Control in transportation systems : proceedings of the 4th IFAC/IFIP/IFORS Conference, Baden-Baden, Federal Republic of Germany, 20-22 April 1983

356 Pages·1984·14.29 MB·English

by  D Klamt

/FAGP roceedivnoglsu mPeusb,l isheFdo ratnhdc oming
AKASHI:C ontrSocli enacned T echnolofgoyrt heP rogreosfs KLAMT & LAUBER:C ontroilnT ransportaStyisotne ms
Societ7yV ,o lumes LANDAU:A daptiSvyes teimnsC ontroaln dS ignaPlr ocessing
ALONSO-CONCHEIROR:e alT imeD igital CoAnptprloilc ationLsA UBER:S afetoyfC omputeCro ntrSoyls tem(s1 979)
ATHERTON:M ultivariTaebclhen ologSiycsatle ms LEININGERC:o mputeAri dedD esigonf M ultivariable
BABARY LE LETTYC:o ntrooflD istribuPtaerda metSeyrs tems TechnologiScyaslt ems
&
(1982) LEONHARD:C ontroilnP owerE lectroanincdEs l ectriDcrailv es
BANKS & PRITCHARD:C ontroolfD istribuPtaerda meter (1977)
Syste(ms1 977) LESKIEWIC&Z ZAREMBA: PneumaatnidcH ydraulic
BAYLISS:a fetoyfC omputeCro ntroSyls tem(s1 983) Componenatnsd I nsrtumentisnA utomatCiocn trol
BEKEY SARIDISI:de ntificaatnidoS ny stePma rameter MAHALANABIS:T heorayn dA pplicatoifoD ni gitCaoln trol
&
Estimat(io1n9 82) MARTIN:D esigonf W orki nA utomateMda nufacturSiynsgt ems
BINDER:C omponenatnsd I nstrumefnotrDs i stribuCtoemdp uter MILLER:D istributed CoCmopnuttreSoryl s tem(s1 981)
ContrSoyls tems
MUNDAY: AutomatCiocn troilnS pac(e 1979)
BULL:R ealT imeP rogrammi(ng1 983) NAJIM ABDEL-FAT T AH: SysteAmpsp roacfho rD evelopment
&
CAMPBELL:C ontroAslp ecotfsP rostheatnidcO sr thotics
(1980)
VanC AUWENBERGHE: InstrumenatnadtA iuotno matiionnt he NIEMI:A LinkB etweeSnc ienacned A pplicatiofoA nust omatic
Paper,R ubber, PlaansdtP ioclsy merisaItnidouns t(ri1es9 (8109)8 3C)o ntrol
CICHOCKI& STRASZAK:S ysteAmnsa lysAipsp licatitoo ns NOVAK:S oftwafroerC omputeCro ntro(l1 979)
ComplePxr ograms
O'SHEA POLISA:u tomatiionnM iningM,i neraaln dM etal
&
CRONHJORT:R ealT imeP rogrammi(ng1 978) Process(in1g9 80)
CUENOD:C omputeAri dedD esigonf C ontrSoyls tems OSHIMA:I nformatCioonnt rPorlo blemisnM anufacturing
De GIORGIO& ROVEDA:C riterfioarS electAipnpgr opriate Technolo(gy1 977)
Technologuinedse Dr ifferCeunltt uraTle,c hnicaanld S ocial PAU BASAR:D ynamiMco dellianngd C ontroolfN ational
&
Conditions Economi(es1 983)
DUBUISSONI:n formatainodnS ystems PONOMARYOV: ArtifiIcnitaell ligence
ELLISC:o ntrPorlo blemasn dD eviciensM anufacturing RAUCH: ApplicatioofNn osn lineParro grammitnog
Technolo(g1y 980) OptimizatainodnC ontrol
FERRATE & PUENTE:S oftwafroerC omputeCro ntro(l1 982)RA UCH:C ontrAoplp licatoifoNn osn lineParro gramming
FLEISSNERS:y steAmpsp roactho A ppropriTaetceh nology REMBOLD:I nformatCioonnt rPorlo blemisnM anufacturing
Transfer Technolo(gy1 979)
GELLIE& TA VAST:D istributed ComputeSry sCtoen(mts1r o9l8 R2I)JN SDORPC:a seS tudiiensA utomatiroenl atteodH umanization
GHONAIMY:S ystemAsp proacfho rD evelopme(nt1 977) ofW ork
RIJNSDORP PLOMP:T rainifnogr T omorrow- Educational
HAASE:R ealT imeP rogrammi(ng1 980) AspecotfsC& o mpuetrisAeudt omation
HAIMES KINDLER:W atera ndR elateLda ndR esourScyes tems
& RODD:D istribuCtoemdp uteCro ntroSly ste(ms1 983)
HALME: Modellianngd C ontroolfB iotechnical ProcesseSsA NCHEZ:F uzzIyn formatiKonno,w ledgRee presentaatnido n
HARDT: InformatCioonnt roPlr oblemisnM anufacturing DecisiAonna lysis
Technolo(gy1 982) SAWARAGI & AKASHI: EnvironmSeynsttaelPm lsa nninDge,s ign
HARRISON:D istribuCtoemdp uteCro ntroSly stem(s1 979) andC ontrol
HASEGAWA: RealT imeP rogrammi(ng1 981) SINGH & TITLIC:o ntraonld M anagemenotfI ntegraItneddu strial
Complexes
HASEGAWA INOUE:U rbanR,e gionaanld N ationPalla nning
&
- EnvironmenAtsaple cts SMEDEMA:R ealT imeP rogrammi(ng1 977)
HERBST:A utomatCiocn trionlP owerG eneratiDoins tribuatnido nS TRASZAK:L argSec alSey stemTsh:e orayn dA pplicat(io1ns9 83)
Protection SUBRAMANYA M: Computer ApplicianLt iaorngSsec alPeo wer
ISERMANN:I dentificaantdiS oyns tePma rametEesrt imation Systems
(1979) TITLI& SINGH:L argSec alSey stemTsh:e orayn dA pplications
ISERMANN & KALT ENECKER:D igitCaolm puteArp plicattioo ns (1980)
ProceCsosn trol WESTERLUND: AutomatiionnM iningM,i neraaln dM etal
JANSSENP,A U & STRASZAK:D ynamiMco dellianngd C ontroofl Process(in1g9 83)
NationEaclo nomi(es1 980) VanW OERKOM:A utomatCiocn triolnS pac(e 1982)
JOHANNSEN & RIJNSDORPA:n alysis, DaensdiE gvna,l uatoifo n ZWICKY:C ontroilnP owerE lectronaincdEs l ectriDcrailv es
Man-MachiSnyes tems
(1983)
NOTICET O READERS
Ify ourl ibrairsny o ta lreaad syt anding/ contoirndueacrtu isotno moerrs ubscritbote hr isse rimeasy,w er ecommentdh ayto u
placae s tandicnogn/t inuaotriso unb scripotridoentr o r eceiivmem ediatueployn p ublicatailonlne wv olumes. Should you find
thatth esveo lumenso longesre rvyeo urn eedyso uro rdecra nb ec ancellaetad n yt imew ithout notice.
