Continuity and Change in the Home Environment: Development of the private house in Hofuf, Saudi Arabia

472 Pages·1998·159.86 MB·English

by  Mashary A. Al-Naim

7.5 Summary .270
CHAPTER YlIl: IDENTITY IN TRANSITION: CHANGE AND
RESISTANCE IN HOFUF'S HOME ENVIRONMENT
8.1 Prologue......................................................................................275
8.2 The Fereej System in the Hybrid Neighbourhoods....................................277
8.2.1 Assalhiyyah Suburb (1904-40).................................................277
8.2.1.1 Physical Characteristics of Assalhiyyah........................... 279
8.2.1.2 The Fereej System inAssalhiyyah................................. 283
8.2.2 The Post-Oil Neighbourhoods (1940-60).....................................287
8.2.2.1 Formation of the Post-Oil Neighbourhoods (1940-60)..........291
8.2.2.2 Dwelling in the Hybrid Fereej......................................296
8.3 The Transitional Fereef System........................................................... 305
8.3.1 The Dwelling in the Transitional Fereej......................................309
8.4 Contemporary Forms of the Fereef System.............................................320
8.5 Summary......................................................................................328
CHAPTER IX: THE IDENTITY OF THE CONTEMPORARY
PRIVATE HOME IN HOFUF
9.1 Prologue.......................................................................................333
9.2 Design Profession and the Contemporary Private Home in Hofuf...................334
9.3 Spatial Development of the Private Home in Hofuf....................................336
9.3.1 From Transitional House to Villa Style.......................................338
9.3.2 Refming the Villa Type.........................................................348
9.3.3 Localising the Villa Type....................................................... 359
9.4 Rituals and Ceremonies of the Contemporary Private Home.........................369
9.4.1 Rituals and Ceremonies in the Male Reception Spaces.....................369
9.4.1.1 The Majlis Hall........................................................370
9.4.1.2 Mugallat and Arabic Maflis.......................................... 372
9.4.1.3 The Entrance Hall.....................................................374
9.4.1.4 The Coffee Ritual.....................................................375
9.4.2 Rituals and Ceremonies of the Women's Maflis.............................378
9.4.3 Rituals and Ceremonies of Family Spaces....................................380
9.4.3.1 The Living Room.....................................................380
9.4.3.2 The Kitchen............................................................382
9.5 lnar)T......................................................................................384
CHAPTER X: CONCLUDING REMARKS
10.1 Prologue.....................................................................................389
10.2 Identity in Hofuf's Home Environment................................................391
10.2.1 Fereej System as an Identity Maintenance..................................392
10.2.1.1 The Fereej System as a Place Making...........................393
10.2.1.2 Relevance of the Fereej System to the Current Issues in Saudi
HomeEnvironment..............................................................................395
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10.2.2 Searching for Identity as Form Giver........................................396
10.2.2.1 The Three Portions of the House..................................397
10.2.2.2 The Family and Community Relationship.......................399
10.2.2.3 Personalising the House............................................401
10.3 Future of the Home Environment and Private Home in Hofuf......................401
10.3.1 Encouraging the Fereej System...............................................402
10.3.2 Managing Internal Space Clustering.........................................403
10.3.3 Respecting Associational Meanings in the Home Environment.........403
10.3.4 The problem of the House Size...............................................403
10.3.5 Allowing Future Transformation.............................................404
10.4 Areas for Further Research...............................................................404
APPENDICES
APPENDIX I: Formation of the Traditional Settlement in Hofuf........................408
APPENDIX 11: The Community of Hofuf: Continuity and Change.....................416
APPENDIX III: Population Growth of Hofuf..............................................432
APPENDIX IV: Historical Documents......................................................433
APPENDIX V: Examples of the In-Depth Combined Technique........................434
APPENDIX VI: The Issue of Identity and Home Environment in the Local
Newspapers.......................................................................................435
REFERENCES
V
CONTINUITY AND CHANGE OF IDENTITY IN THE HOME
ENVIRONMENT
Development of the Private House in Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of searching for identity in the house
form in the city of Hofuf. Studies so far carried out into material culture in general and
into the development of the house, specifically the use and meaning of space, in Saudi
Arabia have not dealt with the matter of identity and how it relates, in its various
manifestations, to house form. The main question to be considered is whether the house
form in Hofuf responded to the need to express individual and collective identity.
