Contingent Workers and Alternative Employment Arrangements

101 Pages·2001·2.07 MB·English

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Table of Contents

Section egaP

yrammu SevitucexE 1

1. Introduction 3

1.1 lTaeccihgnool secnavdA dna eht gnisiR ecnatropmI fo secivreS 3

1.2 The Case of California 4

3 .y 1teih lTfaou Qw es NboJ 5

4.1 sihr TepaP 8

2. Data Source 10

.3s rtenkergonWitnoC 12

3.1 Definitions 12

2.3 : strne ekgrnoiWtnoC sd n dewSnreUaTi vreuetaRretiL 16

3.3 Contingent Employment in California 19

4.3 scitsir e yt cccsinae hertpgaa anhRyriCbgtonmoeCD 23

5.3 ycnegnitnoC setaR dna tnemyolpmE yb yrtsudnI dna noitapuccO 27

3.6 Examining Trends in Contingent :tnnoeimtyiosloppEmmoceD 29
sisylanA
7.3 yrammuS stluseR no tnegnitnoC tnemyolpmE ni ainrofilaC 35

.4 stnemegnar rkAr oeWvitanretlA 38

4.1 Definitions 38

:tn eemvyio tl2ap.nm4rEetlA e rwuetiav redeRntaiL S UsdnerT 39

3 .e4vitanre t klsrAtonWemegnar rnAi a inrofilaC 41

kervoiWtanr ehst trlsie AcwkfirotosWiretca rcaihhCpar g o4m.e4D 43
stnemegnarrA ni ainrofilaC
serveik trny raoob5onWi.tr t4cedaetnpSlauAccO 53

4.6 Examining Trends in evita n:rtenteAlmyolpmE noitisopmoceD 54
sisylanA
7.4 gniziramm ueSvitanretl AtnemyolpmE s tluseR 55

