfel awI.b elietvheii ssa s Andt hiissm y second connacmleultysh iaiotti n s,n ecesfosra jruryi tsot s
truet odaoyf t hed ynamisce ctoirnsl aw makiantgl ,e aswth eret he keep tfohuinsd atiionnv iewfo,r iti st heo nlyo net hawti lwlo rkt,h ough
meaninogf t hew ordh asn otb eenfa lsifiewdh,e rej urisprudheansnc oet ag reamta nyo thehrasv eb eent rieIdtw. a sm y intenttioog ni vaep roooff
beent reatmeedr elays a servanotf s tatlea ww,h erei th asr emaine'da n thiisnt erms of theb ayn bostuirntdgh, ef ailuorfe otshyesrt ebmysw hich
understanodfii nngd ividcuaasle st'h,ai ts t os ayl,a wi nt hings. peoplaet temnpotw adaytsoe xplatihneo rigionflsa wI.a m nota ltogether
Ik nowv erwye ltlh aatl mosatlo lf m y colleagtueeasct hh anta turlaalw unawaroeft hesseo -calslceid enstysitfiecmT sh.e m odern,c ontemporary
iso fn ou sei np ractiTchei.si sb ecausder,a winogn t hei gnoranocfte h e inetllnitgsehiaasg iveint seulpf t ot hec ulotf s cienscoem ethiwnhgi ch
-
10 MichVielll ey Law itnh ings 11
seemtsom et o iblel -adtaotp htneee de dosfl awb,e intghoe pposoift e man'nsa tucroem,p rehenodniltnyh go cshea ractewrhiiscwthepi ocss sess
prudence. inc ommon, laesaividinend gi viddiueffarle ncaensdr elatbieotnwse en
HoweveInr o, wc omuep a gaiannsi tn surumnotabplreo blienmt :ha t individTuhaepl hsi.l osogpihveterh se ma r eady-mdaedfien itfrioomn
thce hairmabnu sliyos o kianthg i wsa tcahn dw oulldi kteoa smke t o whicthh easuet homrask et hesicri endteidfiucc tions.
cloMrs eC.h airmIao nb,e Iy !w hiulrlrt yh roumgyhd emonstrianfit vieo n They hdaevdeu ceidnt, h efi rsitn staans cyes,t oefmm oradlu ties
minutes. which, tuhnedtieerrn dcearr hea,v bee comlee goabll igations.
1.I w oulhda vree markoentd h faei luor{te h peh iloys0 o£sp chientific Andy ouk novwe rwye ltlh aitjn usthiacverese sulTtheedri.e sfo re x­
posviitsiwmh icihss oa ll-pervaansd0i£ vw eh,o sseu ccienst sh1 e9 tahn d amplceo nsensufraolmti hspemr :e mitshea' tm amnu skte ehpi psr omises',
20tche nrtiueesv eryiosna ew arsei,n ictee stablisrheeisog nftt hhoes e int heoirny , ortdobe erl ogiacnadcl o nsiswtiethnhit m s,ec lafmteh e
scienwcheisc h saurpep osiendrflreye idn ductfriovmefa lcyt Ist.i sv ery concluisnti hoe1n t9hc entutrhyat,th lea wc oulodb liagw eo rkmatno
conventioae snts ocliaawwti etfa hc twsi,t ohn efa cto r anotthhfeea rco:tf respaenci tn iquietmopulso ymceonntt roanccthe e h adc onsenttoe di t,
legparle cede0£np trse,- exijsutdignegm einnjt usr ispruidnte hnec ew,a y sinhceeh asp romitsoew do rk fourhtoeueransd ayT.h ihsa sb een the
thaAtm erciana ndS candinarveiaalnsi esemtk os doa,s stooc iiwtai tteh bas0i£os u lra boluarfow r s omleo ntgi me.
