Controlled Natural Language: 4th International Workshop, CNL 2014, Galway, Ireland, August 20-22, 2014. Proceedings PDF
Preview Controlled Natural Language: 4th International Workshop, CNL 2014, Galway, Ireland, August 20-22, 2014. Proceedings
Brian Davis Kaarel Kaljurand Tobias Kuhn (Eds.) Controlled 5 2 6 8 I Natural Language A N L 4th International Workshop, CNL 2014 Galway, Ireland, August 20–22, 2014 Proceedings 123 Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence 8625 Subseries of Lecture Notes in Computer Science LNAISeriesEditors RandyGoebel UniversityofAlberta,Edmonton,Canada YuzuruTanaka HokkaidoUniversity,Sapporo,Japan WolfgangWahlster DFKIandSaarlandUniversity,Saarbrücken,Germany LNAIFoundingSeriesEditor JoergSiekmann DFKIandSaarlandUniversity,Saarbrücken,Germany Brian Davis Kaarel Kaljurand Tobias Kuhn (Eds.) Controlled Natural Language 4th International Workshop, CNL 2014 Galway, Ireland, August 20-22, 2014 Proceedings 1 3 VolumeEditors BrianDavis NationalUniversityofIreland Galway,Ireland E-mail:[email protected] KaarelKaljurand UniversityofZurich,Switzerland E-mail:[email protected] TobiasKuhn ETHZurich,Switzerland E-mail:[email protected] ISSN0302-9743 e-ISSN1611-3349 ISBN978-3-319-10222-1 e-ISBN978-3-319-10223-8 DOI10.1007/978-3-319-10223-8 SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014945825 LNCSSublibrary:SL7–ArtificialIntelligence ©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2014 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof thematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped.Exemptedfromthislegalreservationarebriefexcerptsinconnection withreviewsorscholarlyanalysisormaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeingenteredand executedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework.Duplicationofthispublication orpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheCopyrightLawofthePublisher’slocation, inistcurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.Permissionsforuse maybeobtainedthroughRightsLinkattheCopyrightClearanceCenter.Violationsareliabletoprosecution undertherespectiveCopyrightLaw. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Whiletheadviceandinformationinthisbookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication, neithertheauthorsnortheeditorsnorthepublishercanacceptanylegalresponsibilityforanyerrorsor omissionsthatmaybemade.Thepublishermakesnowarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothe materialcontainedherein. Typesetting:Camera-readybyauthor,dataconversionbyScientificPublishingServices,Chennai,India Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface CNL 2014 was the fourth workshop on controlled natural language, which has been established within the last years as a series of biennial events bringing to- getheradiverseandmulti-disciplinarycommunity.Thisyear’seventwashosted by Insight (formerly DERI) at the National University of Ireland in Galway. We emphasize the workshop’s inclusive and broad scope embracing all ap- proaches that are based on natural language but apply restrictions on vocabu- lary, grammar, and/or semantics. We explicitly invited contributions from dif- ferent branches and communities, including what has been called simplified language, plain language, formalized language, processable language, fragments oflanguage,phraseologies,conceptualauthoring,languagegeneration,andguided natural language interfaces. We received 26 submissions, each of which was evaluated by at least two reviewers — if both turned out to be positive — or at least three reviewers otherwise. Submissions with a positive average score were accepted; those with anegativeonewererejected.Forpaperswithbothpositiveandnegativereviews, wemade suretoonly acceptpapersafterthey hadreceivedatleasttwopositive reviews and to only reject papers that had at least two negative reviews. This procedure led to the acceptance of 17 submissions, i.e., the acceptance rate was 65%.Inaddition,theseproceedingsincludeaninvitedpaperbyAarneRantaon “Embedded Controlled Languages.” Wewouldliketothankthe authorsfortheirsubmissions,theProgramCom- mittee members for their reviews and discussions, and the invited speakers for agreeing to present their work at the workshop. We also thank our host and sponsor Insight1 at the National University of Ireland, and our sponsors Digital Grammars2 and Eurosentiment3. June 2014 Brian Davis Kaarel Kaljurand Tobias Kuhn 1 http://insight-centre.org/ 2 http://www.digitalgrammars.com/ 3 http://eurosentiment.eu/ Organization Program Committee Krasimir Angelov Chalmers University, Sweden Johan Bos University of Groningen, The Netherlands Paul Buitelaar National University of Ireland Olga Caprotti University of Helsinki, Sweden Eugene Creswick Galois, USA Danica Damljanovic University of Sheffield, UK Brian Davis National University of Ireland Ronald Denaux iSOCO, Spain Vania Dimitrova University of Leeds, UK Ramona Enache Charlmers University, Sweden Esra Erdem Sabanci University, Turkey S´ebastien Ferr´e Universit´e de Rennes 1, France Norbert E. Fuchs University of Zurich, Switzerland Normunds Gruzitis University of Latvia Siegfried Handschuh National University of Ireland Stefan H¨ofler University of Zurich, Switzerland Kaarel Kaljurand University of Zurich, Switzerland Peter Koepke University of Bonn, Germany Tobias Kuhn ETH Zurich, Switzerland Hans Leiß University of Munich, Germany Reinhard Muskens Tilburg University, The Netherlands Adegboyega Ojo National University of Ireland Gordon Pace University of Malta Richard Power Open University Laurette Pretorius University of South Africa Stephen Pulman Oxford University, UK Allan Ramsay University of Manchester, UK Aarne Ranta University of Gothenburg, Sweden Mike Rosner University of Malta Uta Schwertel IMC Information Multimedia Communication AG Rolf Schwitter Macquarie University, Australia Silvie Spreeuwenberg LibRT, Netherlands Geoff Sutcliffe University of Miami, USA Irina Temnikova Qatar Computing Research Institute Allan Third The Open University, UK Camilo Thorne Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Italy VIII Organization Jeroen Van Grondelle HU University of Applied Sciences Utrecht, The Netherlands Yorick Wilks University of Sheffield, UK Adam Wyner University of Aberdeen, UK Additional Reviewers Abdelaal, Hazem Arcan, Mihael Unger, Christina Table of Contents Embedded Controlled Languages................................... 