.5 stifen eeBgni rdF nsagninraE 58

5.1 Earnings 58

2.5 boJytiruceS 61

5.3 Health and Pension Benefits 62

.6 secner erfeekrrPoW 66

.7 snoisulcn odC nyarammuS 73

.8 sgnida edRetaleR 78

xidnepp A 80

ii
selbaT

SdU naainrofil arC oeft ayRcnegnitn o :Ce3-1lbaT 19
SdU naainrofi l: asCrekr otWnegnitn o fCroebm u :Ne3-2lbaT 20
ainrofila Cn itnemyolpm Ef onoitubirtsi Dc ie3-3:h lGpbeogaraT 21
noige Rainrofila Cy bseta Rycnegnitno C: e3-4lbaT 22
A,Cscitsiretcara hcCihpargom e yDsbet ayRcnegnitn o :Ce3-5lbaT 25
A,Cec ad Rn,ax e,Se gysAbrekr otWnegnitn ofnCooitubirts i:De3-6lbaT 26
ainrofil a,Cyrtsud n yIsbet ayRcnegnitn o :Ce3-7lbaT 27
ainrofil a,Cnoitapuc c yOsbet ayRcnegnitn o :Ce3-8lbaT 28
,AsCeirtsu dsnsIo rscrAek rtonWegnit nnfoooCitubirt s ei:hDe3-9TlbaT 29
A,Cnoitapuc cykObr otWnegnitn ofnCooitubirts i: D0e3-1lbaT 29
ainrofila Cn ieta Rycnegnitno Crehgi Heh Tgninialpx E:1e 3-1lbaT 31
e hnteewt esbet ayRcnegnitn oneCicnereff ie D hfttos o: M2e3-1lbaT 32
rotc esSecivr ee S h nstaiiinrofil afeCota te Shd tnnaoitaN
ainrofila Cn ieta Rycnegnitn Cognisi Reh tgninialpx E:3 e3-1lbaT 34
lat ofttonecr es pat(nemyolp meEvitanret lnsAidne r:Te4-1lbaT 42
S Udn aainrofila C,)tnemyolpmE
, SdU naainrofil a nCsitnemegnar reavitanret l nasirekr o :We4-2lbaT 42
1999
ainrofil a nCsitnemegnar rkAr oeWvitanret l fAeocnelave r :P4-3eblaT 44
noige RyB
cihpargom e yDtbnemyolp m fEsomr oeFvitanret l :Ae4-4lbaT 45
a i n r o f i l a C, 7 5-9 9 :9s1c it sir et car ahC
sr oy, tbex ,cgedeaASnc raattRnndeoCneped n fInooitubir tse4-5: ilDbaT 49
AC
A,Cec adR n,ax e,Se g yAsbrekr olWla n-C fOnooitubirts i :De4-6lbaT 50
,AeC c da,nR xa,e eSsygrbAek rtocWart nnfoooCitubirt s:ie4-7DlbaT 51
d n,ax e,Se gysAbrekry ocWne gyAraropm e fTnooitubirts i :De4-8lbaT 52
A,CecaR
A,C99 9,1yrtsud n yItbnemyolp meEvitanret l fAsoet a :Re4-9lbaT 53
A,C99 9,1noitapuc cytObnemyolp meEvitanret lfsAoet a: R0e4-1lbaT 54
tend srotcartnoCnnieped n fInooitca rrfehg ieahre h styi h:W 1e4-1lbaT 55
?ainrofilaC
nsirotcartn otCnedneped n fInooitca rgFnill aeF hgtninialp x:E 2e4-1lbaT 55
ainrofilaC
,AsCi syalBr udno ioHsarPek rtfonoWec r:ee5-1PlbaT 58
nsirekr oel- wmand ilpart-tu ffs eog aywlke enwaid e :Me5-2lbaT 60
:nigi rcoinaps idH n,aec a,rx e yssbtnemegnar rkar oswuoiraV
999 1ainrofilaC
srekr olW l.A ssvrekr olWanoitidarn-T orN osftifen eeBgni r :Fe5-3lbaT 63
5-99 :9 a9i1n rfo i l a C n I
iii
5-99 9 9,1srekr oaWinrofil ar Coefgarev ohCtla ensHidne r:Te5-4lbaT 64
, s na lnPoisn ehPt iswrekr oaWinrofil a fCtonecr e nPsidne r :Te5-5lbaT 64
1995-99
lanoitida rre ftsearTrhe PtklraonWoitid an rofn-tioo tN c:ae6-1rFlbaT 66
A C,tnemyolpmE
r oefcneref e: rtyPnBemyolp mtEnegnitn or Cosfnosa e:Re6-2lbaT 70
srekr otwnegnitn ol clftaonecre pt(nemyolp mtEnegnitnoC
A,C)deyevrus
secne r,e rfyoebtrcPa r tt nn:se6-3noeoCs dareno Rfelkp orwesdabnIaT 72
detce lsyerbsek rtonwegnitnon-c odn ntanegnitn odceyolp m:E 1eAlbaT 82
,.sSc.iUtsiretcarahc
tnegnitnocn od nntanegnitn odceyolp mfneooitubirts itdnecr e: P2eAlbaT 83
. S,.sUcitsiretcar adhectc e slyrebeskrow
looh cyssbrekr otwnegnitnocn od nntanegnitn odceyolp m: E3eAlbaT 84
.S .,Utnemniat tlaanoitacu dd entanemllorne
ysbrekr otwnegnitnocn od nntanegnitn odceyolp m: E4eAlbaT 85
.,Sy.rUts unddonniaitapucco
kr olwanoitida rd tneavitanret lhat iswrekr odweyolp m: E5eAlbaT 86
.S .,Uscitsiretcara hdcetcel eyssbtnemegnarra
kr olwanoitida rd tneavitanret lhat iswrekr odweyolp m: E6eAlbaT 87
.S .,Uscitsiretcara hdcetcel eyssbtnemegnarra
kr olwanoitida rd tneavitanret lhat iswrekr odweyolp m: E7eAlbaT 88
lanoitacu dde ntanemllor nleooh c yssbtnemegnarra
, t.nSe.mU niatta
k rloawnoitid a drentvaitanre thl tasirwekd roweyolpm E:8 AelbaT 89
.S .,Uyrtsud nd innaoitapuc cysobtnemegnarra
eso hd tnsarekr otwnegnitnocn od nntanegnitn odceyolp m: E9eAlbaT 90
htla ey sbhtnemeg na r rka r o lwa n oi t id a rdt nea vi t an r et lh at iw
dedivorr-peyolpm ero fytilibigil ed n ae g a r e v o ce c n a r u s n i
.S .,Usna lnpoisn ep
r oefcnerefe rrpie hystbrekr otwnegnitn odceyolp m:E0 1eAlbaT 91
ntesm e,gn a rk rrt Uaonwe.g nSit. no c t nrnooeng nit noc
ysbtnemegnar rkar oewvitanret lhat iswrekr odweyolp m:E1 1eAlbaT 92
. S,.tUnemegna rk rrlaoawnoit ired ocaafnretref erripeht
kr olwanoitida rd tneavitanret lhat iswrekr odweyolp m:E2 1eAlbaT 93
,tnemyolp mtenegni tn o c n odn nt an e gn i t n o yc sbt en me g na r ra
U.S.
eml- iand lpart-tu ff osgninra eylkee wlaus unaide M:31 AelbaT 94
d nsarekr oywral ad sneag atwnegnitnocn od nntanegnitnoC
ysbtn em e g na r rka r olw a no i t id a rd t n eav tia nr ehet tslioawht
.S .,Unigi rcoinaps idHna,ec a,re g,ax es
tnegnitnocn odn ntanegnitn oscgninr ayelke enwaid e:M4 1eAlbaT 95
A, Cgn i lo oh cd sn, ax e, se g,as ut a te smi l-t l u srekro wybt- rapf
vi
sexoB
epor untEinemyolp mtEnegnitn o:C1 .x3oB 18