The assumptions behind this study were firstly that people's actions in relation to the
home environment have been influenced in some way by continued traditions, secondly
that these actions have been the expressions or attempted expressions of people's
identity whether individual or collective, and thirdly that the exisiting identity of the
contemporary home is a mix of of continued, developed and new traditions, meanings
and experiences.
This study has adopted the ethnographic approach because it is difficult to understand
the relationship between people and their physical environment without going deep into
their everyday lives. The interaction between people and physical form required from
the researcher a study of the physical home environment in Hofuf as it has been in the
nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Moreover not only the physical environment had to
be investigated, but also how people understood and interpreted the meanings of
physical forms. It was these considerations which led the researcher to measure many
houses, to take many phtographs, to collect many floor plans, and to conduct many
interviews with residents in Hofuf.
The development of private home in the the city of Hofuf shows that there have been
strong traditions and experiences which have maintained the significance of the home
environment in general and the private home in particular over a period of time and
through a series of changes in the its perceptual and associational aspects. In particular
the contemporary private house in Hofuf shows, despite changes in layout and
perceptual aspects, the enduring associational meaning and use of space within the
home environment.
The desire to express personal identity in the features of the house combined with the
need to maintain privacy requirements, and other factors such as a greater demand for
individualised sleeping spaces, has led, in the contemporary Hofuf house, to a potential
crisis, where the increasing size of houses threatens to make them economically
unviable. This situation has to be dealt with, perhaps through quantitative studies using
the findings of this present investigation. In this way it may be possible for future
planners and designers to retain the enduring and essential symbolic meanings of the
private home while adapting and restructuring the physical home environment.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Praise be to Allah, Lord of the Worlds; by His will the completion of this thesis is made
possible, and may His blessing and peace be upon His prophet Muhammad.
I would like to express my gratitude to all those who helped me, whether directly or
indirectly, in the preparation of my dissertation. I am especially indebted to the staff of
the Centre for Architerctural Research and Devlopment Overseas (CARDO), and in
particular to my supervisor Dr A.G. Tipple, without whose expert and attentive
guidance and keen interest I would not have been able to complete my thesis. My
thanks go also to Dr Adenrele Awotona, my former supervisor, for his assistance at the
beginning of my research and for helping to refme my original ideas and concepts
I would also like to thank the following: the Cultural Attache of Saudi Arabia, Abdullah
Al-Nasser, for his assistance and for writing several letters to support me in gaining
information from the government and from private institutions in Saudi Arabia;
ARAMCO for the magnificent illustrations and aerial photographs of Hofuf which they
provided; the following design offfices: Abdulrahman Al-Naim, Nasser Al-Mulhim, Al-
Barraq, Al-Shayeb, and Al-Khalifa for suppliyng me with floor plans covering the
development of many private homes in Hofuf in the last two decades; the Municipality
of Al-Hasa for their kindness in supplying the main documents of the recent master plan
of Al-Hasa; the local museum of Al-Hasa for enabling me to photograph objects in
daily use in the private homes of Hofuf.
I would also like to thank Sheikh Ahmed Ben Ali Al-Mubarak for taking the time and
trouble to accompany me on interviews and on fieldwork trips to
Assalhiyyah. Also I
would like to thank Mr Ibrahim Al-Shuaibi , Mr Abdullah Al-Jughayman, Mr
Mohammed Al-Hashim, Mr Abdullah Al-Hashim, Mr Abdulrahman Al-Humadi, Mr
Saleh Al-Hassan and a number of ladies in Hofuf for their time in informing me about
the dailylife and objects of the traditional home environment. My gratitude goes also to
Mr Saleh Al-Zufar for allowing access to his private collections of traditional objects in
daily use. Also I would like to thank Mr Abdulaziz Al-Isfor and Mr Abdulaziz Al-
Doghan for giving me valuable historical documents amount the tradional residential
properties in Hofuf. My special thanks to all those others whom I interviewed or who
gave me access to their private collections for my research.
My deepest gratitude goes to my friend Mr Ahmed Al-Mulla for his help in several
stages of this study - measurements, interviews, photographs - and above all for his
moral support.
Finally I wish to express my sincere appreciation to my family, especially my mother,
my wife, my brothers, my sisters and my children for their patience and support.
Thanks also goes to Mr Graeme Robertson for proofreading my thesis.
