Contending Theories of International Relations: A Comprehensive Survey

670 Pages·2000·44.07 MB·English

by  James E. Dougherty

Contending Theories of
International Relations
A ComprehensiveS urvey
Fifth Edition
James E. Dougherty
St.J oseph&#U3n9iv;se rsity
Robert L. Pfaltzgraff, Jr.
TheF letcherS choolo f Law and Diplomacy,T ufts University
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Preface xi
TheoretAicpapl roacthoeI nst ernational
Relations 1 & #39; i (cid:25)
Introduction 1
EarlyA pproachtoeI sn ternational-RelTathioenosry 8
ModerAnp proachtoeI sn ternational(cid:20)RelaTtihoenosr y1 3
TheD evelopmoefI nntt ernational-RelTahtioenosry - 16
TheD e(cid:1)nitiona ndS copeo f InternationaRl elations 19
TraditionalT heory:B alanceo f Power 40
Conclusion 48
Notes 50 \ >'
FromR ealistto -Neorealisat ndN eoclassical
Realist Theory",.»6,3
Theoretical Founda (cid:24)»'
NeorealistT heory
Realism, Neoreal'
and Contributi
Notes 98
2'».-.-(cid:24)
CONTENTS
SystemS, tructureA, gent,a ndI nternational
Relations Theory 104
Systema nd Structure 104
Structuralism and Structuration 106
Other Useso f System 107
Systemast theI nternationaLle vel 118
Theorieso f Polaritya nd InternationalS tability 121
SystemS tructuraen dS tability 123
RegionaSl ubsystemins th eI nternationaSl ystem 135
Conclusion 140
Notes 140 '
The Physical/Social/EnvironinCgo ntext:
ConstructingR eality 149
From Structure-Agent to Constructivism 149
EnvironingF actors:E arlierT wentieth-CenturAy pproaches 156
GeographicaFl actorso f National Power 157
Mahan, the Seas,a nd National Power 159
The Sproutsa nd Human-MilieuR elationships 164
SpatialR elationshipas nd Con(cid:2)ict: RecenWt ork 172
The Clash of Civilizations? 176
Rede(cid:1)ningt he Meaningo f Borders 177
Critiqueso f EnvironmentaTl heories 178
Conclusion 180
Notes 181
The Older Theories of Con(cid:2)ict and War 188
Prerequisiteosf a GeneraTl heoryo f Con(cid:2)ict and War 188
Micro- and Macro-Theories of Con(cid:2)ict 192
Individuals and International Con(cid:2)ict 193
Con(cid:2)ict and Social Integration 194
Varieties of Con(cid:2)ict 194
Theories of War and Its Causesi n Antiquity 195
The PhilosophicaTl heorieso f the Nation-StateP eriod 201
Modern Paci(cid:1)st Theories 202
Bellicist Theories 206
Bellicists and Antidemocratic Theorists 209
Anarchism and the Marxist Socialists 210
The NormativeT heoryo f JustW ar in the NuclearA ge 212
Notes 219
CONTENTS Vii
MicrocosTmhiec orioefsV iolenCto n(cid:2)ict2 31
Modern Studieso f Motivations and War 231
Biologicala nd PsychologicaTl heories 2.32
InstinctT heorieso f Aggression 233
Animal Behavior Studies 235
Lorenz:I ntraspeci(cid:2)cA ggression 2,36
Frustration-AggressioTnh eory 238
SocializationD, isplacementa, nd Projection 240
LearnedA ggressioann dM ilitary Training 242
Learning, Images,a nd International Con(cid:2)ict 243
AggressionD iversiona nd Reduction 246
Other PsychologicaTlh eories 249
ConclusionM: icrocosmiTch eorieisn Perspective2 52
Notes 254
Macrocosmic Theories of Violent Con(cid:2)ict:
International War 264
InsideV ersusO utsideD imensionso f Con(cid:2)ict 265
Lessonsf rom Primitive and Other Societies 268
OtherI nsightsfr omT heoristos f Society 271
Revolution and War 274
TheI nternationalizatioonf I nternaWl ara ndL ow-Intensity
Con(cid:2)ict 277
PoliticalS ciencea nd the Causeso f War 282
The Scienti(cid:1)cS tudyo f War 286
TheC orrelateosf WarP rojecat ndS tatisticaAl nalyseosf War 288
Arms Races,A lliances, and War 291
National Growth and International Violence 298
Power as Distance and Power Transition 301
CapabilityR, isk,E xpecteUd tility,a ndP robabilityo f War 303
Cyclicala nd Long-CycleT heorieso f War 308
Democracies,W ar, and Peace 313
Conclusion 321
Notes 321
Theorieso f DeterrenceA: rms Control
and StrategicS tability 344
Historical Background 345
The Theoretical Debate 351
Dilemmas of Deterrence 354
Viii CONTENTS
RationalitVye rsuIsrr ationality3 57
NucleaDr eterrencaen dC onventionDale fense3 66
EmpiricaSlt udieosf Deterrenc3e7 1
IiisarnlamenAt, rmsC ontrol,a ndD eterrence3 74
_ Endo f theC oldW ar 378