Copieosf a lplr evioupsulbyl ished voalrueam veasi labAl fuel.l yd escripctaitvael ogwuielb le g ladlsye notn r equest.
ROBERT MAXWELL
PublishaetPr e rgamoPnr ess
IFACR elateTdi tles
BROADBENT MASUBUCHI:M ultilingual GolfAo ustsoamrayt Ciocn troTle chnology
&
EYKHOFF:T rendasn dP rogreisnsS ysteImd entification
ISERMANN: SysteImd entificTauttioorni (alAsu tomaStpieccaIi saslu e)
CONTROL IN
TRANSPORTATIONS YSTEMS
Proceedinogfst he4 thI FAC/IFIPIIFOCRoSn ference
Baden-BadeFne,d erRaelp ubloz"fcG ermayn, Aprz"l
20-22 1983
by
Edited
D. KLAMT
IABG,I ndusrtieanla-gBeentriebsgesteM lBlHs,c hFaRG
f
and
R. LAUBER
UniversSittuattt gaFrRtG,
Publishfoerd t he
INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF AUTOMATIC CONTROL
by
PERGAMON PRESS
OXFOR·D N EWYORK· T ORONT·O S YDNE· YP ARI· SF RANKFURT
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AllR ights RNesoervepa drt. o ft hpiusb licamtaioybn e r eprodsutcoeridena,dr etnsys'tevaelm o r
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Firsetd iti1o9n8 4
LibraorfCoy ngres s CatalionPg uibnlgi Dcaatati on
IFACI/FPI//FIORSC onferencoen C ontrionlT ransportaStyisotne (m4st :h 1983:B aden­
BadenG,e rmanyC)o ntrionlt ransportsaytsitoenm (sI.F ACp roceedisnegrsi es)
"OrganizbeydV DI/VDE-GesellsMcehsasfu-tn dR egelungste(cGhMnRi)k-" p.
v
1. Transportation-Aut-oCmoantgiroens se2s.. T ransporta-tDiaotna processing­
Congresses.
I.K lamt,D . II. Lauber, RuIdIoIlI.fn ternatiFoendaelr atioofn A utomatic
Control. InItVe.r natFieodne ratfioornI nformatpiroon cessingV.. International
FederatioofnO peratioRneasle arcSho cietiesV.I .V DI/VDEG-esellscMheasfstu- nd
RegelungstechnViIkI.T. i tle. VIIIS.e ries.
TAI230.I4149 83 388'.0418 3-2566I
BritishL ibraCaryt aloigunPi unbgl iDcaatitoan
Contrionlt ransportsaytsitoen-m (sI.F ACp roceedisnegrsi es)
1.T ransportati2o.nA utomatciocn trol
I.K lamtD,. IIL.a uberR,. IIII.n ternatioFneadle ratoifo nA utomaCtoinct rol
3805. HE336.A/
ISBN0 -0082-9365-4
Thesper oceewdeirnrege sp rodbuycm eeadns oft hpP.h oto·porofcfteeustsins g them anu·
scrisputpsp lbiyet dh ea uthoorfts h ed ifefrepanpte rsT.h ema nusm'pthsa veb eent yped
usidnifgerf entt ypewriterasn dt ypefaceTsh.ela y-ofuigtu,r aensdt abloesfs ompaep ersd id
nota greceo mplewtietlhtyh es tandraerqd uiremecnotnss;e qutehnetr leyp roduction
doenso dtis placyo mpluertuef orTmoite yn.s urarpei pdu blicatthioidnsi screcpoaunnlcyod t
bec hangneodrc; o utlhdEe n glisbh ec heckceodm pletely. thTrehea edreefarorsrase ek ,ed
toe xcusaen yd eficioenftci hepissu blicawthiiocmnha:y bed uet ot haeb ovmenet ionreeda sons.
TheE ditors
Printeind GreBarti tbayAi .nW heatoCno L.t dE.x,e ter
&
4thI FAC/IFIP/IFOCROSN FERENCE ON
CONTROL IN TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS
Sponsboyr ed
InternatFieodnearla toifoA nu tomatic Control (IFAC)
TechniCcoamlm ittoeneS ysteEmnsg ineering
TechniCcoamlm ittoeneC omputers
Co-sponbsyo red
International FfeodrIe nrfaotrimoantP iroonc ess(iInFgI P)
International FoefOd peerraattiioonRn easle arScohc iet(iIeFsO RS)
Organized by
VDI/VDE-GesellMsecshsua-nfdtR egelungste(cGhMnRi)k
P.O.B . D-400D0u esseldorf
113 9, 1
InternPartoigornaaml C(o!mPmCi)t tNeaet ioOnragla niCzoimnmigt( tNeOeC )
R.L aube(rD )( Chairman) D.K lam(tC hairman)
R.E .F ento(nU SA()V icCeh airman) D.K nappertsbusch (Mrs.)
S.A puniew(iPcLz) Wiefels
H.
A.A rtyno(wS U)
D.B arano(wS U)
K.B opp( D)
W. Domschk(eD )
R.G ense(rA )
S.E .G npnland
(N)
D.K lamt (D)
R.K onakovs(kDy)
M.J .M ende(sB R)
F.O kano( USA)
Ohno(J )
Y.
