Contested Worlds: An Introduction to Human Geography

487 Pages·2006·54.099 MB·English

by  Martin Phillips

CONTESTED WORLDS

Contested Worlds
An Introduction to Human Geography
Edited by
MARTIN PHILLIPS
Senior Lecturer in Geography, University of Leicester
Q Routledge
Taylor & Francis Group
LONDON AND NEW YORK
First published 2005 by Ashgate Publishing
Published 2017 by Routledge
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Copyright © Martin Phillips 2005
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1988, to be identified as the editor of this work.
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Contested worlds : an introduction to human geography
1. Human geography
I. Phillips, Martin, 1961­
304.2
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Contested worlds : an introduction to human geography / edited by Martin Phillips,
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index
ISBN 0-7546-4112-0
1. Human geography. I. Phillips, Martin, 1961 -
GF41.C576 2005
304.2—dc22
2004056936
ISBN 13: 978-0-7546-7031-5 (pbk)
Typeset by Saxon Graphics Ltd, Derby
Contents
List of Boxes vii
List of Figu res ix
List of Figures (in Boxes) xi
List of Tables xiii
List of Tables (in Boxes)
jcv
List of Plates xvii
List of Plates (in Boxes) xix
List of Contributors xxi
PART ONE: INTRODUCTION 1
1 Contested Worlds: An Introduction 3
Martin Phillips
2 Philosophical Arguments in Human Geography 13
Martin Phillips
PART TWO: GLOBAL WORLDS 87
3 Unravelling the Web of Theory: Changing Geographical Perspectives
on Development 89
Ed Brown
4 Global Crises? Issues in Population and the Environment 127
Hazel Barrett and Angela Browne
5 Nation States and Super-States: The Geopolitics of the New World Order 153
Peter Vujakovic
PART THREE: REGIONAL WORLDS 189
6 Inequalities at the Core: A Discussion of Regionality
in the EU and UK 191
Keith Hoggart
7 Southeast Asian Development: Miracle or Mirage 229
Mark Cleary
vi Contested Worlds
8 Post-Socialist East and Central Europe 251
Craig Young
PART FOUR: LOCAL WORLDS 287
9 Places on the Margin: The Spatiality of Exclusion 289
Phil Hubbard
10 People in the Centre? The Contested Geographies of ‘Gentrification’ 317
Martin Phillips
11 People in a Marginal Periphery 353
David Cook and Martin Phillips
PART FIVE: SOME CONCLUDING REMARKS 403
12 Still Just Introducing the Contested Worlds of
Human Geography 405
Martin Phillips
References 407
Index 455
List of Boxes
2.1: Comtean positivism 21
2.2: Behavioural approaches to geography 27
2.3: Phenomenology 29
2.4: Existentialism 31
2.5: Idealism 32
2.6: Pragmaticism and symbolic interactionism 33
2.7: Gidden’s structuration theory 48
2.8: Realism 49
2.9: Regulation theory 51
2.10: Actor-network theory 56
2.11: Feminist geography 61
2.12: Chapter summary and suggestions for further reading 84
3.1: The concept of the Third World 89
3.2: Dimensions of development theory 91
3.3: Aspects of modernization theory 95
3.4: Varieties of dependency analysis 101
3.5: The Lost Development Decade: The crisis of the 1980s 105
3.6: Structural Adjustment Programmes 109
3.7: The power of language - discourses and deconstruction 119
3.8: Chapter summary and suggestions for further reading 126
4.1: The population-food debate 131
4.2: The concept of carrying capacity in population geography 133
4.3: Boserup’s optimistic thesis 137
4.4: The Machakos story 138
4.5: Economic factors which may produce a Boserupian response to
population growth 142
4.6: The PPE spiral in Eastern Zambia 144
4.7: Caldwell’s theory of intergenerational wealth flows 147
4.8: Women and the environment: The Green Belt Movement in Kenya 148
4.9: Chapter summary and suggestions for further reading 151
5.1: Technical networks and territorial control 154
5.2: Coastal states and control of the seas 159
5.3: Nationalism and the state 161