RethinkingD eterrencAef tert heC oldW ar 382
InternationalT errorism 386
Deterrencei n the Twenty-First Century 390
Conclusion 397
Notes 397
/g InternaPtioolnitaEiclc aol no4m16y
Mercantilism 418
Liberalism 419
The Resurgencoef Realism/Nationalismin the InterwarP eriod 422
Marxist/DependencTyh eory 428
The Theoryo f Imperialism 431
Lenin and Con(cid:2)ict Theory 433
Marxist-Leninist Theory Sincet he 195O s 436
Realist and Liberal Critics of the Economic Theories of
Imperialism 437
Post-World War II Economic Liberalism 442
Marxists,N eo(cid:20)Marxists,a nd the Third World 446
Critique of Marxistsa nd Neo(cid:20)Marxists 450
Imperialisma sP oliticalS logan 452
The Theory of Dependency 454
The CapitalistW orld Economy 458
Oil, In(cid:2)ation, and the Debt Crisis 460
The North-South Debate and the NIEO 464
Multinational Corporationsa nd Governments 469
Post-Marxist Critical International Theory 477
The Three Models Revisited 478
The Global Financial Crisis 480
Conclusion 483
Notes 484
Theories of International Cooperation
and Integration 5 05
Cooperationa nd InternationalI ntegration 505
JosephN ye andN eofunctionalism 515
Transactions and Communications: Implications for Security
Communities 519
CONTENTS ix
Alliances 532
NATO After the Cold War 540
IntegratioTn heoryP: roblemosf Conceptualizatiaonnd
Measurement 542
Limitationso f Functionalisma nd Neofunctionalism 544
TheD evelopmeonf Tt heorieosf Integratioann dC ooperation5 45
Notes 546
De0 Pcis(lCibV Ti1hCe(cid:20)lo\l7rCilehZsoll:a<i cnientdh g eU nit
Level Actor 553
Decision-MakinAgn alysisI:t s Naturea ndO rigins 55 3
Approachetos Decision-MakinTgh eory 55 4
Bureaucratic Politics 556
Motivations and Characteristics of Decision Makers
559
The Decision(cid:20)Mak1nPgr ocess 559
GameT heorya ndD ecisionM aking 562
International Relations as a Game 568
Allison(cid:25)s Three Models 571
TheR e(cid:1)nemenotsf Snydear ndD iesing 574
TheC ybernetTich eoryo f DecisionM aking 576
DecisionM aking in Crises 578
Towarda Theoryo f CrisisB ehavior 585
The SystematiSc tudyo f InternationalC risisB ehavior 589
Psychologayn dD ecisionM aking 592
ForeignP olicyD ecisionM aking and DomesticP olitics 598
Conclusion 599
Notes 600
12
InternationalR elationsT heory: Into the Third
Millennium 616
MajorF ocaPl ointso f ContemporaTryh eory 623
Emerging SubstantiveI nterests 626
Policymakianngd I nternational-RelaTtiohneso ry 644
Theorizinga boutt he Future 646
TheR oleo f NormativeT heory 649
Notes 653
Name Index 662
Subject Index 680
Preface
Thisn ew,(cid:1)f th editiono f ContendinTgh eorieosf InternationaRl elationcso in-
cidesw ith theb eginninogf its fourthd ecadoef useb y teacherasn ds tudentisn
internationraell ationcso urseast hundredosf universitieasn dc ollegeins the
UnitedS tateas ndm anya broadW. ith thee mergencoef n ewl iteraturea ndt he
continuindge velopmeonf tth e(cid:1)e ld,w eh avere visetdh et extt hroughouatn d
updatetdh en otesfo rt heb eginninogf t het hirdm illenniumA.t thes amteim e,
we havee ndeavorteod p reservteh e basice lemenotsf the approacthh at
guided us in the (cid:1)rst four editions:
1. An interdisciplinamrye thodth atd rawsin sightfsr omt raditionabl,e -
havioral(cid:20)scientia(cid:1)cn, dp ostbehavior(cid:1)ealld s,a sw ell asn ormativeth e-
ory,a ndt hat includesth e variousg reatd ebateosf internationarle la»
tions
2. An effortt o showh owl atert heorisths aveb uilt upont hew ork of their
predecessohrosw; t hen ewetrh eoriecsa nb ei ntegrateodr compared
witht heo ldero nesa; ndhvo wt hem orer ecenat pproacheinss,t eaodf
beinglo okedu pona st otallyn oveal ndu nprecedenmteady,s ometimes
be vieweda s subtlero r more complexr ecombinationosf reaction
against traditional theories
3. Ani mpartiaol,b jectivpere sentatiaonnd a nalysoisf contendinthge ories
andt heoristasl,o ngw itht hev iewso f theirc riticsw herea ppropriate
4. Thea mplec itationo f scholarlys ourceosn whicho ur discussionasn d
analysesa re founded
Thei nsightosf earliewr ritersm ayb ecomoeu tdateda,s t heyd oi n all in-
tellectua(cid:1)ell ds,b utt heyd on otb ecomirer elevantot a full understandinogf