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LIST OF FIGURES
CHAPTER I
Fig. 1.1: The hypothetical resistance model in Hofuf's home environment...............19
Fig. 1.2: Location of Hofuf........................................................................23
CHAPTER II
Fig.2.1: The new housing image of Aramco in the 1930s and 40s.........................33
Fig. 2.2: Saudi Camp in Dhabran in 1930's and 40's........................................34
Fig. 2.3: Planning System of Al-Khobar....................................................... 35
Fig. 2.4: Villa type in Dammam (1950s).......................................................36
Fig. 2.5: New images in Riyadh (1950s and 1960s)..........................................38
Fig. 2.6: The mud surfaces in the traditional houses in Riyadh.............................39
Fig. 2.7: A number of traditional house gateways transformed to imitate the new house
typesin 1950s and 60s in Hofuf.................................................................40
Fig. 2.8: A umber of homes in Makkah constructed in the 1940's, 50's, and 60's contain
traditionaland modern images..................................................................41
Fig.2.9: Damrnam between 1940s and 1960s..................................................42
Fig. 2.10: Growth of Al-Dawaser neighbourhood in Dammam (1935-73)................42
Fig.2.11: A number of villas constructed in 1950's by the Aramco Home Ownership
Programmein Danimam..........................................................................46
Fig.2.12: Transformation of Al-Malaz villa...................................................49
Fig.2.13: Two villas in Hofuf....................................................................50
Fig. 2.14: Different images in the City of Dammam representing the re-use of
traditionalforms...................................................................................52
CHAPTER IV
Fig. 4.1: Aspects of identity in the home environment.......................................95
Fig. 4.2: Types of Identity......................................................................104
Fig. 4.3: The relationship between value, meaning, and types of Identity in the Home
Environment......................................................................................105
Fig. 4.4: Levels of Identity in the Home Environment......................................111
Fig. 4.5: Growth of Identity.....................................................................113
Fig. 4.6: Main and supplementary measures of identity in the home environment.....114
Fig. 4.7: Continuity of meaning and form of the existing identity........................115
Fig. 4.8 (A) Continuity of associational identity and parts of perceptual identity......116
Fig. 4.8 (B) Continuity of perceptual identity and parts of associational identity......116
Fig. 4.8 (C) Continuity of parts of associational and perceptual identity.................117
Fig. 4.8 (D) Continuity of Associational identity............................................117
Fig. 4.8 (E) Continuity of perceptual identity................................................118
Fig. 4.9: Collective action path.................................................................119
Fig. 4.10: Personal action.......................................................................120
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Fig. 4.11: Imposed collective action .122
CHAPTER V
Fig. 5.1: The Interaction between the analytical frame and the data...................... 157
CHAPTER VI
Fig.6. 1: Old man sitting on daka in Alkut.................................................... 173
Fig. 6.2: Traditional home environment in Hofuf...........................................177
Fig. 6.3 Unitary physical mass of the traditional neighbourhood.........................178
Fig. 6.4 In the traditional home environment it is difficult to find physical boundaries
betweenthe differentfereejs...................................................................179
Fig. 6.5: The social system in the traditional home environment in Hofuf...............181
Fig. 6.6 Division of the traditional house.....................................................185
Fig. 6.7: private cul-de-sacs connecting a group of houses from the same family in
Anna'athil.......................................................................................... 186
Fig.6.8: The dynamism of the traditional home environment at its micro level.........187
Fig. 6.9: The perceptual and associational identity of the fereej system had continued
forlong time in the traditional home environment..........................................190
Fig.6.10: The selectedfereej inAnna'athil...................................................192
Fig.6.1 1: Territorial demarcation of the traditional home environment in Hofuf.......193
Fig.6. 12: Hidden boundaries divided the traditional quarter of Anna 'athil into social and
physicalunits.....................................................................................194
Fig.6. 13: The fereej system in the traditional home environment is mainly located at the
intermediate kinship level but it adapted to the frame of communal beliefs.............195
Fig. 6.14: Part of afereej in Anna 'athil quarter shows the main physical elements that
everyfereej had..................................................................................198
Fig. 6.15: Physical expression of the fereej (group of houses, irregular streets, sabats,
cul-de-sacs, and open spaces) with hidden physicalboundaries...........................200
Fig.6.16: A group of children play inAlkut................................................... 201
Fig.6. 17: Sabats in the traditional home environment......................................202