seitilibas ihDt iswrekr odW nsaeicne gpAl eyHraropm e:T1 .x4oB 48

s dr ene whaktatrnLoeWgni t:xn1oo.BC5 65

?ecio hryCotissec eytNbnegnitn o:C1 .x6oB 69

tibihxE rt icseer hpertxkeerth oewehnwimre tt easdhntoits e:u1Q 81
eunitn o octtnemyolpme

v
Y RAMM UESVITUCEXE

itanret lda ntanegnitn o ncdieyolp mee rsarekr osw’ainrofil a fCroebm ugnniwo rAg ev
.stneme gynea hrt trat ahnsteb m onydjioelypomlep meeso he trsarekr otwnegnitnoC
eyvre aier lrorea pobdm ee.ttteoc uneonptixtenoc yr a,rsorpomte cttanretdnnoecpednI
fsoelpma xee rsamr iefsa edl ntacartn o fcsoeeyolp mde n,asrekr osweicne gpaleh
srekr oawinrofil a fCroebm ugnnisaerc n ei. hsTtnemegnar rtanemyolp meevitanrtela
froebm usanesi asrtnemegnar rtanemyolp meevitanret lda ntanegnitn ohct o nbdiegagne
.sdradna trsob adl n,aslev etlifen edb neag a,wytiruc ebs otjuo bsaeus syicil ocpilbup

nsitnemegnar rkar oewvitanret ld antanegnitn ofwcoeivre vnsoaedivo rrpep aisphT
:swollo fsg n.iadinni rfroofjia lmsatC if oyrammu sA

• . SeU h ntnia hrtehg iyhltnac i%f2i .n,6g9 i9es 9 rn1aaIinrofil a nCsiet ayrcnegnitn oC
y lhn todiewrap m,oecunit ntooctce p tx doeyin edth atshdbtolj eshrekr oawinrofil afCo
.le vlealnoi t easthnratek r%fo3ow.4

• T sis atbnegnit n ndoaoecyolp meecr orfob ae lhfntooitropo re phgtninrecn oscdner
.noi t edaohenttrap mesota ca e trhtsotnferef fni edeevbah mo19r9F5 to 1999,
.% 2%o. 4t6m. o5er sfeo tryacrnegnit nso’cainrofilaC e,hdtoi ree mpta asghntiruD
.%3 .o%4t9 .m4o rlfl eeft ayrcnegnitn osc’noitan

• e hgtno mtanegrev iydlpra hnse eobs leav athnemyolp mtenegnitn ogcninrecn oscdne rT
e hnntiell as faeht ayrcnegnitn oe ch,t59 9e1 c.n eitSa te s hfstoea rnaatiloport ermojam
.a esreale g snroAeLtaerg etfh s o teeynhrlitpr a ephsrusea tyacrnegnit n,otcsart nyoBc
.sae roatnemarc ad Snoacsicna rn Fae Shnytilralucitr a,petats

• tnemyolp meevitanret lnsairekr ofnwooitropo rrphegi hasa hosl aainrofil a C
nsn o taeisn hhtae.tta menaelgonhawrra ecro ftskn ’r ef e ,o1coent9w.rhIa92ett91ps1
etfhnotec r 5edo.pet9rap m,sosactnemegna rkr raeovwitanre tdnleiayol psmaew
.ecro fsk’rnoowitan