thefa cto fe xistlianwgts h,o sweh ichha vael rebadeyel na iddo wna nd Butn,o wadabyesc,a uwseae r e stills aumsmeie ntgh otwdheseh ,a ve
whicphu blaiuct hority oinmu psBo.us tew sh adto etsh iism plTyh?e comuep w itthh rei gthso fM an.B ecauisites i n mnya tutrhene,a tu0r£e
subjec0t£ji uosnt tioac reb itrjaurdyg em(einittsh artdo k noww hos-e mant,o w isnho tto d ien,o t bteio l tloe, a rnm yl ivitnobg e,c ulttievdIa,
Napoleotnh'ast,o uormf e mbeorsfp arliaomrer natt hoefor u rm inis­ supposheadvlaey 'ritgolh itfh'ee ,a letmhp,l oymaenndct u lrteu.
ter)s,s?t imlolr teh se ubjecotfji uosnt tiorc oeu titnoce o,n servattoi sm, Unfotrunattehlweyo ,r id sn otfa thetrot hfaec ta,n dt heraert ew o
stagna.t hiIao vnsea id ltahwia sat t hibnugtn otaf actI.ti ss omething million unewmhpocl aonny oehtd a vfaei letodn otitcheat th eriirg thot
whicmhu sbte m adie n ortdobe erd ynamaincd r espotnocd h anging woriks b uta ne mptfoyr mul.Ta hought hUe. N.c ontintuope rso claim
situations. the rtiog ehlo tifa f lmle nt,h idso enso ptr evetnhtefr mo md yi.n ghIa ve
Onen eesdt rtehspeso innotfu rtheTrh.e riess titlhla,nG ko ds,u cah nothing tahgea ingsrstap nede cohnet sh e indfiingint0ie£tt yh heu man
thiansjgu rpirsudeanncedn, o atl jlu dgheasv e guipvt ehaent temtpofit n d persionnv oguaett hem omenbtu,tI t hiinktw rontgot retahte am sa
jusatn dfa irs olutiNoonris si. tl iketlhyao tu rl earnecdo llePaaguule sour0c£le e gsaoll utions.
Amseltekow, h omfa lltsh et asokfd efendtihneog p pospianrgty w,i ll Im ainttahiaanrt i gihastr elabteitowne meenni nag rou.fp ft hweo rd
counter dwoictthro ifan s eao ciolfloagvioc.ua rlW hat,m utshbtee hn i,s ist or etaainnym eaninmgyr, i gihsst i mptlhyo sbee nefiotros u tltaoy s
philosoApshh eyi ?as b outtod eefndt hoeu t-and-out tahbalstau iwrs d ity whicIha me ntitwlietdht ihnig sr ouipnr, e lattioto hnoe t hmeerm bers.
purealp yr oduocftt h em indw,e m usstu ppo-steh oudgho ubtlhees s Tow isthom easubryoe n ee lemeanlto- nMea n,t hodere siorrew si,lo lr,
would dis-ptuhtaeti saihl tea tters-udpapyo rotfejrnu ast urale. subjecrteiavse0o £na giveinn divi-daura ell atwihoinci hn cluad es
2. Indseeecdo,nj dulnsya ,turiabsly e nmeoa ndse aIdti. ts h riving and number0 £e lemenitsas b,o uatsr idicualsco luasi mtiodn egd utcheae g e
actitvheo,u ghi t has atshsefou rmmei dm posuepdo ni tb ym odern 0£t hcea ptfraoimnt hmee asurem0e£tn htbeso at!
