1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 CONTESTING DEMOCRACY 2 3 4x 5 6 7 8 9 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40R 1 2 3 CONTESTING 4 5 6 7 DEMOCRACY 8 9 10 POLITICAL IDEAS IN 1 TWENTIETH-CENTURY EUROPE 2 3 4 5 JA N - W E R N E R M Ü L L E R 6 7 8 9 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS 9 NEW HAVEN AND LONDON 40R 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Copyright © 2011 Yale University 20 1 All rights reserved. This book may not be reproduced in whole or in part, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and 2 except by reviewers for the public press) without written permission from the publishers. 3 For information about this and other Yale University Press publications, please contact: 4 U.S. Office: [email protected] www.yalebooks.com 5 Europe Office: [email protected] www.yalebooks.co.uk 6 Set in Minion Pro by IDSUK (DataConnection) Ltd 7 Printed in Great Britain by TJ International Ltd, Padstow Cornwall 8 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data 9 30 Müller, Jan-Werner, 1970- 1 Contesting democracy : political thought in twentieth-century Europe /Jan-Werner Müller. p. cm. 2 Includes bibliographical references and index. 3 ISBN 978-0-300113211 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Democracy—Philosophy—History—20th century. 2. Democracy—Europe— 4 History—20th century. 3. Ideology—Europe—History—20th century. 4. Political 5 science—Europe—History—20th century. I. Title. 6 JC421.M88 2011 321.8—dc22 7 2011011273 8 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. 9 40R 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 For Erika 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40R 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Contents 8 9 10 1 List of Illustrations ix 2 3 4x Introduction 1 5 6 1 The Molten Mass 7 7 8 2 Interwar Experiments: Making Peoples, Remaking Souls 49 9 20 3 Fascist Subjects: The Total State and Volksgemeinschaft 91 1 2 4 Reconstruction Thought: Self-Disciplined Democracies, 3 ‘People’s Democracies’ 125 4 5 5 The New Time of Contestation: Towards a Fatherless Society 171 6 7 6 Antipolitics, and the Sense of an Ending 202 8 9 30 Notes 243 1 2 Index 273 3 4 Acknowledgements 279 5 6 7 8 9 40R