J.R .P erri(nF )
K.P ieri(cDk)
G.S chmid(tD )
G.S chwei(zDe)r
W. Schwi(eDr)
L.S kyv(aC S)
B.J .S tern(eSr)
Strob(eDlD R)
H.
D.T abak( IL)
F.T ung( USA)
PREFACE
Thea imo ft hicso nferewnacsde e ifned tihne" Calflo rP ape"r:sT os evre aas f orumf orb oth
tecnhicaaln dm angaeraili ntcehraeng,a ndt of ocuosn t hea reaasn da specotfsc omptuera plpi­
catoinsan dm etohdoleosg,i tos olev contrporlol bmeso fs urfea tcrapnosrtatsiyotsne m.s
Ind efniintgh seeo bejctvies,t hei nternatpiorgnoraalcm o mmietetw asa waroef t hef actth at
theu se coomfp uetrso ffernse wa ndi netretsingf eaturaensdi mrpovemefnotrst rapnosrttiaon
sytsem.s Otnh eo therh and,s moen ewp roblmesc asuedb yc omptuerhsa vet ob es ovle,d sucahs ,
fore xample,t hep roblmeso fs pecifyianngd o fl icenisngs afye rtelatseodfw tar,e andt he
problme omfa rryitnhgel ong-lief trasnportaotnis ytsemw itthh er aipdlcyh angimnicgr oecl­e
trontiech cnlooyg. Byb ringintgo gheert devleoper,s supplier,s use,r assseosrs,s andg overn­
mentaple olpe,t herwea sa challneget od iscustsh em aojrp roblmeso fo ptimizicnopgmu terized
trasnprottaiopnr oecss,e asndt of indo utt hsoea reas wahuetraoetm iocno ulbdec ombee enfiical
and where cohfta hneg etsau caplr actischeo ubleda dovcaetd.
Consdiernigt her esluto ft hes esisonosf t hec onfnecr,ee andl ookinagt t hep aperisnt his
volmue, its eemtsh atth ec onrfeencper oivdedm aojrc onitbrutioinnts h esaer ea: s
- it wsahswon h owc opmuterinst ranpsorattiopnro cessse canb eu setdo m akeh umaanc itonisn
plnaninge,x ecutainodnc ontrmoolr eef fevcet i
itw asd emnostartetdh amto dercno pmutesro fwtarean dh ardwatreec hniqaureeas bl et o improve
thet rapnostratiopnro cescso nisdrealby
itb ecame obviotuhsta futuaruet omatsiyotsne mfs ort he conotfrt ornlas poarttiosny smtse
shoubledb uiltb ya pplyingg enelriazemde tohdologainedps ri nicple,s andt haat standard­
izatioonf metwhooduslb de a dvantasg.eE oxuapmlse ofs uccefsusld evemleonptisn t his area
werre epoerdt( e.fgr.mo newt rapnosrtiaotnp rojectisn G ermayn).
-Buti tb ecmae vercy laera lsot hamtu chr eesarcsht ilhla st o bdeo nei nt hisa rea,t hat
govrenemntaslup prot opgrrmasw ernee cesrsyaa lsion t hef utu,r aend tthhaeti nnotviaons
in tfhieel do ft rapnosrattions ystemhsa da hihg impacotn o thetre chnical afswi eellld.s
Summraiznig,t hec onefrenccee ratinly wasa succfeuslse vencto ndseirintghe t echniacnadl
scientifriecs ults. Then umebro fp artici,p haonwteesvr,w asd isappoin.t Tihnregefo,r tehere
wa,s ont heo ne nhd,a uan aniumsolfyo rumlatesdu ggesotnio ft hep artiipcanttsoo rganiaz e
nexcto nefrencoen " Cotnrlo iTnr asnporttiaonw"it hin yeras. But,o nt heo therh an,d more
3
atetntiosnh oludb e patiomd a kea dvacnedm ethoadnsd t echniqturaenss parteon" tp rtaictieor"ns,
sucha sr epretsateinveosf t rapnosrcto mpiaensa ndo ffciialosfg overnmeanuttarhlio ti.e s
Thep roagmrc ommitteei sv ergyr ateftuotl h es poonrsnigo rganizatfioornt shi ers uppor.t
Esepcilayl,t hee xclelenta dmniitsraitonb yt hep eolpeo ft heV D/IVDE-GwMRa sh ighalpyp re­
citae.d It hiso petdh apt rogreisns tfhiee ld ofC ontrionlT rnaspoarttioSny smtse lwli
conitnute ob ep rensteeadt a futurceo nfereonfct eh itsi t.l e
D.K lamt
R.La uber
vi
CopyrigIhFtA C CoinnTt rraonls porStyasttieomns
\cl SURVEYP APERS
Baden-BFaeddeenRr,ea plu bolfGi ecr ma1n98y3
OPERATION OF GROUND TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEMS:T RAFFIC CONTROL OF SUBWAYS
SurvePya per
Jean-MiLcahsesla lle
Direcdteissoe nr vtiecnceihsq ues
RATP- 53teqrua,di e Gsr asn-duAgustPianrsiF,sra ,n ce
Asbrtatc:T ihsr vsepupya eirn dicvaatreiasos upseo cftt rsa fcfotinrcoo lf
sbuwya:sT hgee necroaenlpc tosft he c(arrtarnirsetpraoo tnsi ulp,ypd itsurb­
acnev,u lbneirylai,tt rnapsoarttiocnot ssa nhdu mcaonen pctasn)sd o mied eas
too grantihzoeeep rtaoi.n Foirll utsrtai,om naneyaxp mlsea rgei vientn h e
folwloinfgil ed:s
autoimcda rvtiinagnd dr imvnoeirt nogdr eivi;c es
cnetarlc ontrrooolm ;
tcikeitsi snuagn cdh keicng;
pulbcia drdesssyt se.m s
Thceno culisopno ionutttsh atthe ef ftievcesnsoe fa nsyy sitsec mod ntiional
ona b anlcaecndos eirtdaioonf alvla rtivhoieue sw sp:otci enhnitc,ea clonomic
anhdu m.a n
Keydw.so Trarffciocnl t;mra onc-hmiasnsyetm es;c onterqoulni tp;smc eommuni­
ctaiocno mpaupptlceiari to.n
I.