rationwahliicshhma sc hangneadt urailn tlroaa wt iolnaawVl,e rnunfts­ Are you sure thadto ctthreoi fn celn aastsurihacalasl l o lsiattw s
recfhotu, ndoendt hiem peratoifpv uerrsee asaocnc ordtiotn hgme o del immediraetlee vaIntgc aev?ae st hfoeu ndatiolna twoh tefr ujluyr idical
propobsyeK da ntK.a nutn derttoood ke dufrcoem t heim peratoifv es relatwihoincseh x isotre d whwiecrhie n t hep roce0s£fo sr matiionn
purree ashoin's p rovinsaitounlraaalwl H' e.h imsfuelflfry e alitshaehtde natural social Ictwo omumlsuden eitmto ib eesa .sv aliindt he2 0th
counloddt r afrwo mt hiss aonlyu tiinto enr m0£sc oncrethea vliaanwng,y centuarsiy nfo rmetri metsod raown t hisso urIctew o.u lbde a w ay0 £
reaslu btsancIwe o.u lsda tyh at atphpirso iassct he rainldle o gomachical. cleanslianwfrg o m thea rbitrtahrery o,u tionrefr ,o m the hollow
Onem usnto tas tko mou cho fp urree ason. logomaicnhtwyoh icihfat l lfrso mt imteot ime.
3.T hem aojri0t£ya uthoorfts h e' modesrnc hoooflw 'h aitsw rong­ I belviee,fu rthetrh,a t ntehcee ssfoirt yra e tutrno t hec lassical
fullcya lled 'lnaaw-t'au s rcahlo0 o£ml o raloifsw thsi ch cwoen titnou e philosoofnp ahtyu lraaiwlbs e comimnogr aen dm oreev idefancte,wd i th
forma p ar-th avbee uqeathuesad n othmeorn graemlb,i gutohueso ry. thiem pasisnew hicohu rc urrelnetgs ayls tem ifitns,defa slc fedn otably
Sincaej uridsioclault tioob nea, c ceptmaubslbtee ,o bjteicveblays ed, witthh per oblreamis sbeyed c oliosgatnsd e xponeonfbt iso -etIhsii tc s.
thecyl aitmod edulcaew fr omt heo bserva0t£n iaotnu rbeu,to nloyf rigthota llloawr cgoem pantiode ess tfroorye rsitvse,tr hsae,t mosphere,
12 MichVielll ey
ort oa llogwe netictiosd tess trtohye n aturoefm an,i nt he naomfet he
sacrerdi ghotfso wnershWiep? c annorte soltvhee sper obleemist hweirt h
theh elopf p re-exislteignigs ladtoicvuem entosrb, y p urer easoonr,w ith
ther ighotfsm an.T heo nlyw ayf orwarwdh ichI cans eefo r findinag 2
solutitootn h eb urningl egails suoefso urt imei st or eturnt oa consid­
eratiooftn h en aturcaols miocr debry,w hicIhm eant her elatiiomnpsl ied
int hen aturoarld eorft hingbse,t weemna na ndh iesn vironmebnett,w een
thea nimaaln dv egetawboler ladn dm ateritahli ngwsh,i cmha keu pt he Lawi nt hMei nd
othepra rot fc reatiTohni.s w ast hea pproacahd optebdy theG reek
philosophbeyrS st,.T homasa ndo ftent oob yt heR omanj urisItths a.s PAUL AMSELEK
once agbaeicno mien dispensfaorbj luer itsotr se cognail sea win t hi.n gs
Proefssaottr h Uen iverosfLi atwyE, c onomaincdSs o ciSacli enPcaersi,s
Ina lelv enttsh,i wsa st hec ause tIh waats t op leadA. m ountaionf Direcotfto hrCe e ntdreeP hilosodpuDh rioei t
prejudiwceerser angeadg ainistFt. i rstth ea bsurads sumptioofKn e lsen,
thaitti si mpossitbole ex tratchteS ollferonm t heS ei(nw hicmha nfies.tly
restonsa p etiptriiponi ciiinr espeocftt hes ubstanocfbe e inog,ft heS ei.n )
In othewro rdst,h iiss a restatemoefnt th es upposedlloyg iclaalw
Whati sc reabtyme di nisdm orael itvhea tnh mea tter.