howi nternationraell ationhsa sd evelopeSdo.f ar asw ea rea waret,h isi s the
only text whiche nablesst udenttso surveyn ot onlyt hec lassicaaln dm odern
xi
xii PREFACE
historicapl eriodi n internationarel lationsth eoryb, ut alsot he contemporary
literature,t he volumeo f which is expandinga t an exponentiarl ate. Extensive
endnotesa re includedb oth to deepena nd broadeno ur coverageo f theories
andt o provideh andyb ibliographisco urcesF.o r this(cid:1)f th edition,la rgen um-
bers of new sourcer eferencesh ave been added to those retained from the pre-
vious edition.I t is to be hopedt hat undergraduatset udentsp reparingt erm pa-
pers,a s well as graduates tudentsa nd othersw orkingo n morea dvanced
researctho picsw, ill bene(cid:1)tf romt his bibliographicianlf ormation.
We wish to call attentiona t the outsett o severaml ajor changesin chapter
organizatioinn this edition.A ll four chapterds ealingw ith the causeosf war
and the theorieso f deterrenceh ave now beenp lacedi n consecutiveo rder.
Whatw asp reviouslCy hapte6r , (cid:28)Theorieso f Imperialisman dt heE conomic
Causes of International Con(cid:2)ict,(cid:29) has been completely rewritten as a new
Chapter9 , (cid:28)InternationaPl oliticalE conomyI.n(cid:29) this newc hapterR ealism,
Liberalism,M arxism, and their (cid:28)Neo-forms(cid:29) aret reateda t lengthi n the con-
text of moderne conomich istory from the mercantilistp eriodo f the sixteenth-
eighteenthce nturiesto the globalizationo f the early twenty-(cid:1)rstc entury.
Another major changep ertainst o the earlier Chapter 12, (cid:28)Game Theory,
GamingS, imulationa ndB argainingI.n(cid:29) ordert o permitt hei ncorporatioonf
newt heoriesw, e decidedto eliminatet hat chaptera, ndt o inserto nly thoseb a-
sic elementso f gamet heory,g aming,a nd bargainingm ostg ermaneto interna-
tional relationst heoryi nto Chapter1 1, (cid:28)Decision-MakingT heories.(cid:29)
This (cid:1)fth editionh asb eens ubstantiallyr evisedt o re(cid:2)ect not only the par-
adigmatidc ebatesp arkedb y thet ransformegdl obasl ystema ndt hee ndo f the
Cold War, but also the large numbero f newerw ritings on neorealist,s truc-
tural-realist, and neoclassicarle alist theories,d emocraticp eacet heory, and
other neoliberalt heory; the,c ontinuing discussiona bout why the Cold War
endeda s it did; the long peaceo, r why the Cold War did not result in war be-
tween the United States and the Soviet Union; structural and institutionalist
theories;t heoriesa boutt he causeso f anarchya nd the conditionsf or coopera-
tion andp oliticali ntegrationt;h e debatea bouts tructure(cid:20)agernetl ationships
within and amongt he levelso f analysis;d eterrencein the early twenty-(cid:1)rst
century;p ostmodernist-postbehavioratlhiset ory;t he causeso f war; geography
andw ar; constructivisat pproachesa;n d recentd evelopmentisn theorieso f de-
cision making, crisis, and crisis managementW. e have continuedt o update
these theories. This (cid:1)fth edition also contains new materials on feminist the-
ory, terrorism,t ransnationael thnicc on(cid:2)ict, identity and nationalism,a nd the-
ories about alliance and coalition behavior. V
Whereverp ossiblew, e havee ndeavoredto show relationshipsa mongt he
various theories of international relations. We have also addressed issues re-
latedt o the natureo f theoryi tself. Theseis suesin cludet he ongoingc onsidera-
tion of how theoryi s developedt,h e epistemologicabla sisf or knowledgea, nd
the issueo f rationality in the decisionso f individualsa nd the foreignp olicies
of governmentsE. ncompasseind this discussionis the debatea boutt he extent
to which theoryi n the socials ciencesa,n d internationalr elationsi n particular,
PREFACE xiii
cano r cannotb e separatefdro m normativec onsiderationIst .a lsoa ddresses
thep roblemosf t heorcyo nstructioinnc,l udinthgo speo sebdy t hep henome-
nono f non-linearoitry t,h ee xtentot whichth erea rec haotiuc,n predictable,
non-lineadr ynamicasn dp rocessethsa t establisihn herenbt oundarieosr limits
to theory.