GENECRALO NCOEFPT THEC SA RRIER singlailn(gi inn teernfceetrh d wriiver
aiblyi.)t
I.I.
Traonrsttpiaosnu pply
I.I. 1.2.
Thearreoe ht elrse se ffveec ti
I. II..
Qunatittiavceoe npcts conpct.es Froe xpalm,et akaip nages nsg'esr
I.II.I. . poionfvt i etwh,me so tip mornttta hiinsg
Thmea iqnut ainattviec onciesp t thter altv meief;o orp etnrigap eloepa,
thpeto enttiraalfd fesiinytco fa l ni:e smiirlc aonciestp htce o emmricaslp e.e d
maximbuemor fp n ausnmsgeedrusr ainnh guo r. Thicso nciesop ntls iylh gtyle ffteicve
bceauisnfe a tct hvea loufce o mmerscpidea el
Thpeto einattlar ffdiecn sdietpye ntdwso oinso tpmizieadt lvaee alsh igahsp sosbile
pareatme:r s foarnt oehrp uproes,whi hci st ou saem ini­
mum torifano sn t hleie n.
-capaocfi ttray a: ti hniiss mtaihxmeu m
I..2
nuemrbo fp asngseesratsn diinna gt rna i I. Quiaatltviec oncepts
wtiha na cctbealpes tnadaorfcd o fmrot;
rougthhlipyrsa a tmeedre peonntd wso Theayre es senrteialatletldoy coomrf ort
pyhsciapla mreeatr:sl negtahnw di hdo tf seuciryt;i n chsa uf iepladssn,eg ers'
at ra;i n aprpeciiosana trvee rye csvtu,eiba jntdh e
minuimhm ewaad:yt hiisst htemi eb ewteen apprmosuatbc ehp raaigtmc.
twsou cicvetesr sna,sit hsece ontdrn a i
I.I..2.I
opetrianagsf asasti ti sp osbsliien Cmofort
accorwdiatsnfhace yetr uelst op ervent
coilislowni tthhf eri sttr a.i n Thsic noceipnltcdu e:s
Thpeto enttirfaaflid ecin tspye hro ur Comfiontr htse at toi:n
equtahltesri anc acpiyamt utlpildib eya n wiatingt mie
houarnd di vibdyte hdhe ae dw.a y qaulyio tft ihstm ie( pbulisrcev cies
offeedr saussc othr ,eb sarro o.m.s, .
Thmei nuimhm eadownaa l yni ed epeensdnss­e falciiitessu cahss eawttishl giht,i ng
tiyao l:nl tralvlneigi nfor.ma.)t .io n
Cofmorontt hter a:i n
infrast(rrguacdtidueairngetro afm the • sea,lt gisthnig
linceu,rr vaiedsu ;) Genecrofamol:r t
posbsiileisot fi ttemhrie nsa;l niose
trascuktb rstuuc,rp eoitsioonfp i ontasnd vbiraotnis
crsonisg,ss epeldmi ti;s semlls
dewltlmi e( is tlvuadee pencdhsac ertoran­ aisrrt eam
itsiocfsp aesnsg)e;r s temperature
lnegtohft ra;i ns
I.I..2 .2
accetlieoarnnadd e celoenor fta rtnai;si Seucirty
2 J,- M. Lassalle
Ditsurnbca,e vulnebrilaiyt Thutsh ec onceopfto velralc ots covear s
1.2.
multtiudoef s ubocstwsh icahr en ot readily
Cauesso fd isurptionm ayb ec lass­i qunatifiienda singlfeig ur.e Ith ast he
1.2.1.
fiedi nttoh receat eogriedse pendoinnt gh e merito fa viodingt he pitafllo fc onisdering
degreoef r esopnisbility oft hep asnsgeer onltyh ei memdiaetxpee nsiensa relveance
carrri,ee .g: . studyo nt hed eisrbailyi otfa dotpnigo ne
systme rahter than tahenro.
"Sytsem"c asue:s fairleuo fr olilngs otc,k
dooorp ertaoin, fautlym aintena(ne.cge. Thec onceopftc otsss holudb eq uailfeidb y
colliiosnbse tweetnr anis); ani ndciatoino f tlhieef tmieo ft hes ytsem,
"Sysetm/pasnsgeerc"a usse:f autl orc aer­ esepcialliyna tehcnicacolpm arisoofn
lesnsesosn tphaer otf a passnegeirn i­ gretalyd iffergi lnifetmeis( am etros ingal
tiatinag s ystemd itsurban(ce.eg p.a ssen­ boxi nr egartdoe lcetromencihacalt echnlooyg
gerg etntgic augt hina trani door or mayl ast4 0y ear,s whilei nr egartdod ata
bewteepn latforma ndt rai;n ) processing cthenlooyg thea veralgifee tmeii s
"Psasnegerc"a sue:s clumsesinso rs piet genelryla y8 ea)rs.
of paa ssenge,r oirnd isopsiiton.
Cots cutntgim ethods
1.3.2.
Somee quiepntmsa red esigneds oelly
1.2.2.
foru sei na degradmeodd e, asf or intsance Costc uttionrga ,t l eastt he itniocneo pf
thep roviisonasle vricoef a subwa,y when cots abtaeemn,t mayy ieltdoa methiocdal
jnucitonasr ep rovidaelodn ga lniet o approa.c h
enalbes omes ecotnist ob eu se,d ifp art of
thel niei sr ednereidn opeirvaeot na ccnotu Fisrti ti sn eceasrsyt oc laerliyd etniftyh e
ofd isurpito.n reqrueimetns, ats horatn dl nogt emr,i n the
lihgto fp reidctbalet ehcnic,a elconomiacn d
Thec asoef e quipmfeainlt uer is socailt redns, elimniaitngt hef alster ends
1.23..