�
propoundbeydH ume andw hicJhe an-LoGuairsd ierse'c ebnoto ks hos CharlBeasu dleaiFrues,e es
tob e untenablTeh.e rei sa lsot hep rejudiccoen cerninpgr ogrems s
philosopwhhyi,c hi sd uet ot hefa ctt hati,nt hec urrecnlti ma.ot fet he Iti so ftent houghti lluminattoid negfi nel awa sa set roufl eosrn orms-
proleirfatioofan c ademsipce cialijtuireibsse,tl si eve themselvteos obligedr uleosfc onducotre thicnaolr msI.n r ealitthyij,su smto vest hep roblem
detepshti losooprha yr ec ontetnoti ntroouicned iscriminianttitonh geliyr furtheirn ttoh eb ackgrouandn,dc omest op rojectdianrgk neosnst oa
discourisnte h,ec urreSnotr bonnfaes hionp,h ilosopwhhioessie n ventors shadowF!o rw hate xactilsya rulea nd,m ores pecificaa rlullyoe,f
haven oc ontawcitt jhu dicliieaf.l conducOtp?i nionosn thimsa ttearr efa r from beincgl eardleyfi ned.
ThusI a m undern o illusioofnh sa ving succeMeyd leeda.rn ecdo l­ Moreovefrew, thorougsht udioefst hes ubjeacrte t ob efo und int he
league Amseal beekt,t er latwhyaenmr y se,lw filhla veb ettesru ccess. genertahle oroyrp hilosoopfhl ya wI.t m ighbte t houghitti, s t ruet,h at
Conclusi'oGne:n tlemoeftn h ej uryIa, p peatlot hei ntelleocpteunanle ss sincteh en otiounn dedri scussiisao ng eneroince a ndn oto new hicihs
andi ndependeonfcs ep irwiitt whh icpha rotf t hiasu dienicsie n vestIe d. specitfiocl egamla tte(rtsh earreer uleosfc onducbte sidleesg aoln es)i,t
hopet haatm ongsyto u,t heraer ea few non-coonrfmiswthso wildlo isn ot for ltehgeaolrb yu,tfo rt heg enertahle oroyfe thitcose lucidtahtee
justitcooe u rc ausweh ichha sb eent hev ictiomfs om anyc alumniaensd questiUonnf.o rtunattehlely a,t tiestr o tailnlcy onsisotnet nhtes ubjetcot ,
.
oft heu nmeritceodn tempitnw hicthh ej uridiccuallt uorfef ormetri mes sucha ne xtentth at pthhiel osoopfhl ya wi si nfa cto bligteodc onducat
ish eld'. cleaniunpgo peratwihoinc ehx tenfadrsb eyonidt osw nt erritionro yr,de r
tofr eei tsefrlofm thes urrounddianrgk neasnsdt ob ea blteo s eec learilny
itosw nd omain.
Iti sn otm y intenttioop nr esean cto mpleatned s ystemaatniacl yosfi s
ethicraull ehse reI.w ilclo ntemnyts elwfi thr ecalltiwnogf actwsh icIh
shalals sumteo b eg eneraalclcye pt1e Rdu.l eosf c onducatr et ooilns­,
strumenTthsi.s i deai se vokedn,o tablwyh,e no ner eefrst ol awa sa
'techniaqnudei 's m,o reoverre,c alilnet dh ev ereyt ymoloogfty h ew ords
norma ndr ulweh,i cohr igindaelnloyt ecdo ncrettoeo ltsh:eL atinno rma,
derivfreodm theA ncienGtr eekg nomoonr,i ginamlelayn t' as quare';
regu-lwah ichm,o reovesrt,i klele ptsh imse aninign m odem Frenc-h
meanta sticokrl ittbloea rwdh icwha su sedi nd rawinsgt railgihnte Isn.
thes econpdl acreu,l eosfc onducatr em,o rep recisteoloyl,ws h icghi vteo