Fig.6.1 8: A view taken from the old Emirate building in the northern part of Alkut. . .204
Fig.6. 19: Section in the study area in Anna 'athil show two houses facing each other.205
Fig.6.20: Majlis riwaq (loggia)................................................................207
Fig.6.21: The entrance of the traditional house..............................................209
Fig.6.22: Entranceway used as sitting area for visitors inAlkut........................... 210
Fig.6.23: A house inAnna'athil............................................................... 211
Fig.6.24: A house inAnna'athil............................................................... 212
Fig.6.25 Loggias (majlis riwaq)...............................................................213
Fig. 6.26: The loggia connects male reception space with the community..............214
Fig. 6.27: Continuity of hospitality as collective and associational identity in the
traditionalhome environment..................................................................214
Fig. 6.28: Openings in the tarma used by women to observe the external domestic
space...............................................................................................215
Fig.6.29: Tarma inside one of the upstairs rooms...........................................216
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CHAPTER VII
Fig.7.1: Historical document, dated 1857 (1277H)..........................................224
Fig.7.2: In most of the cases muraba 'a has pointed arch in the middle..................225
Fig.7.3: The name hawi (courtyard) always referred to the family courtyard...........226
Fig.7.4: A house in Anna 'athil showing the three parts of the house....................229
Fig.7.5: One of the early houses inAlkut..................................................... 231
Fig.7.6: Majlis associated with a courtyard in a house in Anna 'athil.....................232
Fig.7.7: The organisation of internal domestic space in the traditional house (nineteenth
century)............................................................................................233
Fig.7.8: The family zone in the entrance opening on to the family courtyard with a
decorativearch....................................................................................234
Fig7.9: Majlis of two storeys..................................................................235
Fig.7. 10: The organisation of internal domestic space in the traditional house (Late
nineteenthcentury and early twentieth century).............................................235
Fig.7.11: A house in the Arrf'a had a majlis of two storeys on the ground floor (part of
theold courtyard)................................................................................236
Fig.7.12: Surnrnermajlis........................................................................
237
Fig.7.13: A house with upstairs majlis........................................................238
Fig.7.14: Majlises on the first floor............................................................239
Fig.7.l5: Loggia and inasbah..................................................................240
Fig.7.16: The masbah in the traditional house...............................................241
Fig.7. 17: The organisation of internal domestic space in the traditional house (in the
firsthalf of twentieth century).................................................................242
Fig.7.18: External agasi linking the majlis upstairs with the main sikka.................244
Fig.7.19: Continuity and change of identity of the traditional majlis in Hofuf..........244
Fig.7.20: Furniture of the traditional majlis..................................................246
Fig.7.21: A house in Anna 'athil has a two-storey majlis hall..............................247
Fig.7.22: The owner of the house prepares and presents the coffee for his guests......248
Fig.7.23: The waq (coffee place).............................................................249
Fig.7.24: The coffee place......................................................................250
Fig.7.25: A typical majlis hall in the Hofuf's traditional house...........................251
Fig.7.26: Different types of dallas............................................................252
Fig.7.27: Coffee rituals in traditional Hofuf..................................................254
Fig.7.28: The courtyard.......................................................................... 255
Fig.7.29: The courtyard was the centre for family activities...............................256
Fig.7.30: The agasi..............................................................................256
Fig.7.3 1: A house in Anna 'athil occupied by two nuclear families........................258
Fig.7.32: Organisation of the two nuclear family members around the food mat......258
Fig.7.33: Food rituals and arrangement of the extended family........................... 259
Fig.7.34: A roof plan shows the division of the roofs.......................................259
Fig.7.35: a) A typical kitchen in the traditional house......................................260
Fig.7.36: Continuity of meaning and form of the family part.............................260
Fig.7.37: The mangrove pole ceiling of the majlis hall.....................................261
Fig.7.38: Mural painting in the majlis hail and the main muraba 'a.......................262
Fig.7.39: The palm tree was used as decorative figure in traditional Hofuf..............263
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Fig.7.40: The development of the ruwshan...................................................265
Fig.7.41: Ruwshan over a room door in a courtyard........................................265