separatedi nt wos ubcases: relaetdt oa currecnotn tewxhti cihs d uet o
chagne, whliek eepgi tnor ealitsica ssmup­
theries n oi mplicationf oro periaotn:s tionsi nr egartdo tshpee ewdi twhh icmhe n­
exapmler:ed undanccoyn cveeidp owesrup pyl taltiiesa ndh abitwsi ll chan,g aendo nt he
networikn P arimse tr; o tehcniaclc apabilyi ttor esloven ont-ecnhical
theries a ni mplicaotnif or roapteniso; problmes.
theg eenraplri nciplec onisstisn d own­
graditnhget raspnorttaoino fferp rior to Nex,t tdheei sgn oft hes ytsemm ustt ake
anyr edtuocino ns afye ltveeli no preation.p lacej onitlwyi tahl lt hep artiecso ncneer,d
ino rdert hta allv iepwonitsm ayb er epre­
Trasnporttioanc osts sendt e(pseicfciatoino fr eqrueimnet,s con­
1.3.
structoin,m aienntaenc,t riani,n gmkaeritn,g
I. Conceopfto velralc ots etc)..A balancceodn siedratioofna lls uch
1.3.
viewpoinwtisl clon dtioint hes ucecsso ft he
Theo velralc ots coverinsi tiale xpens(eed ­ sytsem.T hisr equirtehsae ta cdho mabine
sign,s upplies, and tianlsaltionc ostsp)l us enturstetdo a copmetenpte sro,na ndt haatl l
annual tcso( smaintenaanndoc pee rant).i o suchp ersonwsi ll bea blet oc ommnuictae,
meanisnpega ka commlonang uagaen dh avea
Deisgnc otssn atruallyd eepndo n tchome­ unifyionbegjc tvie.
pletxyio fa proejcta,l soon tehxet eonft
thek nowhaonwd e xpreienceo ft hep roejct Onceth ed eisgni sl aiddo w,n caa lflo rb isd
deisgnt ema. Suplpyc otssa re eastyo e valu­ will in ftrhmaee worokf sau bcontterda c
ates,ni cei n generoailc ebidyn o vutisde contsruticons nigloeu tt hec onttraocra ble
conatcrto;r isntsalliaotnc otssv aryg reatyl tom ete thep roviisonosf t hes peciicfaitons
dependoinnt ghe conteixntt woh icthh e att hel east cost.
equipmiesn t bteoi nsert,e adsf ori ntsance
Ceratin specifpirco viiosnisn t hec ontract
int heP aris metr,o someo ft hew ormka y be
donoen ldyu rinsgh utwdnop eriod-sb ewteen mayl eadt os uggetsinga letrntaivea nds im­
plre prospaols, evein fn ote xatcyl compta­
aboutI a.ma.n d a..m h-encien p aritcu­
larlyd iffciutl c5on dtiions atnhdu cso tsl.y iblew itthh er equmiertnesi nitiallys peci­
fied.
Annuamla intenacnotcssea rer ealtetdo k eep­ Thep rinpcailw illt hednr auwp a balnace
ing trhoeli lngs tock ande qiupmenrtu nning bewteen" lesssa tfiascotnio fn eevde rsus
int opc ontdiino. Int hec onteoxftt he cosstav ing, "andw illo pta cconrgdli.y If
envoinrmnet,a ndf org ivepne rfmoarcne,s hea ccep, ttshes avinegn suriesdd ividuepd
thedye pnedo nt hei ntnrsiiqcu ailyt (re­li bewteent hec ontrac(toforhr a vinggi ven
abiliyt,r epabiiralyi)to ft her ollnigs tock, proofo fi maginatainodcn o pmetencaen)d t he
ando nt hem aintaenncoer gnaizati(ornta ni­ prnicilp a(who ahsassn etetdo a downrwda
ingo fc rew, squaliy toft robuleshtonoig, reviison ofe xpheicsat tion)s.
speeodf i ntveernito,n tets andr eapirf aclii­
tise). 14..H umacno necpts
Operatcionsgt asr e imnaldyep enednto nt he Theu ltmiate ppousroef a subways ytsemi s
paylrolo f tohpee rra tsotafrfe queidrf or tot rapnorstp asnsgeer. sPropaeprp ercitaion
propoepre rtaoino f tshyes mt.e ofp assgeenrn eedasn dw ishecso uplweitdh
OperatioofnG rounTdr ansrpttoaioSny tsems 3
thei ntenttioog ni ve ttrhea nssiystt me a in tmesor ft hei ncreasnigp arptla yebdy
soundb ranidm agaer ee ssnetailf atcorisn automatiino nt pheer fmoarncoef t haftu nc­
ther unninogf a subwa.y tion.
Antoheirn idspebnlseaf acrt ioso ptimuums e Firts comedsr ivibnygs ihgt,b y maanln oe,
ofo pertainpge rsnonel.I t lclasf or a withuota nya utomoan.t iThimsa nenro f
realtiisca sssemsenotf t hee mployees' poten­ procenegdi iso bvoiulsyi ndaeqaut,e thep er­
tia,lw hicmha yt os omee xtte bne modifiedf ormnaceb eings bujecttod irecvti weing,
bys uitablet rainnig. Int her enewoafl thel attevra ryiwnigt hl ocaclo nditions
exitsinjg bos, staffi ntreviewwsil l point (ruotnigo ft ra,c bkend, sgradites,n etc.,)
up tvhaer ieotfyt hee xperiegnainceed ,a nd andw itht hew eath(earmt osphecroincd iti.o ns)
willc ausae c hangteo ocicnut rh ec ontent For obvuiosr eanssot himso dies g enreally
ofa projecti na wayw hicwhi ll maket he exclduedf rmo subways ysmts.e
jbose asiteora cecpt.