5.4: Croatian national iconography and The Sleeping Beauty Complex’ 164
5.5: Scripting the New World Order 167
5.6: Mapping a Greater Russia 173
5.7: Mapping the ‘Forth Reich’ - Scripting the German threat 176
5.8: Black Sea Economic Co-operation Zone 179
5.9: Pan-regions 180
5.10: Antarctica: From real-estate to world park 185
viii Contested Worlds
5.11: Chapter summary and suggestions for further reading 187
6.1: Class, power and status 192
6.2: Social well-being 192
6.3: Non-events and social inequality - air pollution in Gary, Indiana 193
6.4: Inequalities as interpretations: The case of New Haven’s power structure 194
6.5: Miller’s paradox 195
6.6: Traumas of EU accession 203
6.7: The shift to market economies and economic trauma in eastern Europe 206
6.8: 1980s short-termism and the long-term impacts on the UK economy 210
6.9: Hymer’s model of corporate organisation 213
6.10: Fordism and post-Fordism 214
6.11: Chapter summary and suggestions for further reading 226
7.1: Flexible production strategies 229
7.2: ASEAN 230
7.3: Tropical rainforests in Southeast Asia 234
7.4: Colonialism in Southeast Asia 235
7.5: Timber and tribes 240
7.6: Urban planning in Singapore 242
7.7: Green revolution 245
7.8: Chapter summary and suggestions for further reading 250
8.1: Communism, socialism and state-socialism 251
8.2: Key processes in the fall of Eastern European state-socialism
(after Ramet 1995) 266
8.3: The key characteristics of post-socialist transformation 270
8.4: Chapter summary and suggestions for further reading 285
9.1: Marginalisation 290
9.2: The Chicago School 291
9.3: The post-modern city 294
9.4: Social purification 298
9.5: The underclass 303
9.6: Social polarisation 310
9.7: Chapter summary and suggestions for further reading 316
10.1: Gentrification, urban filtering and the growth of the middle class 322
10.2: The False Creek Development and the ‘ideology of consumption’ 324
10.3: The consequences of‘redlining’ 330
10.4: The rent gap and the cyclical flows of capital flows 335
10.5: Gentrification beyond gentrified theory: The working class and the
gentrification of Tompkin Square 338
10.6: Gay gentrification 342
10.7: Chapter summary and suggestions for further reading 350
11.1: Key concepts within British community studies 356
11.2: Counterurbanisation and the growing significance of the rural 358
11.3: Farmer responses to the restructuring of New Zealand’s
political-economy 374
11.4: Pakeha and Maori geographies 383
11.5: Possession of land: Pakeha and Maori conceptions 389
11.6 Chapter summary and suggestions for further reading 399
List of Figures
4.1: The positive effects of population growth 141
4.2: Harrison’s political-economy model 142
4.3: The poverty-population-environment spiral 145
4.4: The socio-economic context of gender-environment relationships 150
5.1: Brazilian highways 159
5.2: Break-up of Yugoslavia 163
5.3: Make-up of the European Union 175
5.4: Japan gas attacks 184
6.1: The location of the headquarters of the largest 500 manufacturing
firms in Europe, 1994 198
6.2: Average annual percentage growth in GDP by region, 1983-1993 201
6.3: GDP per capita by region, 1993 202
7.1: Southeast Asia 233
9.1: The ‘black’ bantustans (or homelands) established in the apartheid era
by the 1951 Bantu Authorities Act 293
9.2: Bronx Health Authority Area 306
9.3: ‘No-go Britain’: Problem estates in Britain 308
10.1: Urban filtering and the socio-spatial structure of the city: A positivist
imagery 320
10.2: The spread of gentrification across the Lower East Side, New York 332
11.1: New Zealand’s principal exports, 1885-1995 363
11.2: Dairy factories in the Waikato in the early twentieth century 379
11.3: Rural/urban population in Aotearoa/New Zealand, 1945-1996 381
11.4: Changing urban and rural distributions 388
11.5: The coalfields of the Waikato 392