Fig.7.42: Ruwshans looking to the main si/c/ca...............................................266
Fig.7.43: Endless patterns of ruwshan........................................................267
Fig.7.44: The development of the rusana....................................................268
Fig.7.45: Different forms of rusana...........................................................269
Fig.7.46: Development of the ruwshan and the rusana from utilitarian elements to
symbolicelements...............................................................................270
CHAPTER VIII
Fig.8.1: Hofuf between 1904 and 1935.......................................................278
Fig.8.2: Assalhiah Neighbourhood..........................................................279
Fig.8.3: Physical characteristics of Assalhiyyah.............................................. 281
Fig.8.4: Fereej developing in the edge of several hotas.....................................283
Fig.8.5: Development of the fereej system in Assalhiyyah neighbourhood..............284
Fig.8.6: A traditional house in Assalhiyyah.................................................. 285
Fig.8.7: Reconstruction of perceptual and associational identities in Assalhiyyah......286
Fig.8.8: One of the Aramco's employees' houses iriAl'adama, Danimam (1950s). . ..287
Fig.8.9: A house built by an Aramco employee in 1950s..................................291
Fig.8.10: Growth of the post-oil neighbourhoods...........................................293
Fig. 8.11: A house in Almazrou 'iyyah constructed in 1 940s................................296
Fig.8.12: A number of hybrid house gateways constructed in the 1940s................297
Fig.8.13: The main facades of a number of houses constructed in 1940s................298
Fig.8.14: A house inAlmazrou'iyyah constructed in 1940s................................299
Fig.8.15: The organisation of internal domestic space in the hybrid house of 1940s .299
Fig.8.16: A house constructed in the late 1950s.............................................300
Fig.8.17: Hybrid and musalah houses in 1950s in Hofuf...................................301
Fig.8.18: A house inAnna'athil built in 1953................................................301
Fig.8.19: The organisation of internal domestic space in the late 1950s.................302
Fig.8.20 A number of hybrid houses..........................................................303
Fig.8.21: Process of identification in the hybrid neighbourhoods.........................304
Fig.8.22: Transformation of Anna 'athil quarter.............................................305
Fig.8.23: Impact of government developments on the hybrid neighbourhoods.........307
Fig.8.24: The redistribution of the traditional hamolas in Hofuf's contemporary home
environment.......................................................................................308
Fig. 8.25: A transitional house constructed in 1960's inAlbugsha neighbourhood.....310
Fig.8.26: The number of imported air-conditioners to Saudi Arabia.....................311
Fig.8.27: The number of imported refrigerators to Saudi Arabia.........................312
Fig.8.28: The weight of imported items of sanitary equipment to Saudi Arabia........312
Fig.8.29: A typical transitional majlis.........................................................313
Fig.8.30: A transitional house built in early 1970's in Adduraibiyah neighbourhood..314
Fig. 8: 31 The organisation of the internal domestic space of the transitional house. . . .315
Fig.8.32: The front façade of the transitional house.........................................316
Fig.8.33: A number of transitional house gateways.........................................317
Fig.8.34: Attempts by inhabitants of the transitional house in the 1970's to decorate
theirhouse facades..............................................................................318
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Fig.8.35: The cement plastered used as a decaration meduim.............................319
Fig.8.36: The growth of the new identity in Hofufs home environment................319
Fig.8.37: One of the contemporary houses which consists of a villa style on the ground
floorand two apartments in the first floor....................................................323
Fig.8.38: Reproducing a traditional fereej in the contemporary home environment in
Hofuf...............................................................................................326
Fig.8.39: The internal passageway connecting all the houses physically and socially.327
Fig.8.40: Clustering in Alkhaldiyyah neighbourhood.......................................328
Fig.8.41: A cartoon published in Al-Riyadh newspaper....................................330
CHAPTER IX
Fig.9.1: A number of villas constructed in 1980's and 90's...............................338
Fig.9.2: A number of villas constructed in the latel97Os...................................339
Fig.9.3: A villa constructed after 1975 inAssinaidiyyah................................... 341
Fig.9.4: A number of villas constructed in the late 1970's and early 1980's............343
Fig.9.5: The organisation of internal domestic space of the contemporary house of the
late1970's........................................................................................344
Fig.9.6: A number of stone facades...........................................................345
Fig.9.7: Granite facades with some visual symbols........................................346
Fig.9.8: A number of gateways constructed in the late 1970s.............................347
Fig.9.9: A villa constructed in the middle of the 1980s....................................349
Fig.9.l0: Development of private home in the early 1980s................................351
Fig.9. 11: The organisation of internal domestic space of the contemporary house of the