Iti sh owevaeprlp icablet os mei-mteroa nd
lightu rbarna isly tsemwsi thh owevtehre
2.O RGAINSNIGT HEO PEARTION corlolrayo fa hihglye ffciientb rkaings ys­
temo,f tenu snigm angeticr aislh o.e sThe
2.I. Jobs pefciciation lattiesrm oreovae rre uqiremefnotrr unning
oni mproperplryo tecstietd,e asso nu rban
Startnigf rmo suchb ackgroudnaadt ast he rodawyas.
exitsinlgv eel ofq ualifiocna,st piceifying
thej bosc allsf ora comprombieswtee etnh e 3.I. I . Singallnig
finacniaclo ndseiartio(n hvae tphoes ftil lde
bya n pelomyewei th lthoeews t qualifiiocn,a) t A first lveelo fa utomataipoepna rwsi th
whicihn t hep ashta so ftenl edt o tfhraeg ­ signallnig,a imingt om ake gtohoeid n ade­
metnatioonf bjso,an dt hes ocila crirtieon quacioefsd irecvti soin.T hel atter ebarks
(erasisgnintgh et assko a s tcor eaatneu p­ dowinn tot hreeele mentafruynt cion:s det­ec
gradejdo bm,e anionnge t ednintgo warad s tiono fo bstaclest,r alnasitoni ntso topo r
conectret aswkh soei mportanwciell be go-lswo order,s andd islpay ofs uhc orders
cleraly apprecaitebdy tehmep yloee). ina manenro bsevrableb yt het rani drievr.s
2.2C.a toergise ofa utomactoincrt olinlg Int hissy tsemt hes trivinagf ter ys aifse t
sytsems genreallys ubjteecdt ot hef ai-lsafper in­
ciplei,n w hicahn yc opmonenfta ilucraeu ses
Automactoinc tlrelorst hta ared esginedw ith thea peparanocfea ni ndicataitol ne asats
rescptet om anw,h ow ill remaini nidspebnlsea, retsritcivaes tnhoer madlis plyaedi ndica­
mayb ec lasfsiieidn t:o tiownou ldh avbee e.n
Opera'tsoh relspy smtse (ofri nstance 3.12 ..A utomattriacn i procttieon( A.TP..)
drivearres a sisstebdy s iglnalnigs ystems)
Opetroarm onitonrgia utmoatiscy smts,e e..g Int hed riv'esr detcetoins/ingalling/oebrsva­
speedm ontioringa ndt rani sotppindgev iecs tionc hian,a ndt rani runnicnogn otlr,th e
int hee vetn da riveerx ceetdhsep ermsi­ deteocnts/iignallni ksm ayb ed emeede ntilrye
sibles peed safe vbityru eo ft hef ail-sparfienp clie.
Attentd sabunstitiuotnd evisc,ee .ga.u to­ Thef olwliongl inksi nt hec hai,n ont he
matitcr ani opeartion( A.T.)O.. ohterh and,c ontdiioneadst heayr eb y the
humafna ct,o arree xpsoedt ot hel atetr's
2.3S.t aftfra ining potetniafla ileus.r Toa voitdh ea ddition
ofa nothaetrtn edanitn a na ttemptto r emedy
Staftfr aniincgo veirnsi tiianslt urctio,n thes itaution- a staff-intevness oiultio-n
befotrrea fnesrt o a jnboe,wa ndc otninuing variomuesa nasr et o nhd.a
edcuatoinw hictha kse thef omr ofr efrehser
oru pgradcionugsr e.s Ani ntiials tepi ss implyt os eet hatth e
drvierr emainwsa tchfauthl i sj bo.T hiis s
Somse pecifice qiupmetnsc an vbeeyr usfeu,l thec onventi"odenaadml a n'sh anlde"s ytsem,
sucahs t hem etrloi nseim ulatoorf R AT,P a moree laboartev ersoino fw hicihs t he
usefdor the traniinog fc entraclo ntrol "autmoatiwcat cha ndp eridoicarle sesty"s ­
rooomp erast.o r temw hiccho ntiunsluyom onitortshe d river
tos eet hahte i sn ot oanwlayk beu tw atch­
fu.l
3.E XAMPLES
A seocnda pproachha sr ecoruset oa track/
3.1.A utomadtriicv ianngd d rivmeorn tiornig trani lniko rc ab-sginald eviwchei cthr nas­
devices mitso rderesma natifnrogm t hes igln asytsem
tot hed riveornb oartdh et ra.i n
The train fdurnitcvioinnc gon sisitnsc on­
trollngit het raitnr alve,w hileo bsreving Onev erosnio ft hes ytsemw hicihs i nu seo n
alls afye ctritieara nda sf ara sp osbslie theL ondoUnn dregrnodui st he" trip-stop"
confmoirngt ot hep redeetrminetdmi etlabe. sytsme,a onef-ofd evicteh amte chacnalily
triggetrhset rani braket hem omenitt o ver­
Onec oudl clasfsyti hed rivimnodge si nu se shooat ss tpo signla.L atevre rosniso fi t
4 J.- M.L saeslle
tranvsamriitiod nuisci aotnpesrs neteaodln g­ Driveisaneg;
sidwiet thhs egi naislt elIfns. u cach a se Preicoiansts o tpppiontig.sn Frotmh is
thder ei'rvsrae citonasrm eno tior-eadsf or satn-dpotihnceto inntusopusec eotdnr ol
insthainsscol ew -wdno ord-earn idn c asoef progirsta hme goinveti hneg rbeelsst,uts
dleyaeadc otnbi yt hderv eirt,ot rpit he makiintpg os sbilteo opterraaitnes
emergberna,cok yerf oirsn atcnea,sa l ast slhitgllyo ntghearsan tt oinssni cneo n
resionrt th e easv oetpns gtin ailsp as.s edsfaeymt arwgahitnve eirsr eqeu.di r
Aga,i ntthrea snissommnia bye c oinntuous Hecnet,h der i'vsreo rliena uttoimtcar ain
throutghhteor uiwtph ,if crhot mhs eat nd­ opeiroaint:s
poionfst a yfi est coofu trhsmeeso ts atis­
facyts olotrui,os nnicteh oen -gionifmnaog­r Too vreseteht er a;c k
toini sb saict o otpheeir oaontfa f aifle- saToa lwlt ohter na idteop taa frtceorn trol­
sytsem. lnig sourpv einrsgti hdeo oorp eiroant
(atlhotughlhea t tefru tnoicnm abyee n­
Thien formmaacytno isoinos fdt si crdeatate, trtuesda nat uot aotmidecv nirocmelay l
asf oirnt sanacn eu emrbo fs epesdc ales copulde ctoo notl;r)
whihct hderv iemrut so sbevret hurgoahs y­s Tor emsemu anuoapalet orini nt heev eonft
teomfa poppriratcaesb gi nla.s Oftheonw ­ fiaulroef atuhmtetao iscyt sem.
