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Contraception for Adolescent and Young Adult Women PDF

255 Pages·2014·2.669 MB·English
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Amy Whitaker Melissa Gilliam Editors Contraception for Adolescent and Young Adult Women 123 Contraception for Adolescent and Young Adult Women Amy W hitaker (cid:129) Melissa G illiam Editors Contraception for Adolescent and Young Adult Women Editors Amy Whitaker Melissa G illiam Department of Obstetrics Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Gynecology Section of Family Planning Section of Family Planning and Contraceptive Research and Contraceptive Research The University of Chicago The University of Chicago Chicago, I L , USA Chicago, I L , U SA ISBN 978-1-4614-6578-2 ISBN 978-1-4614-6579-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-6579-9 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2014936413 © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2 014 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifi cally for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Pref ace Perhaps you are a gynecologist who sees adolescents on an occasional basis, or perhaps you are a pediatrician who provides counseling as your patients reach their teen years, or perhaps you are an expert in adolescent medicine or pediatric gynecology. Regardless, this book was written with you in mind. If you care for adolescents, it will be critical to be knowledgeable about providing and managing contraception as these are among the most com- monly prescribed medications for this age group. In the chapters that follow, you will find contraceptive infor- mation written by some of the world’s leading experts. They rely on evidenced- based research, new federal guidance, and years of clinical experience in their writing. The book begins by introducing the topic of contraceptive care for adolescents and the essential elements of the adolescent con- traceptive care visit. Clinical pearls for this visit include inquiring about the nature and quality of her relationships, history of sexual assault or abuse, and her sense of well-being within all of her rela- tionships. By the end of the chapter, the reader should be encour- aged and understand the personal and public health significance of contraceptive care for adolescents. The book is subsequently divided into three parts. In the first section, we review each method of contraception. These chapters are written by the leaders in the field of family planning who work closely with these methods as researchers, educators, clinicians, and advocates. Each chapter describes the mechanism of action, side effects, management, and considerations when prescribing the method. The chapters place heavy emphasis on efficacy. While many v vi PREFACE young women will initiate a contraceptive for medical reasons, it is critical to realize that she may subsequently need the method for contraception. In addition, by reading the chapter on methods available outside of the United States, you may gain insight into products that might one day be available within your practice. Many of you will work with special populations of young women. The second section of the book will help you take into account spe- cial considerations when caring for adolescents who are obese, have medical illness, have disabilities, or are in the postpartum period. The third section of the book provides guidance as you imple- ment adolescent contraceptive care into your practice. This chap- ter emphasizes the importance of confidentiality, knowing your local state laws, and being an advocate for the patient at the same time encouraging patient–parent communication. In addition, we treat the topic of sexuality education describing current philoso- phy as well as the clinician’s role as an educator in and out of the clinical setting. Throughout, this book relies heavily on clinical guidelines particularly the two Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) publications, the Medical Eligibility Criteria (MEC) and the Selected Practice Recommendations (SPR). The US MEC was created in 2010 and adapted from the rich experience of the World Health Organization in creating evidenced-based recommenda- tions for prescribing contraception specifically with an eye to safety for high-risk women. You will note that there is no method for which age alone is a contraindication. In other words, all con- traceptive methods are considered safe for all reproductive age women based on age alone. The SPR is a newer document recently published by the CDC. The SPR provides guidance on contracep- tive management: initiation, continuation, and troubleshooting. Thus, these excellent, publically available documents are a corner- stone of this book. Finally, the American Congress of Obstetrics and Gynecology produces clinical guidelines and committee reports that support many of the statements made by the authors. As adolescents emerge into adulthood, clinicians such as you will be at the forefront of supporting them in achieving their goals for their reproductive health. The majority of adolescents will become sexually active in their teen years. Yet they are likely to use the least effective methods and to use those methods inconsist- ently and perhaps quitting altogether. Thus, there is a lot of work to be done. This book will help you get started. Chicago, IL, USA Amy W hitaker, M.D., M.S. Melissa G illiam, M.D., M.P.H. Contents 1 C ontraceptive Care for Adolescents ............................ 1 Amy Whitaker and Melissa Gilliam 2 T he Intrauterine Device ................................................ 15 Eve E spey and Tanya Pasternack 3 Progestin-Only Contraception ...................................... 2 5 Romina L. B arral and Melanie A . G old 4 Combined Hormonal Contraception ........................... 4 5 Mimi Zieman 5 Barrier Methods .............................................................. 63 Elisabeth W oodhams and Melissa G illiam 6 Emergency Contraception ............................................. 7 7 Rachel B. Rapkin and Eleanor Bimla Schwarz 7 Emerging Methods and Methods Not Available in the United States ........................................................ 8 9 Ellie J. B irtley and Patricia A . L ohr 8 A dolescents Who Are Obese ......................................... 1 07 Bliss K aneshiro and Alison E delman 9 A dolescents with Medical Illness ................................. 123 Elizabeth J aniak and Deborah B artz vii viii CONTENTS 10 Adolescents with Disabilities ........................................ 147 Sloane L . York and Cassing H ammond 11 Postpartum Contraception for Adolescents ............... 167 Juliana M elo and S tephanie T eal 12 Sexuality Education ....................................................... 179 Melissa Kottke 13 Legal and Policy Issues in Adolescent Contraceptive Care ......................................................... 193 Lee H asselbacher 14 Pregnancy Options Counseling .................................... 205 Stephanie S ober and Courtney A . Schreiber Appendix A: Categories of Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use ............................................. 2 17 Appendix B: Summary Chart of US Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use, 2010 .................................. 2 19 Appendix C: When to Start Using Specific Contraceptive Methods ......................................................... 235 Index ........................................................................................ 239 Contributors Romina L . Barral, M.D. Mercy Children’s Hospital and Clinics , Kansas City, MO, U SA University of Missouri Kansas City , K ansas City, M O, U SA Adolescent Medicine Division, Department of Pediatrics, M ercy Children’s Hospital and Clinics , K ansas City, M O, USA Deborah Bartz, M.D., M.P.H. Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, B righam and Women’s Hospital , B oston, M A , U SA Ellie J . B irtley, B.M., M.F.S.R.H. Solent NHS Trust, Sexual Health, St. Mary’s Community Health Campus, Portsmouth, UK Alison Edelman, M.D., M.P.H. D epartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Oregon Health and Science University , Portland, OR , U SA Eve Espey, M.D., M.P.H. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , University of New Mexico , A lbuquerque, N M , U SA Melissa G illiam, M.D., M.P.H. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Section of Family Planning and Contraceptive Research, The University of Chicago , Chicago, I L , U SA Melanie A. G old, D.O., F.A.A.P. Division of adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, U niversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, PA, USA ix

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