Contraception for Adolescent and Young Adult Women

255 Pages·2014·2.669 MB·English

by  Amy Whitaker, Melissa Gilliam (eds.)

Amy Whitaker
Melissa Gilliam
Editors
Contraception for
Adolescent and
Young Adult Women
123
Contraception for Adolescent
and Young Adult Women

Amy W hitaker (cid:129) Melissa G illiam
Editors
Contraception for
Adolescent and Young
Adult Women
Editors
Amy Whitaker Melissa G illiam
Department of Obstetrics Department of Obstetrics
and Gynecology and Gynecology
Section of Family Planning Section of Family Planning
and Contraceptive Research and Contraceptive Research
The University of Chicago The University of Chicago
Chicago, I L , USA Chicago, I L , U SA
ISBN 978-1-4614-6578-2 ISBN 978-1-4614-6579-9 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-6579-9
Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London
Library of Congress Control Number: 2014936413
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Pref ace
Perhaps you are a gynecologist who sees adolescents on an
occasional basis, or perhaps you are a pediatrician who provides
counseling as your patients reach their teen years, or perhaps
you are an expert in adolescent medicine or pediatric gynecology.
Regardless, this book was written with you in mind. If you care for
adolescents, it will be critical to be knowledgeable about providing
and managing contraception as these are among the most com-
monly prescribed medications for this age group.
In the chapters that follow, you will find contraceptive infor-
mation written by some of the world’s leading experts. They rely
on evidenced- based research, new federal guidance, and years of
clinical experience in their writing.
The book begins by introducing the topic of contraceptive care
for adolescents and the essential elements of the adolescent con-
traceptive care visit. Clinical pearls for this visit include inquiring
about the nature and quality of her relationships, history of sexual
assault or abuse, and her sense of well-being within all of her rela-
tionships. By the end of the chapter, the reader should be encour-
aged and understand the personal and public health significance
of contraceptive care for adolescents.
The book is subsequently divided into three parts. In the first
section, we review each method of contraception. These chapters
are written by the leaders in the field of family planning who work
closely with these methods as researchers, educators, clinicians,
and advocates. Each chapter describes the mechanism of action,
side effects, management, and considerations when prescribing the
method. The chapters place heavy emphasis on efficacy. While many
v
vi PREFACE
young women will initiate a contraceptive for medical reasons, it is
critical to realize that she may subsequently need the method for
contraception. In addition, by reading the chapter on methods
available outside of the United States, you may gain insight into
products that might one day be available within your practice.
Many of you will work with special populations of young women.
The second section of the book will help you take into account spe-
cial considerations when caring for adolescents who are obese, have
medical illness, have disabilities, or are in the postpartum period.
The third section of the book provides guidance as you imple-
ment adolescent contraceptive care into your practice. This chap-
ter emphasizes the importance of confidentiality, knowing your
local state laws, and being an advocate for the patient at the same
time encouraging patient–parent communication. In addition, we
treat the topic of sexuality education describing current philoso-
phy as well as the clinician’s role as an educator in and out of the
clinical setting.
Throughout, this book relies heavily on clinical guidelines
particularly the two Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC) publications, the Medical Eligibility Criteria (MEC) and
the Selected Practice Recommendations (SPR). The US MEC was
created in 2010 and adapted from the rich experience of the World
Health Organization in creating evidenced-based recommenda-
tions for prescribing contraception specifically with an eye to
safety for high-risk women. You will note that there is no method
for which age alone is a contraindication. In other words, all con-
traceptive methods are considered safe for all reproductive age
women based on age alone. The SPR is a newer document recently
published by the CDC. The SPR provides guidance on contracep-
tive management: initiation, continuation, and troubleshooting.
Thus, these excellent, publically available documents are a corner-
stone of this book. Finally, the American Congress of Obstetrics
and Gynecology produces clinical guidelines and committee
reports that support many of the statements made by the authors.
As adolescents emerge into adulthood, clinicians such as you
will be at the forefront of supporting them in achieving their goals
for their reproductive health. The majority of adolescents will
become sexually active in their teen years. Yet they are likely to
use the least effective methods and to use those methods inconsist-
ently and perhaps quitting altogether. Thus, there is a lot of work
to be done. This book will help you get started.
Chicago, IL, USA Amy W hitaker, M.D., M.S.
Melissa G illiam, M.D., M.P.H.
Contents
1 C ontraceptive Care for Adolescents ............................ 1
Amy Whitaker and Melissa Gilliam
2 T he Intrauterine Device ................................................ 15
Eve E spey and Tanya Pasternack
3 Progestin-Only Contraception ...................................... 2 5
Romina L. B arral and Melanie A . G old
4 Combined Hormonal Contraception ........................... 4 5
Mimi Zieman
5 Barrier Methods .............................................................. 63
Elisabeth W oodhams and Melissa G illiam
6 Emergency Contraception ............................................. 7 7
Rachel B. Rapkin and Eleanor Bimla Schwarz
7 Emerging Methods and Methods Not Available
in the United States ........................................................ 8 9
Ellie J. B irtley and Patricia A . L ohr
8 A dolescents Who Are Obese ......................................... 1 07
Bliss K aneshiro and Alison E delman
9 A dolescents with Medical Illness ................................. 123
Elizabeth J aniak and Deborah B artz
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viii CONTENTS
10 Adolescents with Disabilities ........................................ 147
Sloane L . York and Cassing H ammond
11 Postpartum Contraception for Adolescents ............... 167
Juliana M elo and S tephanie T eal
12 Sexuality Education ....................................................... 179
Melissa Kottke
13 Legal and Policy Issues in Adolescent
Contraceptive Care ......................................................... 193
Lee H asselbacher
14 Pregnancy Options Counseling .................................... 205
Stephanie S ober and Courtney A . Schreiber
Appendix A: Categories of Medical Eligibility
Criteria for Contraceptive Use ............................................. 2 17
Appendix B: Summary Chart of US Medical Eligibility
Criteria for Contraceptive Use, 2010 .................................. 2 19
Appendix C: When to Start Using Specific
Contraceptive Methods ......................................................... 235
Index ........................................................................................ 239
Contributors
Romina L . Barral, M.D. Mercy Children’s Hospital and Clinics ,
Kansas City, MO, U SA
University of Missouri Kansas City , K ansas City, M O, U SA
Adolescent Medicine Division, Department of Pediatrics, M ercy
Children’s Hospital and Clinics , K ansas City, M O, USA
Deborah Bartz, M.D., M.P.H. Department of Obstetrics,
Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, B righam and Women’s
Hospital , B oston, M A , U SA
Ellie J . B irtley, B.M., M.F.S.R.H. Solent NHS Trust, Sexual
Health, St. Mary’s Community Health Campus, Portsmouth, UK
Alison Edelman, M.D., M.P.H. D epartment of Obstetrics and
Gynecology , Oregon Health and Science University , Portland,
OR , U SA
Eve Espey, M.D., M.P.H. Department of Obstetrics and
Gynecology , University of New Mexico , A lbuquerque, N M , U SA
Melissa G illiam, M.D., M.P.H. Department of Obstetrics and
Gynecology, Section of Family Planning and Contraceptive
Research, The University of Chicago , Chicago, I L , U SA
Melanie A. G old, D.O., F.A.A.P. Division of adolescent
Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, U niversity of Pittsburgh
School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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