eveirti s smoaeh wta ndgorwatdreaodiep nr a­
toinm ode fpoarromtfai s nygs atleoscm o m­Thlea tteartc oinn eecstsaitdeoswa ndgerd
prnigsa iutaotmitcrn ao iper,ao trai d orniv­opretaoinw hicshh obuela dav ibllaient he
inmgo dgee nlelreyaml poyienad n i intail eventta uttahotamitcrn ao ipeiroaintsu n­
oeprtanig phwatihsh eo,w etvhepero sbsiily itavlabail.e Tihsm atya ktehf eo romfA ..TP.
ofa ddaiuntgto imtcar nao ipretaioinff or makiuenso gf d atdai frfeenftr otmh aotf
somraees noi ti sfu onnde ecsasrtyo sdoo. AT..O.
3.1.4.
Thdea ttars amnietdt tot hter nam iaayl so A.Tw.tiOh.od urti ver
tkaet hfeo rmo f eesidpni dcoantvsia rying
cnotniouusolrsy e mit-niocuuolsnyT.h peor ­ Thees nsteipaulrs peoo fd rirvleeAsT.s. O.
cessi so tfenp lcdweo iuhtf nies revont-crooli s coorfus teh oep tumis mvainignp esronen.l
emreggio nnf ullya tuomiactt rnao iperna tiBouatni nteesnrtgci orloalrayr i:so ensce
ancda n usbeeetd ih earsd ogwrnaodpeedr ­ thceo ncfeorortnpi mupmr obfiiyltp iaetr
atoino ra st rianipnrgta iecdc uroifnf­g dritvherro uusgoehfl ragceaa pcyit trains
pekah ou.r s isn ol onagc errei roti,ni t bepcsoosbmilees
tor utnr ianosfg rteylar eduucneildnte g .t h
3.1.3.
AT..wOi.td hrv ier Tihsi nt urlane dts:o
Thaemi o fa tuotmiatcr nao ipeiroaintsn o Gooqadu lyis treivcdeu roifn-gfp ehaorku,s
lonrog neltyom noitmoa'rnsa c itonbsut to thankrse dtuhoced eawyda,s w tiohuhto wever
replhaicmeh iisn not preanrigaf tutinoic.n watsinangcy a rrcypaiaincytga sw oludb e
thcea wstieh l nogt ra;i ns
A.T.rOi.vf eosstrt h feo wlilnoogbe jtcvie:s Finaetltyu cnopemadbt iiyl itotfhn eub mer
oft rianpsu itn tcoic ruliaowtnti ht he
Ah ihgl veeolfp eorrfnmcatee ndtion­g fulctiuoatntrn aspdoernmt,da h entchee
wards tlhmieti o ufp ecp taehrrr ying opmtiizuesde orfo ilntlsghot ekc f lee.t
caapcictopyma tiwbihltt eh tear csku b­
srtutcuraenr do llnigs otc;k Onceo uelvdee nns vaiewg tih dtihpsepa ear­
Setadtyrn ar iunnwitinhig na dtdiiotnh e ancoefr esveed rrirv,ste hpeo sbsiiylo ift
possiobfii lnricptoaoytnr igf insep eed respotnoud nipenexgc ttrefadif pce aks
adujtsme(nhtte sfea crtsto hecnot nrbiuntgi throiummegdhi asteteplpyui pnt ghd ee p­ar
tot hper tacicaalt ntemaniotft haeb ove turoefr esveet rrna,sie vetnh ough such an
ojbceitv;e ) eveunaitlyt uinsil ke.l y
Ap erdemtientreydpo efr nuni,ni gndepen­
denotft hder eirve,v enlytle umaerogni ngT hsee ntgtu ipo fs ucadh r ivmiondge however
redupcoewcdeo rnm tspouina n/doartt enua­callsf otra kcienrgn tp arieuictoa,nt sypical
tnigf atueio gft hrelo lnigs otkc. ofw hicahr: e
An ubmeorfp rnciilpsem agyo verdne snt,ih ge Thaeb seonftc rea mcnokti orfianicglt iies
asf oirnt sacne: calflosar ne xlcuisvaen hdi gphrltoyce tde
rihgto f waanyfdo, ir dbtsh aec otnoi f
Spereadn tghetaso fntc eoinwctiihsd eec ­ creawlso tnhgse i dtuer oipnegtr i;ao n
tioonnts h ter a,pc soksbilcyop uldwe tih Autaotcmid oocro notlar,s envseip toiint
ano n-bpoorargradcm o vetrhifenni ga l inr egtaorp das snegearci cdesn,mtsu tb e
brakpihsnaeg; handwltiehd gtrhaeett ec sa;r e
Coinntusopusec eodn tproroglr( aamis n Restitnaagrd amavgheeidcr leeq utihree s
Par)i;s arriovfta hlre e pcarierow nts h seop t.
Ap orgrgaemn erianrt eeatdmli e b ya Thcerw esr equtior hebi eg mholibyla en d
boradisdceop mut(esari nH mbaurMgnu,ci h.) apptioornaeldo tnhgle ni e to reduce
donwitm.e
Aisedf rotmhh eih gl veeolfp reofrmaanncde
reilaibliothtye,pr r orpteeiso fAT ..aOr.:e Tihse xplwahidynr sei rvlAe.sTsi. srO e.l a-
Operna toifo TGrraonrustntpadio ont mesS ys
5
tviellyti tulse,e a dnhda hsi htetrob een (cS)u bwsayyms sth eaviindnget ailtc rain
epmlooyneldoy nn olva eplpciaotni lowof trpis twhiodurvtie :rI snt hicsa steh e
carrcypaicaniygt ( saf oirsn atcn:ei nternala mio fr euglangth ieadmwaabyye ms e t
traintss evricaetas ri opr,tt shMeo rgantowcnop mleel.ty
syms)to er moefd icuamrg rc yaiapnci(tays
inK boeO,sk aaL,i l)l.e Whattehvoeebe rjc vteissp ectioef aictchy pe
ofo praetoi,ne ffveecr teuigliaotinsp re­
3.2.