• feogatnecr ehpg iyh r se aavehta te shtta hseticnereff isdi hr tonf osaneria mehT
8s s .r3u .7o.s%)(t 6rnc %eo arviero thtftatnnnoecdnepedni oe ssteralahe hatThasgih
ycn epg layerharop m,e)tnoi t e7a rsh.n%out1 fs2 r .%es2vr(ek r elgoal twfnoeacrn-ceop
workers (1.3 % versus 0.9 % for the nation), and contract workers (0.8 % versus 0.6 %
. )rn ooefihttan

• s oeL h ntdietac o e lobytlek ielr oem rsarotcartn otcnedneped n,iainrofil anCihtiW
ylivae he srarek rtocwart neolc i,hswa enraatilopor toetmnemar c dasnSealegnA
.a eorcasicn a ndernaehFiSttartnecnoc

•n- ornie hnta hf tfeosr oywllaren ee grsarekr otwnegnitn orcegnu o,yseg afswomr entI
.strapret ntunoecgnitnoc ylraluci t,rsarpe krr eodrdw eolsexfotrilam u,esrheetrvewoH
acud ef osleve lrehgi hhtiw ese hnstirekr otwnegnitn o,cses ay cn. atnmnIemniat tlaanoit
rn-co nti ngeint on d ee nannshroehruetotrtcaouoniterpmartas. efrogetac

• sdtmn c reodneanitter rrafdayoth iebmntsvo rocs errdkponrtaocwa rttnneodcne pednI
srekr oywcne gpal eyhraropm edt nlalan-c oelih w,stnemgena rlraanoitid asnrritekrow
dn e ot.ntsrsaeel

• e scd r ne t e seartc tkhrrr eaayurtoaudvrbooltsnotbwacnacna eaiothrcntendonc epednI
.) %t5u7o blal(ar esvroek raoiwnrof i el staea aCmerahst reogfare ve orhcatclaeH
p m resotrfek rtf oa odwh,nttanec rn0 ea6s ph sstoelt llsarfek rlol wtadennn-caognitnoc
.tnecr e0np5a hsts eoslteicn ee grsaatnemegnar reavitanret ld antanegnitn onscirekroW
,reveow h;reyolpm erieh tmor fstifene bhtlae heviece ro tcilbu peh tnah tyleki lsse lhcum
ylim ahfguor hsttifen eebviec e rr,oegarev oecsahcr urpeht iserekr oewse h ftyonam
.srebmem

• tnemyo l p meevitanret lda ntanegnitn o ncsirekr o fwnooitca rtfnacifing iAs
.b oljanio t ti tnd rneaooenrtma temagrne apktrrnroe awrr riruee chfstetrnpemegnarra
.tnemeg ntkan r r es odrrdrrhwnia eroteeoiutithtfcc w tsaet irbstttonanmesodcnepednI
r oefcnerefe reaptacid nsirekr oywcne gpal eyhraropm edt ntanegnitn o fcfol a,hylhguoR
.b oljanoitida rat dlu omwo hftwo en, cs0rr6eep klrlo awn-ce ohe trdaeifsit atssaeL
.b oljanoitid a rraetferp

• mo r5F991 o t , n s9eotr9vi ne9it eekt1 orhgrfa odhtnoondpnwiwrloateurntopolwca
.yltnacifingi snel lo a tefsu a de htbyna emsmiehgTnarr akro wf oepy ttnereffi dareferp
l lra osfeitinutrop pbo odjesaerc nhici h,wdoi rspei hrte vyomono cgeninehtgner tesht
.b ofejop ydterrefe rrpie hdtn iosftrekr oewr or moeflbiss otgpinik asmrekr ofswoepyt

• evitanret lda ntanegnitn o fcsorebm ugnnisaerc neivres b eodwoir eepm assi hrtevO
r onfosa erroj ae m hsstamargo rgpninia rrgtonilooh ncnosiitapicitr agpnit iscrekrow
.tnemyolp mleanoitidarn-t o fnsomr ogfnisoohc