early1980s........................................................................................352
Fig.9.12: Development of the private home in the late 1980s.............................354
Fig.9.13: A private home constructed in the late 1980s.................................... 356
Fig.9. 14: The organisation of internal domestic space of the contemporary house of the
late1980s.........................................................................................357
Fig.9.15: A number of gates constructed in the first half of the 1980s...................358
Fig.9.16: Two examples showing how the staircase split from the living room in the
l990shouses......................................................................................360
Fig.9.17: A villa constructed in the early 1990s.............................................361
Fig.9.18:A number of villas constructed in the first half of the 1990s....................363
Fig.9.19: The organisation of internal domestic space of the contemporary house of the
earlyl99Os.........................................................................................364
Fig.9.20: A number of villas constructed in the early 1990s...............................365
Fig.9.21: The recent development of the private home in Hofuf..........................366
Fig.9.22: The organisation of internal domestic space of the recent contemporary house
(after 1995).......................................................................................367
Fig.9.23: A number of gates constructed in the early 1990s...............................368
Fig.9.24: The recent gate fashion in I{ofuf...................................................368
Fig.9.25: Furniture arrangement of the contemporary majils in Hofuf...................371
Fig.9.26: The front zone moved from the narrower side in this large majlis hail to the
widerside..........................................................................................371
Fig.9.27: The Spatio-temporal path of the spatial development of the majlis hall in the
privatehome of Hofuf...........................................................................372
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Fig.9.28: Informal gathering always held sitting on the ground...........................373
Fig.9.29: People still prefer to host their guests in the ground.............................373
Fig.9.30: Few people use the dining table in the contemporary home...................374
Fig.9.3 1: a) The entrance hall used as sitting place for short chats.......................374
Fig.9.32: The washbasin usually opening to the entrance hall in the male reception
spaces..............................................................................................375
Fig.9:33 Serving the coffee is still very important in contemporary Hofuf..............376
Fig.9.34Process of localising the modem coffeepot........................................377
Fig.9.35: Variety in form and design for the modem coffee pot...........................378
Fig. 9.36: The Spatio-temporal path for the spatial development of the women's majlis
inthe private home of Hofuf...................................................................380
Fig. 9.:37 The Spatio-temporal path of the spatial development of the living room in the
privatehome of Hofuf...........................................................................381
Fig.9.38: The living room in the contemporary house is more symbolic and only small
partof it used for the family....................................................................381
Fig.9.39: A kitchen opening to family living spaces........................................383
Fig. 9.40: The Spatio-temporal path for the spatial development of the kitchen in the
privatehome of Hofuf...........................................................................384
APPENDIX I
Fig.A. 1.1: The mosque of Ali Bash in 1950.................................................408
Fig.A.1.2. Hofuf in 1862........................................................................410
Fig.A.1.3: Main street in old Hofuf............................................................411
Fig.A.1.4: Hofuf before 1904 with its three quarters.......................................412
Fig.A.1. 5: Narrow street in northern part of Arrf'a quarter...............................414
Fig.A.1.6.Anna'athilquarterin 1908.........................................................414
Fig.A.1.7: Street and Sabat inAnna'athil....................................................415
APPENDIX II
Fig.A.2.l: Traditional carpenter and pottery maker in Hofuf..............................416
Fig.A.2.2: Gary (transportation cart in traditional Hofuf)..................................417
Fig.A.2.3: One farmer in Al-I-Iasa trying to irrigate his farm...............................418
Fig.A.2.4: lilat alhaflah.........................................................................420
Fig.A.2.5: Bu tbaila..............................................................................421
Fig.A.2.6: A number of children singing and asking for nuts in al-girgai 'an...........422
Fig.A.2.7: Men of an extended family meet every Friday in a farm in Hofuf...........428
Fig.A.2.8: Old people still gather in the traditional Areas..................................429
Fig.A.2.9: Old people gathering................................................................430
Fig.A.2. 10: Old men used his villa gate as setting area....................................431
APPENDIX IV
Fig.A.4. 1: Examples of historical documents for the daily life and properties contracts
inthe tradtional Hofuf...........................................................................433
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