Centcroanltr rooolm dciadto ent wpor ilnec:sit mpietlaerb egula­
toina nhde waadrye lgauot.ni
Thaepp liicoacnto indsehree,rdi e ne xtoenn si
oft hpeer vicohutasrep ,rl eatoenslt yo 3.2.2E. xtoefna tu tomraeutgleiadot n
fnucitonlsik netdo t ramitoni ,od nirsegard­
intgh e othtwemroa ifnnutc oinwsh imcahy As buwalyni ei sa n sautlbnes sytme.T he
aslo cbeena tleri,dzn aeml:y dwlelnigt mieo fa t raeitan tas p ltafofromr
lontghearsn c hee,ddf uolwrah tveerre ason,
Retmoem onitaonrrdie nmgco oten torfo l generaal toenisg netvrea ulrsp rteaomft hat
snudreyq uipimetemsnntto, a bellcyert ic trnastie.O nr eacthhinene gxs atti toint
powdeitrsir buot;ni wilhalv teoa cctte hpaagt r teeanrub meorf
Retmeosr uevinlclmeao tnoiirnagn dt aod na pasnsgeewrislb ola ,hr edndcwleeil ntgi me
paesnsgaetrssa t tni.so wilblel negteh,dew nihhcw lils itlflu rther
lnegthtehinen tvaeslre pianrigatf t rotmh e
3.2.1.
Reugltaipoinrcn pilse preicnetgdr asienatn,sd oo .n
Reugliaotins fuatn oicnw hiccohin sstins Toa vosiudca ch h arienta ic,oi nti si mpera­
takaipnppgr raoitmee assuort ehtsao peiroant tviet oh avpeati rculqauriltcyrkb o elushoot­
remaaiscn opsma tiabspl oeis bslteow hawta s inmge a,nc sombwitinhqe udki i cntveenrtion
intiiaslhcleuydl dea ncdo rrestpowo htna dsf calitii.e s
ptar aenxesptc .
Thoen lsya taicstfwoaroyyf emtneigt hese
Whawtli lu lmtaitdeiltysiu nigsthhp eu rposreesq muneitrisesa utaiotom,no na ccooufn t
ofr eguliastt himeoan nnre i nw hipcahes ns­ thseep edryeo snpsiete ngdee.nr Tshuasu to­
geerx cpatenciys tm.e mattimicte balree guliasatr lieoanid ny
sevricoerp lnaneodnm sots ubwssaytym es
Frotmh isastn pdion,tr ela-leo ipfreaotni (Prai,sS anatg,ioM exiCciyot,M aerislle,
mabye mmsiauezrdi nt hfeo wlilnotgh rteyep iL­y,oL nilSlaeFn,r ains,cce oct.)Am.o ng
cacla s:e s thessyems s,ts eamhea vien iaitdoadnno n­
lnieh ewaadrye giuolsnayt tsme.
(a")R egieopxnraerlsa spt irdai ntss ytsme"
(REiRn Fr:Te ehnt crihan)hsa vaen u emrb InS anatg,iof owlilnoagd el,a ytrheega outrl
of ncftuiaonfndos ar itmo;nt shemyab ye recotrhddese y la anidsu sepsa rtaemrteso
thrg,ohs uemtih-roourogn mhi sbt urinas autaiotmcyac lolpmeantsteh hee waad.y
(lalo,)ca lolft hernmun ionnag j onit
scetoint,h bear nclhie nsb eisnregv ed InM exCiciyot,t he psraomucerei edsp os­
bys omteri anosn ,ls ymoes otppaintg sbilweti,h t haedi ditonpaolsb lsiiiyot f
intermesdatitnai.sto e ensutrhiaenu gta otcmhi ewaadrye uglation
Pasngseearrsse e ntsiivteot rasicnh ed­proucr.ee d
ul,ea sntdos cucevses iwhaesyac dompat­
ible wiirst ehv ertrnuha.sel InL il,il tei ss hceduleidnt hteehv aetn t
ofd leaya t orfa eitan bsoavg ei vtehnr esh­
Thoep erwaitlbolerc n ocneerwdih t oldth,se hc eudlionfag l tlr asientissa uot­
obesrvtihntegr nad iriv't eirmsbelste a maitcyas lhlfietdb akcawr.d
anwdti hk eeption gst uchcee vseso idrer
oft he tfroaproir pnrems a nagoefm entI nS aFnr cainos,bc ohtt mies hcedaunlde
thoep eiro.an t trnah iewaadrye ugliaotonp ercaotnec urrently
anadu taotamilc.l y
Int hitsy poefo petri,aoo nbejcvteis
ancdno tsraicnobtmnise dteeotr mine Ine accha sheow eavnoe pre rlaotacotdre in
cohieco ft miebtlaeI.fa h eadvitysu r­ thceo tnrocle nmtaeayrc mta anluyl.
banmcaek ietis pm oisbslteoq uicrkel­y
3.2.3.
turtnot hneo rmtmaielbt ela,as equence Rloeo fd atpar oicneigsnc s ontrol
regaiutolwnli lb er esotroit neo dr der rooms
ata tslt eok eeuppt hneo rmtarnla i
seqnuc.ee Thearreae n uemrbo fr oiuntfeu tnicoinns­
heretnott r afmfainca tge:m en
(bS)u bwsaytyse mhsa viindgei nctatlrn a i
triwpistd hrv ie:rT srnasai lhla vteh e Traiidnei nftioc,naw tihihcc oinssitns
smaet rpai nadr oenm ib(uolsac l.) speyciinafgt ra(inande speciitasl ly
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whliet hoep eriastc ooenrnrc ewdti h thes eritnet dho ep eirnaagtr ;e a
drvie'rw sorktimine.gs I ng enle,r a Progirn,egw shsiccohin sstofsf owlilnuopg
regiuolinasa tt ow-lfdoo n:ec ombinedt he tchraaacritnze erbdiyi tisd eiinfct­a
tmies hcedaunlbdeew teetnrn-ai intveaslr. toinn ubme;r