1 Aarne Ranta Controlled Natural Language Processing as Answer Set Programming: An Experiment .................................................. 8 Rolf Schwitter How Easy Is It to Learn a Controlled Natural Language for Building a Knowledge Base? ................................................ 20 Sandra Williams, Richard Power, and Allan Third Linguistic Analysis of Requirements of a Space Project and their Conformity with the Recommendations Proposed by a Controlled Natural Language................................................ 33 Anne Condamines and Maxime Warnier Evaluating the Fully Automatic Multi-language Translation of the Swiss Avalanche Bulletin.......................................... 44 Kurt Winkler, Tobias Kuhn, and Martin Volk Towards an Error Correction Memory to Enhance Technical Texts Authoring in LELIE.............................................. 55 Juyeon Kang and Patrick Saint-Dizier RuleCNL: A Controlled Natural Language for Business Rule Specifications.................................................... 66 Paul Brillant Feuto Njonko, Sylviane Cardey, Peter Greenfield, and Walid El Abed Toward Verbalizing Ontologies in isiZulu............................ 78 C. Maria Keet and Langa Khumalo FrameNet CNL: A Knowledge Representation and Information Extraction Language ............................................. 90 Guntis Barzdins INAUT, a Controlled Language for the French Coast Pilot Books Instructions nautiques ............................................ 102 Yannis Haralambous, Julie Sauvage-Vincent, and John Puentes Are Style Guides Controlled Languages? The Case of Koenig & Bauer AG ............................................................ 112 Karolina Suchowolec Lexpresso: A Controlled Natural Language .......................... 123 Adam Saulwick X Table of Contents A CNL for Contract-OrientedDiagrams ............................ 135 John J. Camilleri, Gabriele Paganelli, and Gerardo Schneider Handling Non-compositionality in Multilingual CNLs................. 147 Ramona Enache, Inari Listenmaa, and Prasanth Kolachina Controlled Natural Language Generation from a Multilingual FrameNet-Based Grammar........................................ 155 Dana Dann´ells and Normunds Gruzitis Architecture of a Web-Based Predictive Editor for Controlled Natural Language Processing ............................................. 167 Stephen Guy and Rolf Schwitter Explaining Violation Traces with Finite State Natural Language Generation Models ............................................... 179 Gordon J. Pace and Michael Rosner A Brief State of the Art of CNLs for Ontology Authoring ............. 190 Hazem Safwat and Brian Davis Author Index.................................................. 201 Embedded Controlled Languages AarneRanta DepartmentofComputerScienceandEngineering ChalmersUniversityofTechnologyandUniversityofGothenburg Abstract. Inspired by embedded programming languages, an embedded CNL (controllednaturallanguage) isaproperfragmentofanentirenaturallanguage (itshost language), but ithasaparser thatrecognizes theentirehost language. Thismakesitpossibletoprocessout-of-CNLinputandgiveusefulfeedbackto users,insteadofjustreportingsyntaxerrors.Thisextendedabstractexplainsthe main concepts of embedded CNLimplementation inGF (Grammatical Frame- work),withexamplesfrommachinetranslationandsomeotherongoingwork. Keywords: controlledlanguage,domain-specificlanguage,embeddedlanguage, GrammaticalFramework,machinetranslation. 1 Introduction Acontrollednaturallanguage(CNL)isastrictlydefinedfragmentofanaturallanguage [1]. As fragments of natural languages, CNLs are analogous to embedded domain- specific languages, which are fragments of general purpose programming languages [2]. Such languages have been introduced as an alternative to traditional domain- specific languages (DSL), which have their own syntax and semantics, and require therefore a specific learning effort. An embedded DSL is a part of a general-purpose programminglanguage,thehostlanguage,andisthereforereadilyusablebyprogram- merswhoalreadyknowthehostlanguage.Atitssimplest,an embeddedDSLislittle morethanalibraryinthehostlanguage.Usingthelibraryhelpsprogrammerstowrite compact,efficient,andcorrectcodeinthe intendeddomain.Butwheneverthelibrary doesnotprovideallfunctionalitieswanted,theprogrammercanleaveitsstraight-jacket andusethehostlanguagedirectly,ofcourseatherownrisk. Embedding a language fragment in the full language presupposes that a grammar ofthe fulllanguageisavailable.In the case ofnaturallanguages,thisis byno means a trivial matter. On the contrary,it is widely acknowledgedthat “all grammarsleak”, whichmeansthatanyformalgrammardefininganaturallanguageisboundtobeeither incompleteorovergenerating.Asaconsequence,definingCNLsformallyassubsetsof naturallanguageslooksproblematic. However, if a grammar of the host language exists, then it is useful to define the CNL as an embedded language. It enables us to build systems that provide, at the sametime,therigourofcontrolledlanguagesandthecomfortofgracefuldegradation. Theuserofthesystemcanbeguidedtostayinsidethecontrolledlanguage,butshewill alsobeunderstood,atleasttosomeextent,ifshegoesoutsideit. In this extendedabstract, we will outline some recent work on building controlled languages in the embedded fashion. Our focus will be on multilingual systems, B.Davisetal.(Eds.):CNL2014,LNAI8625,pp.1–7,2014. (cid:2)c SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2014
The list of books you might like