• neicrofkr oewvitanret lda ntanegnitn osc’ainrofil a nCyitienegoret ethae r sgeire hT
gnidrag esrecnerefe rd pne,acnarus nhitla eoshtsec c,asgninr a,escitsiretcara hfscomret
ainrofil alC l fa.eoerrauftlc euew rh ettkvsro orlwpa m eoi sdtyiicil o fpeovitcej beo hftI
ll itwa hsteicil ogpningis ende htwnuoc coat nniek a ettbs uymtienegoret eshi h,tsrekrow
rce. ofk reovwitanre t dltnanaegnit n eothccteffa

2
.1 Introduction

evitanret ld antanegnitn ofscocitsiretcara hd cntanet xe ehnstoesuc orfep aspihT
.ainrofi lefatoC a etknhs ritsfomowrof t oooshdneweyol p emsreraek rtonwegnitnoC
.tnemyolp mmereg-tn orl otfcartn otcicilp m ritoicilp x neeavah gnidnatsre drneu t tAeb
snriek rtonwegni t de ne eeoevt orfshtlaascoouthhdmtn etretk rrao mbefaholt
gninrecno csnoisice ddemrofn iero meka msrekamycilo ps’etat seh tple hlli wainrofilaC
. sdradna trsob ad lnsale evelg a,wytiliba tesmoc n sisagni hhtc u nsgoni elbl e’wsrekrow
nsitnemegnar rkar otwnegnitn onecis ie rhfgtonidnatsred nnoduatnuorgkc asbA
e h nttinemyolp mreotc eescivr e fseocnatrop mginis ier hetbircs etdsr i ef,wainrofilaC
detinU .setatS
1.1 Technological Advances and the Riesing scen cafitovrrImpoeS
ssaewt adteSt i entnhUnitemyol plmae teforot arhost ceecsiv r ee,hs0t 4n9I1
.%11 .d%e0h6 ctaneermyo le .p rfSm sao.e tihU 0ahsl6ht i9ttstt1Iaonwnu d neehrTt
oughoutr htnhet o1i980s. ta relec ctanacifing idsewo htsnemyolp mreotc eescivr e.sS .nUi
t,i00 0nd 2in,a% 6d2ehca ed rathnemyolp m.eS .feUora hrsotc eescivr ee sh,t09 9y1B
stood at 31%. 1 e hgtninifed esrmr isf anwoitarelec csai h fttonenopm otcnatrop m niA
.gni ftfna teesmlbyioxel lpdfmr ae,w osgtmnrivi o fymesbstne ahn lIrtpie h fteorutcurts
.em iltl undfoer iehc nsonosr edpecalp esrtcartn oeccivres
,69 9o81t8 9m1o ryfmono cSee U hodtted dsab onjoill i4ym1lra ee n hf,totc anfI
tnemegan adm nganireenig nde n,asecivr esssenis ueb h nteir erwetra ueq n ooetsolc
e hnteewt ekbn ie lhstenima x)e799 1n(otni l,Celcit rtan e. cs neapIruo rygrstudni
l l natinemyolp m fenooitisopm olcanoitapuc c noeigna hec hdt nsaecivr e fsnooisnapxe
3
.srotces 3 8n9e1ew treobt chyetbsw otrngemyol p etmf ha eitthsutton ieolpci tsriahT
at(nemyolp m nehitwo r fgeot alrlare veo hgtniylp p yadbetcide rnpe edb a5h 9d9n1a
x il– mt aa,hstinoitapuc clolare ve o hnetigna he c h yttgbinitcerr od cn)aet atrnatsnoc
idnap xe ehytlevisnet neir oe mstua hstrotc eesso hotttnemyolp m)egnitcartbu sg(nidda gn
re vnoe eebv adhlu ogwnirutcafun a nmhitwo rtgnemyo lspn– moietapuc c)ogniknirhs(
gnireenign edn asecivre sssenisu bn ihtwor gtnemyolpm edn a,noilli m5y bdetciderp
. ) . 9,pe5lb a)T799 1n(otni leCe sn(oill i7m . y3dbetcide rrpednu
,rhec kr)s dua7’ t)snLe9nrr7nas9oio9oe1tep9yr(inhe1Ltr( lhCt itwnetsisnoC
.seirtsud nyigolonhceh-tgi hn istfih stnemyolpm egninimax eretf asgnidnif 2 at agdni sU
tnemyolp mlelare v nohitwo rwgo lysr erv oefcnedi vdeerevoc nyue h,t69 9 o18t8 9m1orf
d nsaecivr essdraw osteirtsud nhiceh-tg i fhnooitisopm olcairtusdn ieh tn itfih sadna
at add nraetup m. og ncnsiinriu attgcnaefmuyno almmpo m reeyfgarw aa ylnbevirD
r odfnam eed htta httsegg uoss lyae h,tsnoital ecrilb udp ntanemegan a nmdi nganissecorp
s t neaeovhria tothomat p do uhrd gctaenciw hio wottstfshirisek rhocweh-tgih
noitcudorp fo secivres taht eh tnoitcudorp fo.sdoog
1.2 The Case of California
lanoit aftnonecr e2tp1uo bsatneserp ehrci h,wainrofil afeCota teshT
. edac etds ae lhrte vyomono cs e tnoniiitamrofsnar ttnacifingi sanee ssa h,tnemyolpme
,detneire-osnef eydliva emaho rdfevlo vse aehta tes h,tdoir efpei rrabevO
0­ 9d9o1i r eeg hpn.tiy rmuoDn odceetneire-ociv r oeyatsmono cdeesag-bnirutcafunam
.r ot cgensirut c,9 a9 e9eh 1tftt0a s0trsuo0sebl,vo 0 noj5n 1ies alebhodamtorgud