As amplyd emonstrateind t heb urgeoninlgit eratureo f international-rela-
tionsth eoryth, e(cid:1)e ldi sa lwaycsh angining i tss ubstantivaen dm ethodological
dimensionYse. tw er emainco nvincethda ti n internationraell ationsa,s i n the
socials ciencegse nerallyth, eoryc anb e understoobde stw heni t is linkedt o
andb uildso nt hee ndurinign sightosf thep astA. t thes amteim ea, sw em ove
intoa newc enturyc,h angeins t hei nternationsayl stemse emto beo utpacing
thea bilityo f ourt heorieesi therto explainc hangoer to anticipatceh ange,
baseodn a na dequautned erstandoifnt hge p henomethnaata reth en ecessary
objecto f theoreticadl evelopmenatn d analysisT. hereforew, e needt o ask
whate ndurefrso mt hep astto forma basiso nw hichto develofpu turein ter-
national-relatiothneso ryW. ec onfronat debataeb outth ee xtentto whichi,n
a fragmentinsgtr ucturteh ati ncludefsa ileds tateas ndt hee mergenocfe n u-
merouasc torso therth ans tatesa,n archayt thei nternationlaelv edl iffersa p-
preciablyfr om otherl evelso f analysisY. et at the sameti me theree xistsa t
leasta certainm inimumo, ftenf ragileo rderg, reateirn somes ocietietsh ani n
othersT.h et heoreticdaisl cussioofn s uchis sueiss a ddressine dth ec hapters
that follow.
Thea uthorse mbarkeodn thisp rojecmt oret han3 0 yearsa go.W hile
codirecting the graduates eminar in international-relationsth eories at the
Universityo f Pennsylvaniaan, dd urings ubsequednet cadeosf graduatea nd
undergraducaltaes sews,e b ecamaew areth ats tudentfse lt overwhelmbeyd
theg reavt arietyo f theorieins the(cid:1)e ld.I t waso urp urposeth, ena, si t isn ow,
to cometo theira ssistance-bnyop tr opagatinag s inglefa voriteth eoryb, utb y
surveyintgh eg reatp anoplyo f thel iteraturea vailablea,n dt ryingt o assesths e
varioutsh eorieass o bjectivealysw ec oulds, ettinfgo rtht het heoreticpaol ints
of intersectioonr overlapo,f convergenocre d ivergencWe.e k nowf ull well
thatt his(cid:1)e ld is sov asat ndc ompletxh att hea chievemeonft a singleu,n i(cid:1)ed,
parsimonioyuest p owerfuel xplanatioonf internationpahl enomemnaa ya l-
waysp roveto bee lusiveY.e tt odaym oreth ane vert,h eoryis a fascinatinagn d
importanat reaf or studyr,e (cid:2)ectiona, ndr esearchT.h ee xpandinlgit eratureo f
international-relattihoenosr yto, gethewr itht her apiditya nde xtenot f change
in theg lobasl ystemin, creasethse n eedfo r a comprehenssiuverv eyo f the
many older and newer theories.
In earliere ditionsw e notedm anyp ersonws ho profoundldy eserved
thanksfo r theirc ontributiontos our intellectuadle velopmeanntd t o this
work.T hatd ebrt emainfso,r thisp resenetd itionli,k ec ontemporathrye oryit -
self,is builto n all thath asg oneb eforeW. ew ishe speciatlloy acknowledge
our gratitudet o colleagueast St. JosephU(cid:25)s niversity( especiallPyr ofessors
DavidH . Burton,E lwynF .C haseJ,r .,a ndF rankX . Gerrity)a, sw ell ast hose
at TheF letcheSr choool f Law andD iplomacTy,u ftsU niversitya,n dt he