1 These percentages are based on establishment data (share of non mra-f .)slloryap

2 The definition of high-tech industries is based on occupational criteria. Mor e ,ylesic etrip si a noitcnuf

re k,ck
ecHo letdenaseH(m yno ol fipso tmrsree aok tpranooerwmppo l hedcvn rearad ee ffbseoomehurtn
and Gannon (1991).

4
.rotc eescivr ee shnstib onjoil l riae mvdoeni aegta te shdtoir eepm ae shrte v,orevewoH
sedulc nhici h,wrotc e”ssecivr esssenisu be“ h ntdieni aegr eswb oejse h ftfol athsomlA
erawtf o:sgnidulc n,isessenis oustbecivr eesdivo rtpa hsteirtsud ntinereff iydnam
,secivr eystiruc e,sgnisa edl nlaatn etrnempiu q,eseicne gganisitrev d,atnempoleved
rotc essecivr ee sh, t9.9 s9ye1Bicne gpal eyhraropm ed tnsaretn eycpok-cciuq
tnemyol psm’eet a %ftd1ose3tneserper 3 ta h nteira hlsa ,n tuoboa 1i tnitop ev obaahetn
n itnacifingi snee beva hygolonhce tnoitamr o.frna ien yistnempoleve d,noitidd anI
ygolonhc entoitamrof n firoetsu ltcnatrop mtis osm’noit aen h otetm o s ht isi,aainrofilaC
.yella Vnocili S,seirtsudni
tnacifing iesm onse eoss leav a ehtwa hgtnisirpr uts oisnt i,sih tll af othgi lnI
s’et a etnhsith tsitwnemegna rkr rasfoeow p ey dhtknt ranfooowitazina g ersnhoeitgnahc
.ymonoce etairpor p epeha vtheacwh i rhdowofi r ee,hpst0 9 e9ffh1 lotdanho c eenhsIt
tsais a”btnegnitn o ndcaoe“r inhe eebv ashrekr o,wsdnee rs etehntim aaoxttead
.set agrnisaercni stnemegnar rtanemyolp meevitanret l fasomr o ffroebm u,annoitid dnaI
.s 0e9t ae lhndtiesaerc nt ios nashb oejvitanret lfnaooitca re fhhtguoht l,atnelave repra
1.3 The Q yutial fo weN sboJ
ye hetsuac enbrecn ohct itwfi htsnemyolp msei hwte isvrevres b foroebm uAn
ecra cyslgnisaerc ne i hodtterapm oscb o”jda be “rsab orjotc eescivr etsa hetmussa
.sb orjotc egsnirutcafun a”mdoog“ ”toeroc sl“lare vneoatupm odclu oe,cwyllaedI
ht isweitluciff ildarev ees reare htt u,byrtsud nhic a nesib o fjyotila ueqgare vea hstsessa
,rae lkc c .ashlcciatosrip rpseaithctara hbc otjnatrop myin atma h stmielbo repnO
.a tsaudougibmanu rsoaefitinutro ptnpsoo ia x teeroalondt t,iellpm arxoeF ,tnemecnavd
.eludeh c fsyotilibixe lef h dt en,,waryemvoenwoot Hu faloev e,lstnemeriuq elrevart

3 Using establishment data, to allow a comparison with the national figures cited earlier.
5